Plagiarism

Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your

own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into
your work without full acknowledgement. All published and
unpublished material, whether in manuscript, printed or
electronic form, is covered under this definition. Plagiarism
may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional. Under the
regulations for examinations, intentional or reckless plagiarism
is a disciplinary offence.
Forms of plagiarism
Verbatim (word for word) quotation without clear acknowledgement
Quotations must always be identified as such by the use of either
quotation marks or indentation, and with full referencing of the
sources cited. It must always be apparent to the reader which parts
are your own independent work and where you have drawn on
someone else’s ideas and language.

Cutting and pasting from the Internet without clear acknowledgement

Information derived from the Internet must be adequately
referenced and included in the bibliography. It is important to
evaluate carefully all material found on the Internet, as it is less
likely to have been through the same process of scholarly peer
review as published sources.

Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing the work of others by altering a few words and
changing their order, or by closely following the structure of their
argument, is plagiarism if you do not give due acknowledgement to
the author whose work you are using.

A passing reference to the original author in your own text may not
be enough; you must ensure that you do not create the misleading
impression that the paraphrased wording or the sequence of ideas
are entirely your own. It is better to write a brief summary of the
author’s overall argument in your own words, indicating that you
are doing so, than to paraphrase particular sections of his or her
writing. This will ensure you have a genuine grasp of the argument
and will avoid the difficulty of paraphrasing without plagiarising.
You must also properly attribute all material you derive from
lectures.

Collusion
This can involve unauthorised collaboration between students,
failure to attribute assistance received, or failure to follow precisely
regulations on group work projects. It is your responsibility to
ensure that you are entirely clear about the extent of collaboration
permitted, and which parts of the work must be your own.
Inaccurate citation
It is important to cite correctly, according to the conventions of
your discipline. As well as listing your sources (i.e. in a
bibliography), you must indicate, using a footnote or an in-text
reference, where a quoted passage comes from. Additionally, you
should not include anything in your references or bibliography that
you have not actually consulted. If you cannot gain access to a
primary source you must make it clear in your citation that your
knowledge of the work has been derived from a secondary text (for
example, Bradshaw, D. Title of Book, discussed in Wilson, E., Title
of Book (London, 2004), p. 189).

Failure to acknowledge assistance

You must clearly acknowledge all assistance which has contributed
to the production of your work, such as advice from fellow students,
laboratory technicians, and other external sources. This need not
apply to the assistance provided by your tutor or supervisor, or to
ordinary proofreading, but it is necessary to acknowledge other
guidance which leads to substantive changes of content or
approach.

Use of material written by professional agencies or other persons

You should neither make use of professional agencies in the
production of your work nor submit material which has been
written for you even with the consent of the person who has written
it. It is vital to your intellectual training and development that you
should undertake the research process unaided. Under Statute XI
on University Discipline, all members of the University are
prohibited from providing material that could be submitted in an
examination by students at this University or elsewhere.

Auto-plagiarism
You must not submit work for assessment that you have already
submitted (partially or in full), either for your current course or for
another qualification of this, or any other, university, unless this is
specifically provided for in the special regulations for your course.
Where earlier work by you is citable, ie. it has already been
published, you must reference it clearly. Identical pieces of work
submitted concurrently will also be considered to be auto-plagiarism.
Examples of plagiarism
There are some helpful examples of plagiarism-by-paraphrase and
you will also find extensive advice on the referencing and library
skills pages.

The following examples demonstrate some of the common pitfalls

to avoid. These examples use the referencing system prescribed by
the History Faculty but should be of use to students of all
disciplines.

Source text

From a class perspective this put them [highwaymen] in an

ambivalent position. In aspiring to that proud, if temporary, status
of ‘Gentleman of the Road’, they did not question the inegalitarian
hierarchy of their society. Yet their boldness of act and deed, in
putting them outside the law as rebellious fugitives, revivified the
‘animal spirits’ of capitalism and became an essential part of the
oppositional culture of working-class London, a serious obstacle to
the formation of a tractable, obedient labour force. Therefore, it was
not enough to hang them – the values they espoused or represented
had to be challenged.
(Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the
Eighteenth Century (London, 1991), p. 213. [You should give the
reference in full the first time you use it in a footnote; thereafter it is
acceptable to use an abbreviated version, e.g. Linebaugh, The
London Hanged, p. 213.]

Plagiarised
1. Although they did not question the inegalitarian
hierarchy of their society, highwaymen became
an essential part of the oppositional culture of
working-class London, posing a serious threat to
the formation of a biddable labour force. (This is
a patchwork of phrases copied verbatim from the
source, with just a few words changed here and
there. There is no reference to the original author
and no indication that these words are not the
writer’s own.)
2. Although they did not question the inegalitarian
hierarchy of their society, highwaymen exercised
a powerful attraction for the working classes.
Some historians believe that this hindered the
development of a submissive workforce. (This is
a mixture of verbatim copying and acceptable
paraphrase. Although only one phrase has been
copied from the source, this would still count as
plagiarism. The idea expressed in the first
sentence has not been attributed at all, and the
reference to ‘some historians’ in the second is
insufficient. The writer should use clear
referencing to acknowledge all ideas taken from
other people’s work.)
3. Although they did not question the inegalitarian
hierarchy of their society, highwaymen ‘became
an essential part of the oppositional culture of
working-class London [and] a serious obstacle to
the formation of a tractable, obedient labour
force’.1 (This contains a mixture of attributed
and unattributed quotation, which suggests to the
reader that the first line is original to this writer.
 All quoted material must be enclosed in
quotation marks and adequately referenced.)
4. Highwaymen’s bold deeds ‘revivified the
“animal spirits” of capitalism’ and made them an
essential part of the oppositional culture of
working-class London.1 Peter Linebaugh argues
that they posed a major obstacle to the formation
of an obedient labour force. (Although the most
striking phrase has been placed within quotation
marks and correctly referenced, and the original
author is referred to in the text, there has been a
great deal of unacknowledged borrowing. This
should have been put into the writer’s own words
instead.)
5. By aspiring to the title of ‘Gentleman of the
Road’, highwaymen did not challenge the unfair
taxonomy of their society. Yet their daring
exploits made them into outlaws and inspired the
antagonistic culture of labouring London,
forming a grave impediment to the development
of a submissive workforce. Ultimately, hanging
them was insufficient – the ideals they
personified had to be discredited.1 (This may
seem acceptable on a superficial level, but by
imitating exactly the structure of the original
passage and using synonyms for almost every
word, the writer has paraphrased too closely. The
reference to the original author does not make it
clear how extensive the borrowing has been.
Instead, the writer should try to express the
argument in his or her own words, rather than
relying on a ‘translation’ of the original.)

Non-plagiarised
1. Peter Linebaugh argues that although
highwaymen posed no overt challenge to social
orthodoxy – they aspired to be known as
‘Gentlemen of the Road’ – they were often seen
as anti-hero role models by the unruly working
classes. He concludes that they were executed
not only for their criminal acts, but in order to
 stamp out the threat of insubordinacy.1 (This
paraphrase of the passage is acceptable as the
wording and structure demonstrate the reader’s
interpretation of the passage and do not follow
the original too closely. The source of the ideas
under discussion has been properly attributed in
both textual and footnote references.)
2. Peter Linebaugh argues that highwaymen
represented a powerful challenge to the mores of
capitalist society and inspired the rebelliousness
of London’s working class.1 (This is a brief
summary of the argument with appropriate
attribution.)

1 Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and

Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (London,
1991), p. 213.

Plagiarism Law

The Law of Plagiarism:

College and university rules for student conduct sometimes say that plagiarism is an
academic offense, not a legal offense. That statement is not correct.

Colleges, universities and professional entities certainly have the authority to punish
plagiarists in various ways, including expulsion from the college or revoking a degree
earned in part by plagiarism. But plagiarism is also a legal issue.
Copyright Law SOPA Law
The owner of the copyright (i.e., in most cases, The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) is a United States bill introduced
the true author) could sue the plagiarist in by U.S. Representative Lamar S. Smith (R-TX) to expand the ability
federal court for violation of the copyright. Any of U.S. law enforcement to fight online trafficking in copyrighted
work created in the USA after 1st. Mar 1989 is intellectual property and counterfeit goods. Provisions include the
automatically protected by copyright, even if requesting of court orders to bar advertising networks and payment
there is no copyright notice attached to the facilities from conducting business with infringing websites, and
work. 17 USC, Sub-Section 102, 401, and 405. search engines from linking to the sites, and court orders requiring
Internet service providers to block access to the sites. The law would
It is important to note that the addition of expand existing criminal laws to include unauthorized streaming of
original material by the plagiarist in no way copyright material, imposing a maximum penalty of five years in
excuses the act of plagiarism. The focus is on prison.
what the plagiarist did wrong, not what the
plagiarist did right. Trivial changes in copied Proponents of the bill say it protects the intellectual property market
text, in an attempt to avoid copyright and corresponding industry, jobs and revenue, and is necessary to
infringement, are specifically prohibited by law bolster enforcement of copyright laws, especially against foreign
in the USA: websites. Claiming flaws in present laws that do not cover foreign
owned and operated sites, and citing examples of "active promotion
Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp., 45 F.2d 119, 121 of rogue websites" by U.S. search engines, proponents say stronger
(2d Cir. 1930) ("It is of course essential to any enforcement tools are needed.
protection of literary property ... that the right
The bill establishes a two-step process for intellectual property-rights
cannot be limited literally to the text, else a holders to seek relief if they have been harmed by a site dedicated to
plagiarist would escape by immaterial variations."). infringement. The rights holder must first notify, in writing, related
payment facilitators and ad networks of the identity of the website,
Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp., 81 F.2d who, in turn, must then forward that notification and suspend services
49, 56 (2d Cir. 1936) ("... no plagiarist can excuse to that identified website, unless that site provides a counter
the wrong by showing how much of his work he did notification explaining how it is not in violation. The rights holder
can then sue for limited injunctive relief against the site operator, if
not pirate.").
such a counter notification is provided, or if the payment or
A Columbia Pictures' promotional poster for a movie advertising services fail to suspend service in the absence of a
counter notification.
infringed the copyright of an illustration on the
cover of a New Yorker magazine, although the The second section covers penalties for streaming video and for
details in the movie poster had been changed from selling counterfeit drugs, military materials or consumer goods. The
the magazine cover (only the words "Hudson River" bill would increase penalties and expand copyright offenses to
include unauthorized streaming of copyrighted content and other
were the same in both items). The judge ruled that
intellectual property offenses. The bill would criminalize
the movie poster was "substantially similar" to the unauthorized streaming of copyrighted content, with a maximum
magazine cover. Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures, 663 penalty of five years in prison for ten such infringements within six
F.Supp. 706 (1987). months.

The bill provides immunity from liability to the ad and payment

networks that comply with this Act or that take voluntary action to

Fraud
Beyond intellectual property issues (e.g.,
copyright and trademark), the plagiarist
commits fraud. The plagiarist knows that he/she
is not the true author of the work, yet the
plagiarist willfully and deliberately puts his/her
name on the work (thereby concealing the true
author's name), then the plagiarist submits the
work as an inducement to some kind of reward
(e.g., good grade on a term paper, awarding a
graduate degree for a thesis or dissertation,
obtaining a scholarship, winning a prize in a
science fair, etc).
Using phrases like "academic misconduct" to
describe plagiarism is too sterile, too kind.
Plagiarism is fraud.
PIPA Law
The Protect IP Act (PIPA) bill defines
infringement as distribution of illegal copies,
counterfeit goods, or anti-digital rights
management technology. Infringement exists if
"facts or circumstances suggest [the site] is
used, primarily as a means for engaging in,
enabling, or facilitating the activities described." Bottom Line
The bill says that it does not alter existing
substantive trademark or copyright law.
The bill provides for "enhancing enforcement
against rogue websites operated and registered
overseas" and authorizes the United States
Department of Justice to seek a court order in
rem against websites dedicated to infringing
activities, if through due diligence, an
individual owner or operator cannot be
located.[11] The bill requires the Attorney
General to serve notice to the defendant. Once
the court issues an order, it could be served on
financial transaction providers, Internet
advertising services, Internet service providers,
and information location tools to require them
cut ties to such sites. Any copyright holder who knowingly
misrepresents that a website is dedicated to infringement would be
liable for damages.
(Source: H.R.3261 – Stop Online Piracy Act; House Judiciary Committee;
October 26, 2011)
Trademark and unfair competition law
Professors and research scientists are often hired, promoted, receive
tenure, and are awarded salary increases on the basis of their
scholarly publications. To measure the significance of scholarly
publications, many administrators in colleges look at Science
Citation Index to see how often a professor's work has been cited by
others. Therefore, if 'D' plagiarizes 'V's' work – instead of D citing
V's work – then V is potentially harmed by having fewer citations to
V's work. On the other hand, D is unjustly enriched by receiving
credit for a publication that was plagiarized, so D builds D's
reputation with V's work.
Recognizing this harm, the true author could sue the plagiarist in
federal court for "false designation of origin", 15 USC, Section 1125,
since the plagiarist was misrepresenting someone else's work as his
own. Similarly, there are also possible remedies under state unfair
competition law. Restatement of the Law (Third) Unfair
Competition, Sub-Section 2, 3(b), 5 (1995).
In every plagiarism case involving a student or professor, the court
upheld the punishment imposed by the college/university/school.
Further, the court often made gratuitous, pejorative comments about
the bad character of the plagiarist, which show that it is unwise for a
plagiarist to complain about how he/she was treated.
A judge in a federal court, noted that one attorney had plagiarized the
Brief of the opposing attorney, then commented that opposing
counsel had:
failed to call this major breach of professional conduct to the Court's
attention. The Court, however, cannot let it pass without
condemnation. Plagiarism is unacceptable in any grammar school,
college, or law school, and even in politics. It is wholly intolerable in
to stop financial transactions with the rogue site
the practice of law DeWilde v. Gannett Publishing, 797 F.Supp. 55, 56
and remove links to it. The term "information
location tool" is borrowed from the Digital (D.Maine 1992).
Millennium Copyright Act and is understood to
refer to search engines but could cover other
sites that link to content. Plagiarism is a very serious crime, and research shows how
plagiarism can haunt a person's reputation, even ten years later.
The PROTECT IP Act says that an "information
location tool shall take technically feasible and
reasonable measures, as expeditiously as
possible, to remove or disable access to the
Internet site associated with the domain name
set forth in the order". In addition, it must delete
all hyperlinks to the offending "Internet site".

Nonauthoritative domain name servers would

be ordered to take technically feasible and
reasonable steps to prevent the domain name
from resolving to the IP address of a website
that had been found by the court to be
"dedicated to infringing activities." The website
could still be reached by its IP address, but links
or users that used the website’s domain name
would not reach it. Search engines—such as
Google—would be ordered to "(i) remove or
disable access to the Internet site associated
with the domain name set forth in the court
order; or (ii) not serve a hypertext link to such
Internet site."

Trademark and copyright holders who have

been harmed by the activities of a website
dedicated to infringing activities would be able
to apply for a court injunction against the
domain name to compel financial transaction
providers and Internet advertising services to
stop processing transactions to and placing ads
on the website but would not be able to obtain
the domain name remedies available to the
Attorney General.

(Source: PROTECT IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th

Cong. § 6; "Text of S. 968," Govtrack.us. May 26,
2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.)