1920 Gr8 SC CC Cells and Genetics Practice Sheet Cha (1 2 4) August1920

Gr.
8-Sc-CC-Cells&Genetics-August1920
Gr8 Science Practice Questions

Cells & Genetics
Chapter 1: Cellular Nature of Life:
Section 1.1: Characteristics of Living Things-pgs. (4-13):
1. A fig tree, a bacterium and a turtle are examples of [organisms].
2. Dinosaurs and Geckos are examples of animals called [reptiles].
3. Lizards are not cold blooded but sometimes they lie in the [Sun] to absorb energy
to become more active.
4. An example of a reptile that has no legs is a [snake].
What does it mean to be alive?

5. An example of an object that can move but it is not alive is a [cloud].
6. The ability to produce young and eat to get energy are characteristics of [living
things].
7. All organisms need [energy] to power their life functions.

8. G Organisms need energy for [m_______] (moving), [gr_______] (growing),
and [rep_____] (repairing) body parts.
9. G A plant captures the energy in sunlight to make [food].
10. A spider is an example of an animal that eats other [animals].
11. A sheep is an example of an animal that eats [plants].
12. Plants make sugar in which they trap [sunlight] energy.
13. Plants and some microorganisms capture the [energy] from sunlight directly to
make [food].
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Gr.8-Sc-CC-Cells&Genetics-August1920
14. Animals get their energy by eating [plants] or by eating [animals].
15. G A substance that an organism needs to take into its body to use as food or to build
or repair itself, is called a [nutrient].
16. To build body parts and perform chemical processes, organisms need nutrients
including [water], and gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen.
17. Plants get nutrients including water from the [soil].
18. Plants get the gaseous carbon dioxide and oxygen directly from the [air].
19. Which of the following is a nutrient for humans? Put Y if it is a nutrient and N if it
is not a nutrient:
Bread [Yes], water [Yes], air [Yes], oxygen [Yes], nitrogen [No], carbon dioxide
[No], cheese [Yes].
20. Which of the following is not a nutrient for a flowering plant? (a) water (b)
oxygen (c) carbon dioxide (d) plastic pot (e) nitrogen salts. Write your answer in
alphabetical order using letters separated by commas without space. Answer: (d).
21. A substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for
growth are called [nutrients].
22. In order to live, organisms need nutrients, [space] and the right environment.
23. G When a living thing increases in size we say that it [grows] and when it makes
new parts we say it [develops] new parts.
24. To grow and develop, an organism needs to take in [raw] materials.
25. When a living thing makes new offspring we say that it [reproduces].
26. To replace individuals that die and ensure that a particular organism will not
become extinct, organism must [reproduce].
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27. An organism [responds] to a stimulus); i.e. it reacts to it.
28. A non-material thing that all living things spend to grow and perform everyday
chores is [energy].
29. G When an organism changes over time to develop characteristics that allow it to
live in a changing environment, we say that it [adapts] to the environment.
30. The large feet of a snow rabbit that allow it to run on soft snow without sinking in
it is called an [adaptation].
31. G When multicellular organisms grow in size; they actually make more [cells].
32. When organisms increase in size, we say that they [grow].
33. When organisms get new parts, like legs on a tadpole or flowers on a plant, we say
that they [develop] new parts.
34. A [stimulus] is a physical or chemical change that results in a response.
35. The organism’s ability to respond to an external stimulus is called [sensitivity].
36. The reaction of an organism to the stimulus is its [response].
37. When a plant on a window bends in the direction of the light, the bending is called
a [response] to light coming from the window.
38. A [stimulus] that makes a rabbit run away is the sight of a predator.
39. Drooling is the [response] of a dog to the sight of food. The sight of food is the
[stimulus].
40. A meaning of homeostasis: The ability of an organism to keep or to maintain a

stable internal [environment] even when changes are taking place in the
surroundings.
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41. A meaning of homeostasis: It is the actual state of stable [equilibrium] that must
be achieved for a biological system to function well.
42. The ability of an organism to control its internal environment is called

[homeostasis].
43. A [cell] is the basic unit of life.
44. For a cell or organism to maintain homeostasis, it must spend [energy].
45. An organism needs to maintain a constant internal state called [homeostasis] so that
it can function well.
46. An [adaptation] is a structure or behavior that helps an organism survive better in

an environment.
47. Sharp claws that help an eagle catch fish more efficiently are called an [adaptation].
48. G All organisms are made up of one or more basic units of life called [cells].
49. Bodies of organisms are organized into cells, tissues, organs and organ [systems].
50. Examples of unicellular organisms include [bacteria], protozoans, and yeasts.
51. Organisms made up of one cell that can be seen in a microscope are called
[unicellular].
52. Unicellular organisms are [microscopic] and every single cell must carry out all of
the basic [functions] needed to sustain the life of the organism.
53. Go to YouTube and look at bacteria and Protista. Write one sentence about how
each looks.
Demonstration: go to YouTube. See bacteria, Protista, for no more than ½ min each.
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=onion+skin+cells+under+microscope&FORM=VI
RE1#view=detail&mid=DE9FEF264C2B706DFEE1DE9FEF264C2B706DFEE1
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54. G The first living things to appear on Earth were [unicellular] organisms.
55. An organism made up of many cells is called [multicellular].
56. A multicellular organism has [specialized] cells that [lost] the ability to live alone.
57. Plants, animals, humans and seaweeds are examples of [multicellular] organisms.
58. The body of a multicellular organism consists of [specialized] cells each group of
which does one function only and cannot live alone.
59. Multicellular organisms are organized into different parts. Each part performs a
different [function].
60. Plant roots are made of cells specialized to absorb minerals and [water] from the
soil.
61. Leaf cells are specialized to make [sugar] out of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water.
62. Stomach lining cells are specialized to break down [food] into smaller parts.
63. Heart cells are specialized in contracting to [pump] blood to the body.
64. All cells of an organism need to work together to perform all the functions of [life].
65. An important difference between the cell of a unicellular organism and a cell of a
multicellular organism is that a unicellular organism carries out [all] of the
organism’s life functions, but each cell of a multicellular organism carries out
[specific] functions and cannot live alone.
66. G A multicellular organism's body is made up of many cells, which are grouped
together into larger parts, such that each part performs one [function] for the
organism.
67. The microscope allowed scientists to [observe] cells and see how they function in
an organism.
68. In 1660s Robert Hooke examined a piece of cork, and observed that it was made
up of tiny compartments that he called [cells].
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69. Van Leeuwenhoek found hundreds of tiny unicellular organisms swimming in a

[pond] water.
70. Onion cell are shaped like [rectangles]
71. We add iodine stain when viewing onion cells in a microscope because starch will
turn [black-blue] so the view becomes clearer.
72. Onion skin cells are packed close together so it becomes easier for cells to
[cooperate] together.
73. Cells come from other [cells]: each cell divides to form [two] cells.
74. G The cell theory states that all living things are made up of one or more [cells].
75. G The cell theory states that cells carry out the functions needed to support [life].
76. G The cell theory states that cells come only from [pre-existing] cells.
77. Cells cannot arise from [nonliving] material. They come only from cells that
already [exist].
Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MFGGBBxSf8
Section 1.2: Inside a cell-pgs. (14-23):

78. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are used to build cell [material] (e.g. cell
membranes) and may be used as food.
79. G All cells are made of the same basic chemical elements: carbon, [hydrogen],
oxygen, [nitrogen], phosphorus, and [sulfur] that combine in millions of ways to
form molecules of different compounds.
80. G Five classes of compounds are found in all living things: (1) [carbohydrates], (2)
[lipids], (3) [proteins], (4) [nucleic acids] and (5) water.
81. G [Carbohydrates] are energy-rich compounds that contain carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen. Sugars and starches are examples of carbohydrates. However, they are
less energy-rich than lipids, that are made up of exactly the same elements but in
different combinations.
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82. [Sugars] are made in plants, so the fruits and vegetables you eat contain large
amounts of them.
83. Living cells break down sugars to obtain [energy].
84. Plants pack energy into a smaller volume by tying single sugar molecules together
to form large [starch] molecules composed of many sugar molecules.
85. Potatoes, rice, and wheat products (bread and pasta) are rich in [starch] and are
good energy sources.
86. Carbohydrates are components of cell membranes and cell [walls] (e.g. wood).
(building material).
87. Fats, oils and waxes are examples of [lipids] also called fats.
88. G Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and contain [2 to 3 times] the
energy of equal weight of carbohydrates.
89. Animals and plants store extra energy in their cells as [fats] also called lipids.
90. Cholesterol is an important lipid, and is a component of cell [membrane].
91. [Cholesterol] is an important component of cell membranes.
92. Too much cholesterol is not healthy because it collects on the inside of blood
vessels and blocks the flow of [blood].
93. Proteins contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes [sulphur].
94. G Proteins are made up of [amino] acids (20 different ones), which are linked
together to form folded chains.
95. Proteins are essential components of living organisms and are composed of [amino]
acids linked together to form folded chains.
96. Your body can make [some] amino acids, but others must be taken in from food.
97. [Amino acids] are the building blocks of proteins.
98. G One function of proteins is that they are the [building materials] for cell and body
parts (e.g. muscle, blood).
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99. G Another function of proteins is that some act as tools called [enzymes] to help
certain chemical reactions to occur in the body.
100. G A third function of proteins is that they can be used as [food] to provide
the body that consumes (eats) them with energy and with amino acids needed to
build proteins for that body for growth and repair.
101. Enzymes are tools that facilitate chemical reactions in the body and are
made mainly of [proteins].
102. Enzymes are proteins that [speed up] chemical processes.
103. Enzymes are tools to fit molecules together in a geometry that allows them
to [react together].
104. Nucleic acids are large molecules made up of chains of subunits called
[nucleotides].
105. Nucleotides are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and

[phosphorus].
106. The two kinds of nucleic acids are [DNA] and [RNA], which, store
information for building and running the cells.
107. G [DNA] is a very large nucleic acid molecule that holds the genetic
information / instructions a cell needs for making [proteins].
108. [RNA] is a nucleic acid that is also involved in building proteins.
109. About two thirds of a cell is [water].
110. G Almost all chemical processes inside cells take place in [water] solutions.
111. Water helps a cell keep its [shape]. When a plant loses too much water, the
cells shrink and the plant wilts.
112. G Water maintains [homeostasis] by helping keep the body temperature

constant.
113. G Water transports [materials] in and out of a cell.
114. G The [cytoplasm] is a jellylike material inside the cell that contains
organelles and dissolved substances, and is the site where most cells activities
occur.
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115. [Organelles] are small structures suspended in the cell’s cytoplasm that have
specific functions. E.g. mitochondria, ribosomes.
116. The cell [membrane] is a flexible structure that separates the inside of the
cell from its external environment.
117. G The cell wall [supports] and protects the cell, and is found only around
plant cells.
118. All cells are surrounded by a boundary called [cell membrane] that holds
the cell together and it [controls] what enters and leaves the cell, and it gives the
cell its [shape].
119. The cells of plants, fungi, and some bacteria have an additional boundary, a
thick, stiff structure that surrounds the cell membrane called [cell wall].
120. The main organelles of an animal cell are: cell membrane, nucleus,
[mitochondrion], endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi body, small vacuole,
[lysosome].
121. G The [nucleus] of a cell is a large oval organelle, it is the control center
that directs all the activities of the cell.
122. G The nucleus is protected in most living things by the nuclear [membrane],
which is a double membrane that contains pores. The nucleus contains DNA.
123. G DNA is a long chainlike molecule, coiled up into [chromosomes].
124. A [chromosome] is a rod-shaped structure made up of a protein and DNA.
125. Most DNA is located in the chromosomes inside the [nucleus].
126. [Ribosomes] are tiny structures outside the nucleus in which proteins are
built. They are the site of protein synthesis
127. G The information contained within the DNA is copied onto [RNA]
molecules, which move out of the nucleus to the [ribosomes] where use the
information is used to build proteins.
128. Amino acids moving about at random inside the cytoplasm are carried by
RNA to the ribosome where they are joined together to form a [protein].
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129. Each chromosome is a rope-shaped structure made up of mainly of [DNA].
130. Ribosomes are made inside the nucleus then they move into the cytoplasm
through the [nuclear] membrane where they connect to the endoplasmic
[reticulum].
131. Bacteria have neither [nuclei] nor nuclear membranes. The DNA in bacteria
is suspended in the cytoplasm.
132. Most cells have [mitochondria], rod-shaped organelles that use the energy
in food to produce a form of energy the cell can use, ATP (adenosine triphosphate),
the common “currency” of energy carrier that cells use).
133. The process that releases energy from food is called [cellular respiration],
which takes place in the folded membranes of the mitochondrion.
134. G Many plant cells have [chloroplasts], green, disk-like organelles that trap
the energy in sunlight into sugar. This process is called [photosynthesis].
135. [Chloroplasts] capture sunlight energy and use it to produce sugar.
136. In a plant cell, photosynthesis takes place in the [chloroplasts].
137. Animal cells do not contain [chloroplasts]. They get their [energy] when
animals take sugar and other food compounds from plants or animals they eat.
138. Chloroplasts trap the sunlight energy into [sugar], which mitochondria
change into a useful form of and energy-carrying molecule, ATP.
139. The [Golgi] body receives material from the endoplasmic reticulum,
finishes processing and packaging them, then transports them to the cell and other
cells as well.
140. The [Golgi] body is an organelle that resembles a stack of flat pancakes and
vesicles.
141. [Ribosomes] are attached to the surface of the [endoplasmic reticulum],

which is a network of tubes and passageways.
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142. The [proteins] that the ribosomes produce, as well as other products such
as lipids (fats), are transported along the endoplasmic reticulum to different parts
of the cell, where they are made into cell parts.
143. G The endoplasmic reticulum consists of a [network] of tubes and

passageways through which proteins and other materials are transported from one
place to another in a cell.
144. G A [vacuole] is a saclike organelle that stores water, food and other
materials.
145. Animal cells may have many small vacuoles or none at all. Plant cells tend
to have one large vacuole, called a [central vacuole], which stores materials and
gives the plant cell its shape.
146. When a plant cell lacks water, its central vacuole is partially empty and the
plant [wilts].
147. A [lysosome] is a small round organelle that contains enzymes that break
down large food and waste particles. It is usually found in animal cells but not in
plant cells.
148. G Put Y where the structure is found, in animal cells and N where it is not.
An animal cell contains: Cell membrane, [_Y_], Cell wall [_N_], Cytoplasm [_Y
_], nucleus [_Y __], Chloroplasts[N], Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) [_Y _], one
large vacuole [N], several small vacuoles [_Y _], lysosome[Y], mitochondria [_Y
_], ribosomes [_Y _], Golgi bodies [Y].
149. G Put Y where the structure is found, in plant cells and N where it is not. A
plant cell contains: Cell membrane, [Y], Cell wall [Y], Cytoplasm [Y], nucleus [Y],
Chloroplasts [Y], Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) [Y], one large vacuole [Y], several
small vacuoles [N], lysosome [N], mitochondria [Y], ribosomes [Y], Golgi bodies
[Y].
150. Chloroplasts capture [energy] from sunlight and use it to make food.
151. G The [cell wall] is a rigid thick structure outside the cell membrane that
protects the cell and gives it its shape.
152. The [central] vacuole is a large vacuole in plant cells that stores water, food,
and wastes. It takes up most of the cell volume.
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153. Hormones are protein enzymes that are produced in [ribosomes] and
transported through the ER to the [Golgi body], where they are packaged and sent
out of the cell.
154. Bacterium’s organelles are not surrounded by [membranes].
Section 1.3: Cell Differentiation-pgs. (24-29):

155. A muscle cell is designed to [contract]. A nerve cell is designed to transmit
a [signal].
156. An organism begins life as a single cell. During the early development of a
multicellular organism, cells multiply and [differentiate] to form many specialized
cells.
157. A skin cell is thin and flat, the best shape to [protect] the outside of an
organism's body.
158. Because the cells of a multicellular organism are too specialized, any one
cell [cannot live] on its own.
159. During the early development of a multicellular organism, cells multiply

and differentiate, then they form [specialized] cells.
160. Together, all the specialized cells in the organism's body perform its life
[functions].
161. Single cells of a multicellular organism are unable to survive on their own
because they cannot perform all life [functions].
162. Cells are [adapted] to the jobs they do.
163. G Plant root cells have tiny [extensions] that increase the surface area for
absorbing water and minerals from soil.
Trends in Science:
164. [Stem] cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into
any of the more than 200 types of cells in the body.
165. In developing embryos, stem cells differentiate into all the [specialized]
cells that make up a newborn baby.
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166. Any organism starts as one cell. As it divides into cells, cells become
specialized. The final organism will have a complete set of organ [systems].
167. A group of similar cells performing the same job is a [tissue].
168. Muscle and bone tissues are examples of [animal] tissues.

169. Mouth, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and intestines are parts of the
[digestive] system.
Multicellular Organisms Are Organized:

170. A green leaf cell is specialized in making [sugar].
171. Muscle tissue contains only [muscle] cells.
172. G In a plant stem, one kind of tissue, [phloem], forms tubes that transport
food from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
173. G In a plant stem, one kind of tissue, [xylem], forms tubes that provide
pathways for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
174. G A tissue is a group of similar [cells] that all do the same job, or function.
175. G An [organ] is a body-part made up of two or more kinds of tissues.
176. An earthworm's intestine is an organ lined with 3 tissues: muscle tissue, a

tissue that produces [digestive juices] and a third that [absorbs nutrients].
177. A plant leaf is an [organ] whose function is to make food for the entire plant.
178. A leaf contains 3 tissues: one that [covers] and protects the leaf, a tissue for
performing [photosynthesis], and tissues for [transporting] food, minerals, and
water to and from the leaf.
179. G An [organ system] is a group of organs that function together to do a

major job for the organism.
180. The most complex level of organization in organisms is an organ [system].
181. The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas are organs that make up an animal's [digestive system].
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182. G The five levels of cellular organization are: [cells], tissues, [organs],
organ systems and [organisms].
Chapter 2: Cell Processes

Section 2.1: Cell Transport-pgs. (38-45):
183. [Passive] transport is a spontaneous way of getting materials to cross from
one side of the cell membrane to the other without the need to spend energy.
184. Passive transport is the result of [random motion]. Molecules in liquids are
always moving randomly, changing direction only when they bump into another
molecule.
185. A membrane is said to be selectively [permeable], when it allows some

molecules to pass across it, but not others.
186. Small molecules such as oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) pass spontaneously
through most parts of the cell membrane, in either direction, without the
expenditure of [energy].
187. Passive [transport] is the random, spontaneous movement of molecules

across a permeable barrier if they hit it and can pass between its molecules.
188. The Net motion of molecules across a barrier refers to the algebraic sum of
molecules moving from one side to the other. If across a barrier 10 molecules move
to the right and 15 molecules move to the left, then the net motion is [5] molecules
to the left.
189. Molecules such as oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) have net spontaneous
motion from the side where they are in [high] concentration (more of them in a unit
volume) to the side where they are in [low] concentration.
190. Passive transport of molecules such as oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) result
in net spontaneous motion without expenditure of energy from the side where they
are in [high] concentration (more of them in a unit volume) to the side where they
are in [low] concentration.
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191. Large molecules such as glucose (C6H12O6 – 24 atoms) and amino acids
(e.g. NH2CHCH3COOH – 13 atoms) normally cannot pass through the cell
membrane because of their size, but at special locations where the membrane
includes a [transport proteins], these molecules can pass from one side to the other.
192. Large molecules such as glucose and amino acids can have net spontaneous
motion across a cell membrane from the side where they are in [high] concentration
to the side where they are in [low] concentration. This motion is passive transport
and no energy is needed for it.
Down load this video from YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prfMUwjobo8
The Cell's Barrier

193. G The cell membrane provides a barrier between the cell and its outside
environment. It allows some materials to pass through and prevents the passage of
other materials, so it is called [selectively permeable].
194. Glucose and amino acids are large molecules, but they can move in and out
of a cell through the cell membrane with the help of [transport proteins] and also
without spending energy, provided they move from a side of high concentration to
a side of low concentration.
195. G [Passive transport] is the movement of molecules through the cell

membrane without using energy.
Passive Transport: Diffusion

196. Molecules in fluids are in constant [motion]. They move in all directions,
colliding and pushing each other, changing their relative positions.
197. G The process by which particles in a fluid randomly and spontaneously

change relative location is called [diffusion]. Diffusion is a type of [passive]
transport.
198. A fish may die if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the surrounding
water is [high].
Learning Point 3. Describe the process of osmosis.
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199. Water is important to a cell because all chemical reactions related to [living]
things take place in water solutions.
200. If water is added to a salt solution, the concentration of water in the solution
increases and the concentration of salt [decreases] in spite of the fact that the
quantity of salt remains unchanged.
201. If more salt is added to and dissolved in an aqueous (water) solution of salt,
the concentration of salt in the solution increases and the concentration of water
[decreases] in spite of the fact that the quantity of water remains unchanged.
202. G Osmosis is the net diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

from the side where water in more [concentrated] (salt is more dilute) to the side
where water is less concentrated (salt is more concentrated).
203. Osmosis is a form of passive transport: it is spontaneous. The cell does not
need to spend [energy] to transport water across its cell membrane during osmosis.
204. A semipermeable membrane allows [water] molecules to pass through its

pores, but not the larger sugar molecules.
205. If a semipermeable membrane separates pure water from a sugar solution,
although water molecules pass either way, there will be a net transport of water (by
osmosis) from the [pure water] side to the sugar solution side.
206. In osmosis, water moves to even out its concentration, i.e. from the side of
lower concentration of [solute] to the other side.
207. When the concentration of water is the same inside the cell and in the
solution outside a cell, the cell will not gain or lose [water].
208. If the concentration of water outside a cell is more than that inside it, then
water [enters] the cell.
209. If the concentration of water inside a cell is more than that outside it, then
water [leaves] the cell. (think carefully!!!)
210. If the concentration of salt outside a cell is more than salt inside it, then
water [leaves] the cell.
211. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall that prevents them from [exploding] if
placed in a dilute aqueous solution.
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212. When water moves out of a plant cell, its central vacuole [loses] water and
the plant may [wilt].
213. G When plant cells are placed in salt water the plant [wilts].
214. G When plant cells are placed in pure water the cells will [bulge] (swell).
215. G When animal cells are placed in pure water the cells may [explode]
because there is no cell wall to protect the cell.
216. A cell must be in an environment in which solute concentration is similar to

that of the [cytoplasm].
217. A living fish may be able to force water to come into it even though it is in
salt water, but this requires expenditure of [energy].
218. G When living cells spend energy to force water to go from low
concentration to high concentration; this is called [active transport].
219. When living cells spend energy to force sugar molecules to go from low
concentration outside the cell to high concentration inside it, passing through the
transport proteins, this is called [active transport].
220. When a cell moves materials from an area of lower concentration to an area
of higher concentration, opposite to the direction in which materials move during
diffusion or osmosis, it needs to [spend energy], and this is called active transport.
221. When a cell moves very large molecules across the cell membrane from an
area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, it needs to [spend
energy], and this is called active transport.
222. G Transport proteins move sugar molecules from high sugar concentrations
outside the cell to low sugar concentration inside the cell by [passive] transport,
[without] spending energy.
223. G Transport proteins move sugar molecules from low sugar concentrations
outside the cell to high sugar concentration inside the cell by [active] transport,
[with] spending energy.
224. Ocean fish get rid of extra salt in their bodies through [active] transport.
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225. G [Endocytosis] is a process that cells use to bring into themselves large
molecules and other particles.
226. In endocytosis, part of the cell membrane wraps itself around a particle
outside the cell, forms a pocket and pinches it into the cell, and this requires the cell
to [spend energy].
227. G [Exocytosis] is a process that cells use to take wastes out of the cell.
228. In exocytosis, part of the cell membrane wraps itself around a particle inside
the cell, forms a pocket and pinches it out of the cell, and this requires the cell to
[spend energy].
229. A cell needs to be small so that the [ratio] of surface area to volume remains
large enough for the cell to service itself by getting rid of wastes and taking in
nutrients.
Section 2.2: Photosynthesis-pgs. (48-55):

230. A human being feels tired when his/her body tries to [save energy].
231. G [Photoautotrophs] are organisms like plants, green algae, and green
bacteria that captures the energy in sunlight and uses it to make food (sugars).
232. Sunlight energy is saved in sugar as [chemical potential] energy.
233. Most photoautotrophs are green and are called [producers] because they
produce food (sugars).
234. G [Chemoautotrophs] are organisms like some kinds of bacteria that extract
energy from chemicals (like sulphur or nitrogen) to make food (sugars) out of
carbon dioxide and water.
235. Both chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs are generally called

[autotrophs].
236. Green frogs and grass hoppers [not] autotrophs although they are green.
They do not have chlorophyll.
237. G A heterotroph is an organism that [consumes] other organisms.
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238. The energy that a cricket obtains when it eats plants came initially from the
[sun].
239. The energy that a robin obtains when it eats crickets came initially from the
[sun].
240. G [Glucose] is a sugar. Sugars are carbohydrates. Carbohydrates contain

chemical energy that originally came from the sun as sunlight energy.
241. A photoautotroph needs [light], carbon dioxide and water to make food.
242. Glucose is important for photoautotrophs and heterotrophs because it is the

basic form of [food] that plants make.
243. Plants and other photoautotrophs manufacture food by [photosynthesis].
244. G [Photosynthesis] is the process in which energy in sunlight is converted

to chemical energy in glucose and other sugars.
245. In the first part of photosynthesis, cells use sunlight energy to split [water]
molecules into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen ions (H+ + e–).
246. Oxygen produced in photosynthesis is partly used in cellular [respiration]

inside mitochondria and mostly released into the atmosphere.
247. G [Chlorophyll] is the substance that captures sunlight and gives plants their
green color, and it is found mostly in leaves.
248. In the second part of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
undergo a series of reactions to form sugars, including [glucose]. The energy that
was originally captured from the sun is stored as chemical energy in the bonds
between atoms of the sugars.
249. G The overall process of photosynthesis can be summarized in the

following chemical equation.
[Sunlight energy] + 6CO2 + 6H2O ----------► C6H12O6 + 6O2
250. G The starting materials for photosynthesis are water and [carbon dioxide].
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251. A plant takes in carbon dioxide from the air through tiny openings, called
[stomata], in the leaves (singular, stoma) regulate the movement of oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and water vapor in and out of a plant by opening and closing.
252. The opening and closing of a stoma are controlled by two curved cells that
surround the [stoma].
253. During the day, the [curved] cells open the stomata. The stomata are
[closed] at night.
254. Water in soil is taken into a plant through its [roots].
255. G The rate at which photosynthesis occurs [increases] with increasing

amounts of sunlight and carbon dioxide. The rate also increases as temperature
[increase].
256. Photosynthesis produces glucose, which can be converted to other sugars.

[Oxygen] is also produced as a waste product.
257. Nearly all of the oxygen in Earth's [atmosphere] came from photosynthesis.
This oxygen is important for almost all organisms (for respiration).
258. Plants convert some of the sugars to other structures, such as starch and
[wood] in woody plants.
259. Some sugars are converted to other carbohydrates, to lipids, and to amino
acids that are used to build [proteins]. The rest of the sugars are stored in the
photoautotroph's body for future use.
260. A plant compacts sugar molecules and stores them as [starch] molecules.
261. Starch is stored in [cells] in the roots, fruits, seeds and tubers of many plants.
262. Stored starch in [seeds] serves as food for the tiny plant that develops within
the seed.
263. G Starch is stored as [granules]. When a plant needs energy, it breaks down
the stored starch to form sugar molecules.
264. Iodine solution turns dark [blue-black] in the presence of starch.
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Section 2.3: Cellular Respiration-pgs. (58-65):

265. G Almost all organisms get energy by the process of [cellular respiration].
266. G During cellular respiration, cells break down [glucose] into smaller
molecules to release the energy it contains.
267. Because cellular respiration cannot be completed without oxygen, the

process is also called [aerobic] respiration.
268. G Aerobic means [using oxygen].
269. In cellular respiration the energy in glucose is used to make ATP molecules
that are the “currency” that all living things use for any process that needs [energy].
270. In Part 1 of cellular respiration which takes place in a cell's [cytoplasm], the
glucose molecule (6 carbon atoms) is broken down into two smaller pyruvate
molecules (3 carbons), and a small amount of the energy is released: 2 ATP
molecules are produced. Oxygen is [not needed] for this part of cellular respiration.
271. In Part 2 of cellular respiration the (pyruvate) molecules diffuse from the
cytoplasm into the cell's [mitochondria] together with oxygen molecules.
272. In Part 2 of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria the (pyruvate)

molecules react with the oxygen in a series of reactions that produce [a lot of
energy], about (34 ATP molecules) and produce as a byproduct carbon dioxide and
water.
273. Cellular respiration must take place [constantly] to provide a continuous

supply of energy to the organism.
274. G In cellular respiration [sugar and oxygen] are used up and [carbon dioxide
and water] are produced, together with around 36 ATP molecules (energy currency
of all organisms).
275. C6H12O6 + 602 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + [chemical energy]

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (36 ATP molecules).
276. Cellular respiration is [not the same] as breathing, which is often called
respiration.
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277. [Breathing] is the mechanical process that brings oxygen into the lungs and
expels carbon dioxide. [Cellular respiration] is the chemical process by which
energy in glucose is used to produce chemical energy (ATP).
278. The equation for cellular respiration is the [reverse] of the equation for
photosynthesis.
279. Plants use carbon dioxide and release oxygen into the atmosphere when they
perform photosynthesis. [Both] animals and plants take in oxygen and release
carbon dioxide when they perform cellular respiration.
280. Because cellular respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis, these two life
processes form a cycle that keeps the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere relatively [constant].
281. G When oxygen is not available or is in short supply; many heterotrophic

organisms can release a small amount of energy by performing [fermentation] in
which a sugar molecule produces only 2 ATP molecules (as opposed to 36 in
respiration).
282. Different organisms use many different chemical ways of releasing energy
by [fermentation], which is obtaining a small amount of energy (2 ATP molecules)
without using oxygen. The two main types of fermentation are alcoholic and lactic
acid.
283. In yeast and bacteria, fermentation converts sugar to acids, gases,

or [alcohol]. In oxygen-starved muscle cells, it produces [lactic acid].
284. Humans have used alcoholic fermentation to produce drinks and beverages
for the last 12,000 years: the products are alcohol and carbon dioxide. Also, humans
have used microorganisms to perform lactic acid fermentation to
produce sour foods such as pickles, kimchi and [yogurt]. Fermentation also occurs
naturally in the stomach of mammals, such as humans, cows and sheep.
285. Organisms keep the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere relatively

[constant] by (1) plants performing photosynthesis which traps sunlight energy into
sugar molecules and (2) in the process of cellular respiration in which they use up
oxygen in the atmosphere to obtain energy out of sugar.
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286. Alcoholic fermentation of dough produces alcohol and [carbon dioxide].

When dough ferments the carbon dioxide bubbles that form make the bread dough
rise. When it is baked, the bubbles grow in size, making the bread rise much more.
When the bread is baked, the alcohol evaporates.
287. In industry, alcoholic fermentation of corn is used to produce alcohol that

is added to gasoline, because alcohol is [renewable], and the part that comes from
petroleum is not.
288. Lactic acid fermentation can take place in muscles when the organism is
under stress, and more energy is needed than can be provided by [cellular
respiration]. Fermentation does “take over” as is stated in the book, but it adds to
cellular respiration to provide a little bit more energy. Lactic acid builds up in the
muscles and makes them sore.
289. Hard exercise causes muscles to feel sore due to the formation of [lactic
acid] due to fermentation that takes place in muscle cells when more energy is
needed than can be provided by cellular respiration.
290. G The kind of fermentation that causes bread to rise is [alcoholic]

fermentation.
291. G The kind of fermentation that causes muscles to ache is [lactic acid]
fermentation.
292. Anaerobic bacteria are those that live without [oxygen], they meet their
energy needs by performing [anaerobic] respiration.
293. Bacteria found near vents are autotrophs, they use the chemical energy
contained in the vent [chemicals] to make food.
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Chapter 4: Genetics and Heredity

Section 4.1: Genes and Traits-pgs. (106-113):
294. G A characteristic of a living thing, like curly hair, is called a [trait].
295. Traits such as eye color and freckles, are [inherited] characteristics.
296. Inherited traits are determined by heredity, i.e. passing genetic information
from parent to [offspring].
297. The ability to read English is an [acquired] trait.
298. The natural colour of hair is an [inherited] trait.
299. An inherited trait is passed on to offspring in the [DNA] of gametes.
300. Acquired traits are obtained by interacting with the [environment].
301. G A segment of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for
an inherited trait is a [gene].
302. A gene may control skin [colour] or how to build a cell wall.
303. The human chromosomes in any cell have about [30,000] different known
genes.
304. Some traits may be controlled by one gene but others like eye color, height,
and skin color in humans may be controlled by [several] genes.
305. Some genes control the production of a specific [protein] or part of a

protein.
306. Genetic information is transferred from DNA to another molecule called

[RNA], which carries the information to other parts of the cell.
307. RNA has the nitrogen bases adenine, cytosine, and guanine. However, RNA
has the base uracil instead of [thymine].
308. In transcription the DNA molecule unzips and forms a single strand. Next,
information on the gene part of the unzipped DNA is used to build a strand of
[messenger] RNA (mRNA).
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309. Once the mRNA molecule is assembled, it moves by diffusion to a

[ribosome].
310. The mRNA attaches to the ribosome, which builds a [protein chain]
according to the information in the mRNA.
311. Building a protein (protein synthesis) according to the information in the

mRNA is called [translation].
312. Polypeptides or proteins are chains of [amino acids] linked together.
313. G An amino acid is a molecule with around 10 to 20 atoms of mostly C, H,

O and N. There are only [20] different amino acids that are used in building all
human proteins. The number of different proteins in the human body run into
millions.
314. In the cytoplasm, molecules called transfer RNA, [tRNA], pick up amino
acids from the cytoplasm, diffuse to the ribosome where they are linked together
into a protein following the instructions encoded in the mRNA.
315. Organisms that reproduce sexually, like human beings, have in each cell
two copies (a pair) of homologous (similar) chromosomes, each homolog being a
copy of what came from each [parent].
316. One chromosome in each pair of homologous chromosomes comes from

the father, and the other chromosome comes from the [mother].
317. Homologous (similar) chromosomes are the same size and the same shape,
and each contains the same set of [genes] in the same relative location on the
chromosome.
318. A gene in one chromosome may be several thousand bases long but may
have a small difference in the order of bases that make up the gene from the gene
on its sister (homolog) chromosome. Two such genes on the two homologs are said
to be [alleles].
319. G [Alleles] are two slightly different genes, one on each homolog of a
similar pair of chromosomes.
320. The yellow color of some peas results from a different allele of a gene. The
other allele makes peas [green]. The difference in color is due to some bases being
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different in the two alleles: the kind of protein that each makes is slightly different,
and this results in a difference in color.
321. Alleles of a particular gene are found in the same [location] on the two
chromosomes of a matching pair.
322. A plant's two alleles may be identical, or they may be [different]. For
example, a pea plant could have two alleles for yellow seeds, two alleles for green
seeds, or one allele for yellow seeds and one allele for green seeds.
323. The combination of alleles in a chromosome pair determines how a trait is

expressed. A pea plant that has two alleles for yellow seeds will have only yellow
seeds. A pea plant that has two alleles for green seeds will have only [green] seeds.
324. A pea plant which has one allele for yellow seeds and one for green seeds
will have yellow seeds because the allele for yellow seeds is [dominant] over the
allele for green seeds.
325. A dominant allele is a gene form that is expressed even if [only one] of the
two alleles is of this form.
326. The trait that is expressed is called a [dominant] trait.
327. The allele for green seeds is said to be [recessive].
328. A recessive allele is a gene form that is expressed only when [both] copies
of the allele present are of that form (recessive).
329. A recessive trait will appear only if the organism does not have the
[dominant] allele because the dominant allele dominates, or covers up, the
expression of the recessive allele.
330. In the process of [meiosis] each parent contributes one chromosome, and
thus only one of the two alleles for a given trait, to each daughter cell.
331. A gamete has a [50%] chance of carrying one allele of a gene pair from its
parent and a 50% chance of carrying the other allele. The process is random
(depending on chance).
332. The zygote that forms when [gametes] unite during fertilization contains
one set of chromosomes from each parent. Each chromosome from the mother has
[alleles] that come from both of the mother’s parents, because homologs exchange
sections of chromosomes in a cell before it divides.
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333. Each chromosome from the father has alleles from both the father’s parents,
so the zygote has [genes] and alleles from the four grandparents, and their parents
and grandparents, and so on.
334. In the zygote there is a gene and allele combination that is [different] from
those of either parent.
335. Some traits are controlled by [several] genes. Height, hair color, eye color,
and skin color in humans are examples of this.
336. Offspring will look different from parents, and siblings will look different
from each other, depending on the combination of [genes] inherited.
337. Many genes have more than two alleles. However, [only two alleles] can be
present in any given organism.
338. When a DNA chain is copied, sometimes by mistake, one base replaces
another. This change in the DNA may have serious consequences, and a new
[allele] is created which gives a different result.
339. Although the two chromosomes of all pairs look similar, the chromosomes
of the sex chromosomes are different. In humans, sex chromosomes are named [X
and Y]. The Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome.
340. Females have two X chromosomes. During meiosis, a germ cell in theory
gives four gametes each having an [X chromosome]. In reality, only one gamete
survives with most of the food to form an egg, and the other three shrivel away and
die.
341. Males have one X and one Y chromosome. During meiosis, a germ cell
forms four sperms, two containing an X chromosome each and two containing a Y
chromosome each. Thus half the sperms contain X and half contain [Y
chromosomes].
342. G When a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting

zygote has two X chromosomes and is a [female].
343. G When a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting

zygote contains an X chromosome and a Y chromosome and is a [male].
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Section 4.2: Mendel and Genetics-pgs. (116-125):

344. A purebred plant is one that always produces offspring with the same form
of a trait as the parent plant. For example, a plant purebred for tall height always
produces offspring that are [tall].
345. In nature, pea plants are self-pollinating, which means that pollen from the
stamens of one flower lands on the pistil of [the same flower].
346. Mendel cross-pollinated plants by using a brush to transfer pollen from the
stamen of a flower on one plant to the pistil of a flower on a second plant. He
prevented the second plant from self-pollinating by [removing the stamens] from
its flowers.
347. Mendel first crossed plants that were purebred for round seeds with plants
that were purebred for wrinkled seeds. The offspring in this first F1 generation all
had [round] seeds.
348. Mendel allowed the plants in the F1 generation to grow and then self-
pollinate to produce offspring. In the F2 generation [three-fourths] of the plants had
round seeds and [one-fourth] had wrinkled seeds.
349. The gene that controls seed shape in pea plants has two alleles, one for round
seeds and one for wrinkled seeds. Purebred plants with round seeds have only
alleles for [round] seeds.
350. Purebred plants with wrinkled seeds have only alleles for [wrinkled] seeds.
351. Each first-generation plant inherited an allele for round seeds from one
parent and an allele for wrinkled seeds from the other parent. These plants are
[hybrids].
352. A [hybrid] is an organism that has two different alleles for a trait.
353. In pea plants, the allele for [round] seeds is dominant to the allele for
wrinkled seeds.
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354. Sometimes an allele is neither dominant nor recessive. In snapdragons, a

plant with one allele for red flowers and one allele for white flowers has pink
flowers, an intermediate trait. The pattern of inheritance that results in an
intermediate trait is called [incomplete] dominance.
355. The human blood groups—A, B, AB, and O—are controlled by three
alleles, A, B, and i, but a person can have only [two] alleles.
356. The i allele is recessive to both A and B and causes type O blood when [two
i alleles] are present.
357. The A and B alleles are [codominant]. When a person has both an A and a
B allele, the person has type AB blood.
358. When a person has A and i allele, the person has type [A] blood.
359. When a person has B and i allele, the person has type [B] blood.
360. When a person has two A allele, the person has type [A] blood.
361. When a person has two i alleles, the person has type [O] blood.
362. A dominant allele is represented by a [capital] letter, a recessive allele by

the lowercase letter. The letters are written in italics.
363. A plant that has inherited two alleles for round seeds is represented as RR.
A plant with wrinkled seeds has two alleles for this trait, rr. A hybrid for the trait
of seed shape is [Rr].
364. G An organism's [phenotype] is the way the trait appears. For example,
short hair and long hair in cats.
365. G An organism's [genotype] is the allele combinations in its cells.
366. Suppose S stands for the dominant trait of short hair in cats and s stands for
long hair, which is recessive. A cat with short hair can be [either SS or Ss].
367. An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait has a [homozygous]
genotype for that trait.
368. An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is said to have a
[heterozygous] genotype for that trait.
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369. In mice, B for black fur is dominant over b for brown fur. A black male
mouse is mated with a brown female mouse. Half the offspring are brown and half
are black. The genotype of the female mouse is [bb].
are black. The genotype of the male mouse is [Bb].
are black. The genotype of the brown offspring is [bb].
are black. The genotype of the black offspring is [Bb].
373. The probability of the coin landing tails up also is [50%].
374. What is the probability that a fair coin will land heads up on a third toss
after landing tails up twice in a row? [50%].
Female alleles
H h
male h
alleles h
375. Use the Punnett Square above: in Hereford cattle, hornless H is dominant
over horned h. The farmer has one heterozygous hornless female and one
homozygous horned male. What genotype should you enter in the top left empty
box? [Hh]
Female alleles
H h
male h
alleles h
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over horned h. The farmer has one heterozygous hornless female and one
homozygous horned male. What percent of offspring will be horned? [50%]
Female alleles
H h
male H
alleles h
over horned h. The farmer has a heterozygous hornless female and a heterozygous
male. What percent of offspring will be horned? [25%]
Female alleles
X X
male X
alleles Y
378. Use the Punnett Square above: woman marries a man, and they want to
calculate probabilities of the gender of their children. What should you enter in the
lower right box? [XY] what is the probability of having a girl child? [50%]
Section 4.3: DNA and Modern Genetics-pgs. (128-133):

379. G A [mutation] is any change that occurs in DNA or a chromosome.
380. A mutation in a gene may be the result of a copying [error]. The wrong base
or an extra base may be inserted into a new DNA strand, or a base may be deleted.
381. If the base A is inserted instead of a C, the wrong amino acid will be inserted
in a protein during translation of protein synthesis. Any change in a protein's
structure can affect its structure and [function] in the organism.
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382. Mutations in chromosomes can occur when chromosomes do not [separate]

correctly during meiosis or when a piece of chromosome is lost.
383. In a mutation, a gamete may end up with a missing [chromosome], an extra

one, or a missing piece. A gamete with a missing chromosome may have trouble
surviving.
384. Gene mutations can occur during DNA replication before mitosis or meiosis
or during protein [synthesis].
385. A mutation is inherited by offspring only when it occurs during meiosis and
it makes changes in the [gamete] which contributes to the zygote.
386. Some mutations may help an organism [survive]. For example, a plant may
have increased resistance to a disease.
387. Some mutations may be harmful if they prevent production of a needed

[chemical]. Albino organisms with white coloring may be more visible to predators.
388. Some mutations, such as four-leaf clovers, have no effect on the survival of
an [organism].
389. Changes in DNA are called mutations, which can be a source of [variation].
390. In order for a mutation to be a source of variation, the mutation must occur
in the [gametes] to be passed to offspring. A second condition is that the mutation
must be beneficial or not harmful. Harmful mutations [kill off] the offspring.
391. G A genetic [disorder] is a disease that results from a mutation in a gene or

chromosome.
392. Genetic disorders affect the normal functioning of a cell, and many, such as
cystic fibrosis and hemophilia, are [inherited].
393. Genetic disorders like cancers; develop during a person's lifetime. Cancer
is the result of mutations in [genes] that control the cell cycle, leading to abnormal
cell division.
394. Although many cancers are caused by gene mutations, they may take many
[years] to develop.
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395. A mutation usually results in an abnormal protein being produced. Most

abnormal proteins do not [function] as they should.
396. In cystic fibrosis, a defective transport protein in the cell membrane does
not transport salt in and out of [cells]. As a result, thick mucus builds up in the lungs
and intestines and harms the organs.
397. Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder in which the blood [clots] slowly or not
at all. One of the proteins needed for normal blood clotting is defective.
398. People with hemophilia must be careful not to cut their skin or bump
themselves so they will not [bleed to death]. They can be helped with shots of the
needed clotting factor.
399. A common disorder caused by a change in chromosome number is Down

syndrome. People with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome number
[21].
400. Down syndrome causes a person to have a distinctive appearance and some
mental [disabilities]. Down syndrome usually results when chromatids do not
separate properly during anaphase of meiosis.
401. Before humans knew about DNA and genetics, they used selective
breeding, a process of selecting and breeding certain parent organisms to increase
the chances that desirable traits would be inherited by the next [generation].
402. Nutritious grain was planted, chickens that laid more eggs were bred. Over
many generations, the number of offspring showing the desirable trait [increased]
403. Selective breeding causes desirable alleles to become more [numerous] in

a group of organisms.
404. In 1996, scientists in Scotland cloned a sheep (Dolly). Dolly was created by
replacing the nucleus in an egg which had a haploid number of chromosomes with
the nucleus from a [body cell] with a complete diploid set of chromosomes.
405. Genetic engineering is a technology in which a gene for a desirable

phenotype is removed from an organism and inserted into an organism of [another]
species.
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406. Pest-resistant soybeans and corn are being developed by inserting the genes
of bacteria that are pest-resistant into these [plants].
407. Strawberries that are resistant to freezing are being developed by inserting
[genes] from arctic fish that are freeze-resistant into strawberries that are not
resistant.
408. Gene therapy is introducing of genes into existing cells to cure a [disease].
409. G Diabetes is a disease in which a person cannot make enough [insulin] to

regulate the amount of glucose in the blood.
410. If the gene that codes for human insulin is inserted in bacteria that
reproduce quickly, they can make large amounts of [insulin]. The insulin that is
produced is purified and injected into patients as needed.
411. To treat hemophilia, the human gene that codes for clotting protein is
inserted into a cow zygote. The zygote is transferred into a cow and when it is born
it grows up into a cow which produces the protein in her [milk].
412. Vaccines against influenza are made by genetic engineering methods. The
gene from the virus protein coat is identified, isolated, and inserted into a harmless
organism, such as a bacterium, to make millions of copies. This material is used as
a vaccine, so the human body prepares itself to fight any virus that carries this
[protein].
413. Some people are against genetic engineering. If insect- (or insecticide)
resistant genes escape from crop plants and go into weeds, we may have super
weeds that are resistant to [insects] or insecticide, and they will eat up our fields.
414. If genes from peanuts are put in wheat, people allergic to peanuts may
become allergic to [wheat].
415. Because of these concerns, laws have been established to add information
about genetic engineering to labels on foods that are genetically [engineered].
Revision Questions:
416. [Active transport] the movement of materials through a cell membrane
requiring the use of energy.
417. An [allele] is form of a gene.
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418. [Anaerobic respiration] a process in which sulfur or nitrogen takes the place
of oxygen to release the energy glucose contains in its bonds.
419. [Asexual reproduction] is reproduction in which one parent produces

offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent.
420. [Cell cycle] is the normal sequence of growth and cell division that a cell
undergoes during its lifetime.
421. A cell [membrane] is a flexible structure that separates the inside of a cell
from its external environment, controls what enters and leaves the cell, holds the
cell together, and gives it shape.
422. A [cell wall] is a thick, stiff structure surrounding a plant cell outside the
cell membrane, and which supports and protects the cell.
423. [Cellular respiration] is a process in which cells use oxygen to break down
glucose and release the energy.
424. [Chlorophyll] is a green pigment that helps photosynthesis take place.
425. [Chloroplasts] are green, disk-like organelles that contain chlorophyll and
that capture the energy in sunlight to make sugars by photosynthesis.
426. [chromatid] is one of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome.

(Homologous pairs are chromosome pairs, where one chromosome comes from the
mother and the other comes from the father. They are present in diploid cells and
are not identical, only similar. Sister chromatids are identical and are formed from
the homologous pairs in meiosis I stage and separate in the meiosis II stage).
427. A [chromosome] is a rod-shaped structure that is made up of protein and

DNA and contains genetic information.
428. [Codominance] is a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles for a trait

are expressed equally, as in the A B O blood type.
429. [Cytokinesis] is division of a cell's cytoplasm and organelles into two new
cells as a last stage of cell division.
430. The [cytoplasm] is a jelly-like material composed mostly of water in which

many needed substances are dissolved. Most of a cell's activities take place in the
cytoplasm.
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431. [Diffusion] is a process in which molecules spread out spontaneously by

moving from an area in which they are highly concentrated (a lot of molecules) to
an area in which they are less concentrated (fewer molecules).
432. [DNA] a very large molecule that holds genetic information about making
an organism.
433. A [dominant allele] is a gene form for a trait that is expressed even if only
one copy is present.
434. An [egg] is a gamete produced by a female in her reproductive organs.
435. The [endoplasmic reticulum] is a network of tubes and passageways used

by a cell to transport materials.
436. An [enzyme] is a particular protein that speeds up a chemical process.
437. [Fermentation] is a process that breaks down glucose and releases a small
amount of energy (2 ATP) without using oxygen.
438. A [fruit] is a structure of flowering plants that develops from the ovary and
surrounds and protects the seed.
439. A [gamete] is a sex cell: a sperm or egg.
440. A [gene] is a segment of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic

information for an inherited trait.
441. [Gene therapy] is the introduction of a gene into cells to prevent or cure a
particular genetic disease.
442. A [genetic disorder] is a disease or condition that results from a mutation in

a gene or chromosome or an extra chromosome or a missing part of a chromosome.
443. [Genetic engineering] is a technology in which an organism's DNA is

changed when DNA from a different species is inserted into the first organism's
cells.
444. [Genetics] is the science that studies how traits and their differences are
inherited.
445. A [genotype] is the allele combinations in an organism's cells.
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446. [Glucose] is a sugar molecule that is produced in photosynthesis. It contains

energy that has come from the sun.
447. A [Golgi body] is an organelle resembling a stack of flat pancakes and sacs
that receives materials from the endoplasmic reticulum and finishes processing and
packaging them.
448. [Heredity] is the passing of genetic information from parent to offspring.
449. A [heterotroph] is an organism that consumes other organisms as food and

obtains chemical energy from them; also called a consumer.
450. A [heterozygous] genotype is one in which two different alleles for a trait
are present.
451. [homeostasis] is a state or the ability of an organism to maintain relatively

constant internal conditions.
452. A [homozygous] genotype is one in which two identical alleles for a trait
are present.
453. A [hybrid] is an organism that has two different alleles for a trait.
454. [Incomplete dominance] is a pattern of inheritance in which neither allele is

dominant, resulting in a hybrid that shows an intermediate trait.
455. [Interphase] is the part of the cell cycle in which the cell grows, performs
life functions, and copies its DNA and organelles in preparation for cell division.
456. A [lysosome] is a small round organelle, usually found in animal cells but
not in plant cells, that contains powerful enzymes that break down large food
particles and worn-out cell parts.
457. [Meiosis] is a process in which germ (or sex) cells double their
chromosomes once, then divides twice, to end up with four haploid gametes.
458. A [mitochondrion] is an elongated organelle that converts energy in food

into ATP, the common energy currency of living things. It is where cellular
respiration takes place.
Level J | 37
459. [Mitosis] is a process of cell division in which the cell's nucleus divides to
form two new nuclei, then the cell divides into two. The chromosome doubles once
and the cell divides once, so each daughter cell has one full set of DNA.
460. A [multicellular] organism is made up of many cells.
461. A [mutation] is a change that occurs in DNA or a chromosome.
462. The [nucleus] is a large oval organelle, surrounded by a double-layered

nuclear membrane, and which directs all the activities of the cell.
463. [Offspring] are the new organisms that are produced by one or two parents.
464. An [organ] is a body part made up of two or more kinds of tissue.
465. An organ [system] is a group of organs that function together to do a major

job for the organism, like the digestive organ system.
466. An [organelle] is a small structure suspended in the cytoplasm that is

responsible for performing one or more particular functions.
467. [Osmosis] is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable

membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to
an area of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration).
468. [Passive transport] is the movement of molecules through the cell

membrane without requiring the use of energy. Molecules move from an area of
high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
469. A [petal] is a brightly colored flower part surrounding the reproductive parts
of the flower; petals attract pollinators.
470. A [phenotype] is the way a trait appears in an organism.
471. [Photoautotrophs] are organisms that absorb the energy of sunlight and use
it to make food that is rich in chemical energy; also called producers.
472. [Photosynthesis] is a process in which sunlight energy is absorbed and

converted to chemical energy stored in glucose and other sugars.
473. [Pistil] is the female reproductive part of a flower.
Level J | 38
474. [Pollen] is a powdery substance, produced by the anthers in stamens, that

consists of tiny grains containing sperm.
475. A [pollinator] is any animal that transfers pollen from the stamen's anther
to a flower's pistil.
476. [Probability] is the chance that a particular outcome will occur compared to
all possible outcomes.
477. [Protein synthesis] is a process in which the cell uses RNA to convert the
genetic information in DNA into proteins; it consists of transcription and
translation.
478. The [Punnett square] is a diagram that shows all the possible ways that
alleles of parents can combine in potential offspring.
479. A [purebred] is an organism that always produces offspring with the same
form of a trait as the parent organism.
480. A [recessive] allele is a gene form that is expressed only when two copies
are present.
481. A [response] is the reaction of an organism to a stimulus.
482. A [ribosome] is a tiny structure, found both in the cytoplasm and attached
to ER, that is the site of protein synthesis.
483. [RNA] is a single-stranded nucleic acid that plays important roles in protein
synthesis: it can transfer information or carry amino acids as well as perform other
functions.
484. A [seed] is a plant structure, containing a tiny new plant and its food supply
that develops from a zygote after fertilization.
485. [Selective breeding] is a process of selecting and breeding certain parent

organisms to increase the chances that desirable traits will be inherited by the next
generation.
486. [Selective permeability] is a membrane's ability to allow some materials to

pass through and prevent the passage of other materials.
487. A [sepal] is a small flower part that protects the flower before it opens.
Level J | 39
488. [Sexual] reproduction is reproduction in which two parents produce

offspring that are similar but not identical to either parent or to each other.
489. A [solute] is any substance that is dissolved in a solvent.
490. A [sperm] is a gamete produced by a male in his reproductive organs.

491. A [stamen] is the male reproductive part of a flower.
492. A [stimulus] is any physical or chemical change in an organism's external

or internal environment that causes a response in the organism.
493. [Stomata] are tiny openings in the leaves of plants that regulate the
movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor in and out of the plant.
494. A [tissue] is a group of similar cells that all do the same job.
495. A [trait] is a characteristic of a living thing.
496. A [transport] protein is a protein in the cell membrane that carries a

substance across the membrane.
497. A [unicellular] organism is composed of only one cell.
498. A [vacuole] is a saclike organelle that stores water, food, and other
materials.
499. A [zygote] is a single cell that results from fertilization and that grows and
develops into a new offspring.
Level J | 40

1920 Gr8 SC CC Cells and Genetics Practice Sheet Cha (1 2 4) August1920

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1920 Gr8 SC CC Cells and Genetics Practice Sheet Cha (1 2 4) August1920

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Gr.

Gr8 Science Practice Questions

2. Dinosaurs and Geckos are examples of animals called [reptiles].

4. An example of a reptile that has no legs is a [snake].

What does it mean to be alive?

7. All organisms need [energy] to power their life functions.

9. G A plant captures the energy in sunlight to make [food].

10. A spider is an example of an animal that eats other [animals].

11. A sheep is an example of an animal that eats [plants].

12. Plants make sugar in which they trap [sunlight] energy.

14. Animals get their energy by eating [plants] or by eating [animals].

17. Plants get nutrients including water from the [soil].

24. To grow and develop, an organism needs to take in [raw] materials.

27. An organism [responds] to a stimulus); i.e. it reacts to it.

32. When organisms increase in size, we say that they [grow].

34. A [stimulus] is a physical or chemical change that results in a response.

35. The organism’s ability to respond to an external stimulus is called [sensitivity].

36. The reaction of an organism to the stimulus is its [response].

40. A meaning of homeostasis: The ability of an organism to keep or to maintain a

42. The ability of an organism to control its internal environment is called

43. A [cell] is the basic unit of life.

44. For a cell or organism to maintain homeostasis, it must spend [energy].

46. An [adaptation] is a structure or behavior that helps an organism survive better in

50. Examples of unicellular organisms include [bacteria], protozoans, and yeasts.

55. An organism made up of many cells is called [multicellular].

69. Van Leeuwenhoek found hundreds of tiny unicellular organisms swimming in a

70. Onion cell are shaped like [rectangles]

Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MFGGBBxSf8

Section 1.2: Inside a cell-pgs. (14-23):

90. Cholesterol is an important lipid, and is a component of cell [membrane].

91. [Cholesterol] is an important component of cell membranes.

97. [Amino acids] are the building blocks of proteins.

102. Enzymes are proteins that [speed up] chemical processes.

105. Nucleotides are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and

108. [RNA] is a nucleic acid that is also involved in building proteins.

109. About two thirds of a cell is [water].

112. G Water maintains [homeostasis] by helping keep the body temperature

113. G Water transports [materials] in and out of a cell.

123. G DNA is a long chainlike molecule, coiled up into [chromosomes].

124. A [chromosome] is a rod-shaped structure made up of a protein and DNA.

125. Most DNA is located in the chromosomes inside the [nucleus].

129. Each chromosome is a rope-shaped structure made up of mainly of [DNA].

135. [Chloroplasts] capture sunlight energy and use it to produce sugar.

136. In a plant cell, photosynthesis takes place in the [chloroplasts].

141. [Ribosomes] are attached to the surface of the [endoplasmic reticulum],

143. G The endoplasmic reticulum consists of a [network] of tubes and

154. Bacterium’s organelles are not surrounded by [membranes].

Section 1.3: Cell Differentiation-pgs. (24-29):

159. During the early development of a multicellular organism, cells multiply

162. Cells are [adapted] to the jobs they do.

167. A group of similar cells performing the same job is a [tissue].

168. Muscle and bone tissues are examples of [animal] tissues.

Multicellular Organisms Are Organized:

171. Muscle tissue contains only [muscle] cells.

175. G An [organ] is a body-part made up of two or more kinds of tissues.

176. An earthworm's intestine is an organ lined with 3 tissues: muscle tissue, a

179. G An [organ system] is a group of organs that function together to do a

180. The most complex level of organization in organisms is an organ [system].

Chapter 2: Cell Processes

185. A membrane is said to be selectively [permeable], when it allows some

187. Passive [transport] is the random, spontaneous movement of molecules

Down load this video from YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prfMUwjobo8

The Cell's Barrier