HYDROLOGY

Topic 1: BASIC CONCEPT OF HYDROLOGY

 TOPIC 1

Dr. SABARIAH MUSA

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
sabariah@uthm.edu.my

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Introduction to Hydrology
 This chapter is designed to assist the students to
develop and enhance their ability and
knowledge in main hydrological concepts such
as hydrological cycle and water balance
equation.

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Learning Outcome
At the end of this chapter, students should be
able to:
 define hydrology
 apply fundamental knowledge of hydrology
particularly use in civil and environmental
engineering
 apply water balance equation as the base of a
modeling of hydrology which covers processes of
precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, runoff and
groundwater.

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Definition of Hydrology
 science that studies the ability and movement
of water in the earth.

 Science related to the occurrence and

distribution of natural water on the earth.

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Hydrologic Cycle
 continues process in which water is evaporated
from water surfaces and oceans, moves inland
as moist air masses and produce precipitation
and repeated.

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Hydrologic Cycle

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Application of Hydrological Study
Field of Hydrology Solved by various Science

water supply mathematic

physical
Flood and drought
statistics
drainage meteorology
urban storm-water oceanography
geography
geology etc

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Hydrology Process

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Terms of Hydrology
 A portion of the precipitation (P), or rainfall, is retained in the
soil near where it falls and returns to the atmosphere via
evaporation (E), the conversion of water to water vapor from a
water surface, and transpiration (T), the loss of water vapor
through plant tissue and leaves. The combined loss, called
evapotranspiration (ET), is a maximum value if the water supply
in the soil is adequate at all times. Some water enters the soil
system as infiltration (F), which is a function of soil moisture
conditions and soil type, and may reenter channels later as
interflow or may percolate to recharge the shallow
groundwater. Groundwater (G) flows in porous media in the
subsurface in either shallow or deeper aquifer systems that can
be pumped for water supply to agricultural and municipal
water systems. The remaining portion of precipitation becomes
overland flow or direct runoff (R), which flows generally in a
down-gradient direction to accumulate in local streams that
then flow to rivers.

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Terms and Water Balance
Cloud

LS P

Cloud Cloud

T
P P
F

Wind
F R E E
E
P = Precipitation
T = Transpiration WT LS E
G Lake
Reservoi R
F = Infiltration r WT
R = Run-off
G = Groundwater flow G Ocean
E = Evaporation from lake, land surface
i mpermeable layer
and ocean
LS = Land surface Figure 1.1
WT = Water table The hydrologic cycle

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Water Balance
+P -E
-T
S - ET

-I
dS
IQ 
dt -G
P–R–G–E–T= S

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Example 1.1

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Example 1.2

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Solution 1.1

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Hydrological Data
 Data on hydrologic variables are fundamental
to analyses, forecasting, and modeling.
 Such data may be found in numerous
publications of agencies, research institutes,
universities, and other organizations.

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Conclusion
Hydrology is the science of water. It embraces
the occurrence, distribution, movement and
properties of the waters of the earth. A
mathematical accounting system may be
constructed for the inputs, outputs and water
storages of a region so that a history of water
movement over time can be estimated.

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Conclusion (cont.)
After studied this chapter, you should
understand the hydrological budget and be able
to make a simple accounting of water transport in
a region. You should also have gained an
understand of how hydrologic analyses can be
used to facilities design and management
processes for water resources systems.

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 THANK YOU
End of Topic 1

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