Digestive System at a Glance proct/o anus and rectum

pylor/o pylorus
Function of the Digestive System rect/o rectum
 Mechanical and chemical
sialaden/o salivary gland
digestion of food
 Absorption of nutrient sigmoid/o sigmoid colon
molecules
 Elimination of solid wastes Digestive System Suffixes

Organs of the Gastrointestinal –emesis vomit

tract –lithiasis stone
 Oral cavity –orexia appetite
 Pharynx –pepsia digestion
 Esophagus –phagia eat, swallow
 Stomach pertaining to a
–prandial
 Small intestine meal
 Colon –tripsy surgical crushing

Accessory Organs Anatomy and Physiology

 Pancreas
 Liver Also called:
 Gallbladder Gastrointestinal system (GI)
 Salivary glands Gut
Alimentary canal
Digestive System Combining
Forms  Approximately 30 feet of
continuous muscular tube
an/o anus between mouth and anus
append/o
appendix
appendic/o
Organs of the continuous gut tube
bar/o weight
in order:
bucc/o cheek  Oral cavity
cec/o cecum  Pharynx
chol/e bile, gall  Esophagus
cholangi/o bile duct  Stomach
cholecyst/o gallbladder  Small intestine
common bile  Colon (including rectum and
choledoch/o anus)
duct
col/o
colon Accessory organs are connected to
colon/o gut tube by ducts
dent/o teeth
duoden/o duodenum Include:
enter/o small intestine  Salivary glands
esophag/o esophagus  Pancreas
gastr/o stomach  Liver
 Gallbladder
gingiv/o gums
gloss/o tongue Three main functions of Digestive
hepat/o liver system
ile/o ileum  Digesting food
jejun/o jejunum  Absorbing nutrients
labi/o lip  Eliminating waste
lapar/o abdomen
Digesting Food
lingu/o tongue - Physical and chemical
lith/o stone breakdown of large food
odont/o tooth particles
or/o mouth - Produces simple nutrient
palat/o palate molecules
 Glucose
pancreat/o pancreas
 Triglycerides
pharyng/o throat, pharynx  Amino acids

Absorbing Nutrients
- Simple molecules are absorbed
from intestine
- Circulated through body by
cardiovascular system
- Used for growth and repair of
cells, tissues, and organs
Eliminating Waste
- Some ingested food cannot be
digested or absorbed
- Expelled from body as solid
waste (Feces)
Oral Cavity
Roof is palate
 Hard – bony anterior
 Soft – flexible posterior
Hanging down from soft palate is
uvula
 Speech production
 Location of gag reflex
Cheeks are lateral walls
Lips are anterior opening
Entire cavity lined with mucous
membrane
Digestion begins when food enters
mouth
 Mechanically broken up by
chewing
Tongue moves food within mouth
 Mixes with saliva
 Digestive enzymes
 Lubricates
Taste buds on tongue surface
 Detect bitter, sweet, salty, sour
flavors
Teeth
Cutting teeth
 Bite
 Tear
 Cut
Incisors
Cuspids (canines)
Grinding teeth
 Bicuspids (premolars)
 Molars
 Third molar is wisdom tooth
Tooth Structure
Gums
 Mucous membrane +
connective tissue
 Seals off teeth in socket
Tooth is divided into:
Crown – above gum
Root – below gum
Enamel
- Outer covering
- In crown only
- Hardest substance
Dentin
- Under enamel
- In crown and root
- Bulk of tooth
Pulp cavity
- In crown and root canal
- Blood vessels, nerves
Cementum and periodontal
ligaments
- Anchors root in jawbone
Humans Have 2 Sets of Teeth
 Deciduous teeth
- First set, baby teeth
- 20 teeth erupt between ages 6
and 28 months
 Permanent teeth
- Second set, adult teeth
- About 6 years of age, baby
teeth fall out
- Replaced by 32 permanent
teeth
- Process continues until 18-20
years of age
Pharynx
- Swallowed food enters
oropharynx
- Proceeds down pharynx into
laryngopharynx
Epiglottis
- Covers larynx and trachea
- Shunts food away from lungs &
into esophagus
Esophagus
- 10-inch long muscular tube
- Food enters from pharynx
- Delivered to stomach
- Propelled along by wavelike
muscular movements
 Called peristalsis
 Pushes food through
entire gut tube
The Stomach
- J-shaped muscular organ
- Collects & churns food
 Mixes it with hydrochloric
acid (HCl)
- Forms chyme
  Watery mix of food and Regions of the Colon
digestive juices  Cecum
o Appendix
Three regions  Ascending colon
 Fundus – upper  Transverse colon
 Body – main  Descending colon
 Antrum – lower  Sigmoid colon

- Rugae are folds in stomach Rectum and Anus

lining - Rectum is area for storage of
Stretch out to allow stomach to feces
expand with food - Leads to anus
o External opening of
Sphincters alimentary canal
- Muscular valves - Feces are evacuated
 Control flow of food o Called defecation

Lower esophageal (cardiac) Accessory Organs

sphincter - Generally function by producing
- Keeps food from backing up into substances necessary for
esophagus chemical breakdown of food
 Salivary glands
Pyloric sphincter  Liver
- Allows highly acidic chyme to  Gallbladder
enter small intestine  Pancreas

Small Intestine Salivary Glands

- Longest portion of alimentary - Produce saliva
canal - Allows food to be swallowed
- Averages 20 feet without choking
- Between pyloric sphincter and - Saliva + food = bolus
colon - Contains amylase
o Begins digestion of
Site of: carbohydrates
 Completion of digestion Three pairs
 Majority of absorption  Parotid glands
 Sublingual glands
Three Sections of Small Intestine  Submandibular glands

 Duodenum Liver
o First section – about 10- - Located in right upper quadrant
12 inches long of abdomen
o Starts at pyloric sphincter - Processes nutrients
 Jejunum - Detoxifies harmful substances
o Second section – about 8 - Produces bile
feet long
 Ileum Emulsification
o Third section – about 12 - Breaks up large fat globules into
feet long smaller droplets
o Connects to colon at
ileocecal valve Gallbladder
- Lies under liver
Colon (Large Intestine) - Stores bile produced by liver
- 5 feet long  Hepatic duct
- Extends from ileocecal valve  Cystic duct
to anus - Common bile duct carries bile
- Fluid that remains after to duodenum
digestion and absorption enters
colon Pancreas
- Most is water and is reabsorbed Digestive juices include:
into body Buffers – neutralize acidic
- Solid waste left over is feces chyme
- Evacuated in bowel movements
 Enzymes – digest blood in stools
carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins Prosthetic device
in jaw to anchor a
Implant
Digestive System Vocabulary tooth

Loss of appetite Diagnosis and

with other treatment of
conditions; Internal Medicine diseases of
Anorexia
different from internal organ
anorexia nervosa
Yellow cast to
Collection of fluid skin; caused by
in peritoneal deposit of bile
Ascites
cavity Jaundice pigment; often
caused by liver
Inability to control disease
Bowel
defecation
Incontinence
Passage of dark
Dental appliance tarry stool. Due to
Melena
attached to digested blood
adjacent teeth to
Bridge
replace missing Nausea Urge to vomit
teeth Weight above
Obesity healthy levels
Loss of weight
and wasting Correction of
Cachexia occurring during Orthodontics problems of tooth
chronic disease alignment
Treating
Difficult or conditions of the
infrequent Periodontics
Constipation gums and area
defecation around the teeth
Tumor with a
Artificial tooth to pedicle(stem)
replace original Polyp attachment;
Crown
crown found on mucous
membrane
Decay of tooth Diagnosis and
due to bacterial treatment of
Dental Caries infection; tooth Proctology
diseases of anus
cavity and rectum
Stomach aid
Prevention, splashing into
diagnosis, and Pyrosis
esophagus;
treatment of heartburn
Dentistry conditions Backflow of
involving teeth, stomach contents
jaw, and mouth Regurgitation
into mouth

Partial or Oral Cavity Pathology

complete set of
Denture
artificial teeth Ulcers in the
mouth ;
Aphthous ulcers
Frequent, watery commonly called
Diarrhea bowel movements canker sores
Congenital
Emesis Vomiting anomaly where
Diagnosis and upper lip and jaw
Cleft Lip
treatment of fail to fuse in the
Gastroenterology diseases of the medicine. Leaving
digestive system a gap
Congenital
Cleft Palate
Hematochezia Passing bright red anomaly where
 hard palate fail to rectum
fuse in the Chronic
midline, leaving inflammatory
an opening into bowel disease,
nasal cavity primarily in ileum
Herpes simplez Crohn’s Disease and/or colon;
virus type I (HSV- results in
Herpes Labialis I) infection; fever scarring; also
blisters or cold called regionalis
sores ileitis
Disease of Inflammation of a
supporting diverticulum, an
structures around outpouching off
Diverticulitis
the teeth; the colon; results
Periodontal
especially the from food being
disease
gums; most trapped inside
common cause of Condition of
tooth loss having diverticula,
Diverticulosis
may lead to
Esophageal Pathology diverticulitis
Diarrhea with
Varicose veins in mucus and blood,
Esophageal the esophagus; severe abdominal
Varices hemorrhaging Dysentery pain, and fever;
occurs if rupture caused by
Acid from contaminated
stomach flows food or water
Gastroesophageal backward up into Varicose veins in
Reflux Disease esophagus Hemorrhoids
the anal region
(GERD) causing Severe abdominal
inflammation and pain, inability to
pain defecate,
Stomach Pathology abdominal
Ileus
distension;
Malignant tumor caused by
Gastric Carcinoma
in the stomach intestinal
Protrusion of blockage
stomach through Protrusion of a
diaphragm into loop of bowel
Hiatal Hernia
thoracic cavity; through
also called abdominal muscle
diaphragmatocele and into groin
Ulcer in the lower Inguinal Hernia region; may
portion of become
esophagus, incarcerated or
stomach, and/or, strangulated if
duodenum; muscle pinches
Peptic Ulcer
caused by high the loop of bowel
Disease (PUD)
acid of stomach One part of
juices; may be a intestine slip or
result of Intussusception
telescopes into
Helicobacter another section
pylori infection Disturbance in
Small Intestine and Colon function of
Pathology intestine for
unknown reason;
Abnormal causes abdominal
Iirritable Bowel
passageway from cramping and
Syndrome (IBS)
surface directly alternating
Anal Fistula
into rectum; diarrhea and
around anal constipation ; also
opening called functional
Colorectal Malignant tumor bowel syndrome
Carcinoma in the colon or Polyposis Having polyps
 growing on the bacteria
mucous Diagnostic Imaging
membrane of the
colon; may x-ray of teeth with
become cancerous Bite-wing X-ray firm holder held in
Chronic the teeth
inflammatory x-ray of gallbladder
Intravenous
condition with and bile ducts after
Cholecystograph
numerous small intravenous
y
ulcers on the injection of dye
Ulcerative Colitis
lining of the x-ray of colon and
colon; also called rectum after
Inflammatory Lower barium dye
Bowel Disease Gastrointestinal injected via an
(IBD) Series (lower GI) enema; also called
Bowel twists upon a Barium Enema
Volvulus itself causing an (BE)
obstruction Percutaneous x-ray of liver and
Accessory Organ Pathology Transhepatic bile duct after dye
Cholangiography is injected directly
Inflammation of (PTC) into liver
gallbladder; x-ray of
Cholecystitis
commonly caused Upper esophagus,stomach
by gallstones Gastrointestinal , and duodenum
Presence of Series (upper after swallowing
gallstones; may GI) barium; also called
Cholelithiasis
or may not cause barium swallow
symptoms Endoscopic Procedures
Chronic liver
Cirrhosis disease due to using a scope to
liver failure esophagogastro- view inside the
Inflammation of duodenoscopy esophagus,
Hepatitis liver; usually due (EGD) stomach, and
to a viral infection duodenum
Clinical Laboratory Test visual examine
inside hepatic
Normal enzyme in duct, common bile
endoscopic
Alanine the bloodstream; duct, and
retrograde
Transaminase increased levels pancreatic duct;
cholangiopan-
(ALT) indicate liver scope is inserted
creatography
disease through anus and
(ERCP)
Normal enzyme I worked
Aspartate the bloodstream; backwards
Transaminase increased levels through gut
(AST) indicate liver visual
disease examination
Examines feces colonoscopy inside of colon
for microscopic and rectum using
Fecal Occult Blood
amounts of blood; a colonoscope
(FOBT)
also called visual
Hemoccult examination
gastroscopy
Examination of inside of stomach
Ova and Parasites feces for presence using a
(O&P) of parasites or gastroscope
their eggs visual
Determines examination
amount of laparoscopy inside of
bilirubin in abdominal cavity
Serum Bilirubin
bloodstream; using a
indicates liver laparoscope
disease visual
Culture of feces to sigmoidoscopy examination
Stool Culture look for presence inside of sigmoid
of pathogenic colon using a
 sigmoidoscope opening into
Dental Procedures some portion of
colon through
extraction removing teeth abdominal wall

root canal drilling out of pulp surgical

cavity of a tooth; diverticulectomy removal of
used to save a diverticula
tooth that is badly
infected surgical
procedure to
exploratory
Medical Procedures examine the
laparotomy
abdominal
placing liquid organs
nourishment
directly into removal of a
gavage fistulectomy
stomach via a fistula
nasogastric
tube procedure to
close off large
washing out section of
stomach using stomach with
lavage
a nasogastric gastric stapling rows of
tube staples; results
in much
flexible smaller
catheter stomach
nasogastric
inserted into
intubation
nose and down surgical
(NG tube)
esophagus into hemorrhoidectomy removal of
the stomach hemorrhoids

providing 100% surgical repair

of patient hernioplasty
total parenteral of a hernia
nutrition; used
nutrition (TPN)
when patient is surgical
unable to eat removal of
laparoscopic gallbladder
Surgical Procedure cholecystectomy through a
laparoscopic
surgical incision
creation of a
connection implantation of
between two liver transplant
anastomosis a donor liver
organs; like
joining together Digestive System Pharmacology
two sections of
colon suppresses Adipost,
appetite to Obezine
surgical anorexiant
treat
procedures to obesity
treat morbid neutralizes Tums,
bariatric surgery
obesity; like antacid stomach Maalox,
stomach acid Mylanta
stapling used to Imodium,
antidiarrheal control Lomotil
surgical diarrhea
crushing of a treats Compazine
choledocholithotripsy gallstone in the nausea Phenergan
common bile antiemetic
and
duct vomiting
emetic induces Ipecac
colostomy surgical vomiting syrup
creation of H2-receptor blocks the Zantac,
antagonist production Pepcid,
of stomach Tagament
acid

stimulates Senokot,
laxative
a bowel Metamucil
movement
blocks Nexium,
proton
stomach’s Prilosec
pump
ability to
inhibitor
secrete
acid

Digestive System Abbreviations

ac before meals
ALT alanine transaminase
AST aspartate transaminase
Ba barium
BE barium enema
BM bowel movement
BS bowel sounds
CBD common bile duct
EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy
ERCP endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography
FOBT fecal occult blood test
GB gallbladder
GERD gastroesophageal reflux
disease
GI gastrointestinal
HAV hepatitis A virus
HBV hepatitis B virus
HCI hydrochloric acid
HCV hepatitis C virus
HDV hepatitis D virus
HEV hepatitis E virus
HSV- I herpes simplex virus type 1
IBD inflammatory bowel disease
IBS irritable bowel syndrome
IVC intravenous cholangiography
NG nasogastric
NPO nothing by mouth
n&v nausea and vomiting
O&P ova and parasites
pc after meals
PO by mouth
pp postprandial
PTC percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiography
PUD peptic ulcer disease
TPN total parenteral nutrition
UGI upper gastrointestinal series