AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

PROPERTIES OF
PURE
SUBSTANCE

ALVEN G. DELSON
Instructor I
DABE-CENCOM, USM
AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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PURE SUBSTANCE
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T Definition
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E - a material with homogeneous and invariable
S composition
O - a substance that has a fixed chemical composition
F throughout
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E example:
S water
U nitrogen
B helium
S carbon dioxide
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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PURE SUBSTANCE
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T - it does not have to be of a single chemical element or
I compound
E - a mixture also qualifies as a pure substance as long as it
S has a uniform chemical composition
O - a mixture of two or more phases of a pure substance is
F still a pure substance as long as the chemical
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composition of all phases is the same
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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Why is the mixture of OIL and WATER not a pure
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substance?
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I Why is the mixture of LIQUID AIR and GASEOUS AIR not
E a pure substance?
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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PHASES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE
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I Phase – a quantity of matter that is homogenous
E throughout
S - having a distinct molecular arrangement that is
O homogenous throughout and separated from the others by
F easily identifiable boundary surfaces
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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O 6 Phases of Matter
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1. Solid
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2. Liquid
I 3. Gas
E 4. Plasma
S 5. Bose – Einstein Condensate
O 6. Fermionic Condensate
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In our study of Thermodynamics, only the 3 principal
S phases are considered
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B 1. solid
S 2. liquid
T 3. gas
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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O PHASE CHANGE PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCE
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- there are many practical situations where 2 phases of a
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pure substance coexist in equilibrium
I - mixture of liquid and vapor in the BOILER and
E CONDENSER of a steam power plant
S - REFRIGERANT – a phase-change material
O - FREEZING of water – important phase-change process
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Applications in AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
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U Drying (freeze, spray, superheated steam)
B Processing of crops (frozen fruits)
S Refrigeration and Air-conditioning
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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Important Nomenclature
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I Saturation Temperature (Boiling point) – for a given pressure,
E the temperature at which vaporization (boiling) starts to
S occur
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F Saturation Pressure – for a given temperature, the pressure at
P which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur
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Liquid-Vapor Saturation Curve – graphical representation of
S the relationship between temperature and pressure at
U saturated conditions
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S Saturated Liquid – a substance that exists as a liquid at the
T saturation temperature and pressure
A - a liquid that is about to vaporize
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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Important Nomenclature
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I Compressed Liquid – implies that the pressure is greater than
E the saturation pressure for a given temperature which is
S lower than the saturation temperature
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F Subcooled Liquid – implies that the temperature is lower than
P the saturation temperature for a given pressure
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Compressed (Subcooled) Liquid – a liquid that is not about to
S vaporize
U - in general, it is characterized by:
B
S higher pressure (P > Psat at a given T)
T lower temperatures (T < Tsat at a given P)
A lower specific volumes (v < vf at a given P or T)
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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Important Nomenclature
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I Saturared Liquid-Vapor Mixture – the liquid and vapor phases
E coexist in equilibrium at these states
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O Quality – a property which is significant for saturated
F mixtures only and is defined as the ratio of mass of vapor to
P the total mass of the mixture
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Saturated Vapor – a substance that exist entirely as vapor at
S saturation temperature
U - a vapor that is about to condense
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S Superheated Vapor – a vapor that is at a temperature greater
T than the saturation temperature
A - a vapor that is not about to condense
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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PHASE CHANGE PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCE
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E Important Nomenclature
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T Latent heat – the amount of energy absorbed or released during a
I phase-change process
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Latent heat of vaporization (LHOV) – the amount of energy
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absorbed during vaporization
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U Latent heat of fusion (LHOF) – the amount of energy absorbed
R during melting
E - the amount of energy released during
S freezing
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For Water at 1 atm
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LHOF = 333.7 kJ/kg
A LHOV = 2256.5 kJ/kg
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C What is the solid which does not absorb heat during melting when its temperature
E is nearly absolute zero?
AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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Important Nomenclature
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I Critical Point – the point at which the saturated liquid and
E saturated vapor states are identical
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O For water: Tcr = 373.95 °C
F Pcr = 22.06 MPa
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vcr = 0.003106 m3/kg
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E Triple Point – a condition which all 3 phases of a pure
S substance coexist in equilibrium
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B For water: Ttp = 0.01 °C
S Ptp = 0.6117 kPa
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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O PROPERTY DIAGRAMS FOR PHASE-CHANGE PROCESSES
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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O P-v-T surface of a substance that CONTRACTS on freezing
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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O P-v-T surface of a substance that EXPANDS on freezing
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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O PROPERTY TABLES (Steam Table – for water)
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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O QUALITY or DRYNESS FRACTION (x)
P of a Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture
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R 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
T 𝑥=
𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
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O where 𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 + 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 = 𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔
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x = 0 if saturated liquid
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x = 1 if saturated vapor
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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N 𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑦𝑓 + 𝑥𝑦𝑓𝑔
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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Contracts on freezing
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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O Sample Problem
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R A 1.8 m3 rigid tank contains steam at 220 °C. One-third of the
T volume is in the liquid phase and the rest is in the vapor
I form. Determine (a) the pressure of the steam, (b) the quality
E of the saturated mixture, and (c) the density of the mixture.
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Ans. (a) 2.318 MPa (b) 2.69% (c) 287.85 kg/m3
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U Given a vessel with V = 0.4 m3 filled with m = 2 kg of water at
R P = 600 kPa, find the (a) the volume and mass of liquid, and
E (b) the volume and mass of vapor.
S Ans. (a) Vf = 0.000809696 m3 ; mf = 0.735419 kg
U (b) Vg = 0.39919 m3 ; mg = 1.26458 kg
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T SP3
A Given water at T = 36.7 °C with v = 10 m3/kg, find the
N pressure and the quality if a two phase mixture.
C Ans. P = 6.225 kPa x = 0.429525
E
AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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O Sample Problem
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R Calculate the specific volume for water at 200 °C and 80%
T quality.
I Ans. 0.1022 m3/kg
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SP5
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F Steam with a quality of 0.85 is contained in a rigid vessel at a
P pressure of 200 kPa. Heat is then added until the
U temperature reaches (a) 400 °C and (b) 140 °C. Determine
R the final pressures.
E Ans. (a) 415 kPa (b) 269 kPa
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U SP6
B
Determine the volume occupied by 10 kg water at a pressure
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T of 10 Mpa and a temperature of (a) 800 °C, (b) 1500 °C, and
A (c) –10 °C
N Ans. (a) 0.4859 m3 (b) 0.8182 m3 (c) 0.01089 m3
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AE 412 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

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