International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrefrig

Thermodynamic properties of lithium bromide±water

solutions at high temperatures
Y. Kaita *
Utilization Technology Department, Osaka Gas Co., Ltd., 1-1-3 Hokko-shiratsu, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0041, Japan

Received 10 March 2000; received in revised form 17 May 2000; accepted 26 May 2000

Abstract
Emerging triple-e€ect LiBr±water absorption chillers operate at higher temperatures and pressures than traditional
double-e€ect chillers. However, there is not enough data about thermodynamic properties of LiBr±water solutions at
such high temperatures. Using recently measured data of vapor pressure and heat capacity, we have developed the
equations which can calculate the vapor pressure, enthalpy and entropy of LiBr solutions at such high temperatures.
The developed equations are valid from concentrations of 40±65 wt.% and also from temperatures of 40±210 C. These
equations will be very helpful for the modeling and design of triple-e€ect LiBr±water chillers. # 2001 Elsevier Science
Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Refrigerating system; Absorption system; Chiller; Multistage system; Lithium bromide/water; Solution; High temperature;
Physical property

ProprieÂteÂs thermodynamiques des solutions bromure de

lithium/eau aux tempeÂratures eÂleveÂes
ReÂsumeÂ
Les refroidisseurs aÁ absorption aÁ bromure de lithium/eau aÁ triple e€et fonctionnent aÁ des tempeÂratures et aÁ des pressions
plus eÂleveÂes que les refroidisseurs classiques aÁ double e€et. Cependant, on dispose de peu de donneÂes sur les proprieÂteÂs
thermodynamiques des solutions de LiBr/eau aÁ de telles tempeÂratures. A partir de donneÂes reÂcentes comportant des
mesures de la pression de la vapeur et de la chaleur massique, nous avons deÂveloppe des eÂquations permettant de calculer la
pression de la vapeur, l'enthalpie et l'entropie des solutions de LiBr/eau aux tempeÂratures eÂleveÂes. Les eÂquations deÂvel-
oppeÂes s'appliquent aux concentrations de 40 aÁ 65 % (en poids) et aux tempeÂratures de 40 aÁ 210 C. Elles seront utiles lors
de la modeÂlisation et la conception des refroidisseurs d'eau aÁ bromure de lithium/eau aÁ triple e€et. # 2001 Elsevier Science
Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
Mots cleÂs : SysteÁme frigori®que ; SysteÁme aÁ absorption ; Refroidisseur d'eau ; SysteÁme polyeÂtage ; Bromure de lithium/eau ; Solution ;
Haute tempeÂrature ; ProprieÂte physique

1. Introduction under 160 C and 100 kPa, respectively. Under this tem-
perature and pressure, the equations characterizing the
Existing double-e€ect LiBr±water absorption chillers thermodynamic properties of a LiBr solution which
are usually operated at the temperature and pressure were developed by McNeely [5] or Patterson [6] will be
successfully applied. On the other hand, for the triple-
* Tel.: +81-6-6460-6270. e€ect absorption chillers, the temperature and the
0140-7007/01/$20.00 # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
PII: S0140-7007(00)00039-6
 Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390 375

Nomenclature P vapor pressure (kPa)

Sv entropy of water vapor (kJ kg 1 K 1)
Cp heat capacity of the solution (kJ kg 1  C 1) S.D. standard deviation
H enthalpy of solution (kJ kg 1) T temperature ( C, K)
H0 enthalpy of solution at base concentration TD dew point of the vapor ( C)
X0 for each isotherm [Eq. (4)] (kJ kg 1) X concentration of the solution (wt.%)
H1 enthalpy of solution at base concentration X0 base concentration of solution (wt.%)
X1 [Eq. (4)] (kJ kg 1) X1 ®nal concentration after water is added to or
Hd the di€erential heat of dilution at con- evaporated from the base concentration
centration X and temperature T (kJ kg 1) (wt.%)
Hf steam table enthalpy of water at tempera-
ture T1 (kJ kg 1) Subscripts
Hv enthalpy of water vapor (kJ kg 1) pres pressure
S entropy of solution (kJ kg 1 K 1) temp temperature

pressure at the high temperature generator is usually 2.2. Comparison of vapor pressures with proposed
over 200 C and 300 kPa. However, there are still no equations
accurate equations characterizing the thermodynamic
properties of a LiBr solution in these conditions. The The three kinds of data mentioned above were com-
purpose of this work is to obtain equations character- pared with ®ve kinds of equations of vapor pressure.
izing the thermodynamic properties of a LiBr solution The ®ve equations are the ones proposed by Uemura [4],
at such high temperatures and pressures. Jeter [2], Feuerecker [3], McNeely [5] and Patterson [6].
First, we examined recently measured data of the The details of these equations are shown in Appendix B.
vapor pressure of a LiBr solution and developed the Comparisons were made for the concentration range
equation characterizing the relationship between solution of about 40±65 wt.%, since this range is wide enough to
temperature, concentration and vapor pressure. We com- design absorption machines. Table 1 shows the standard
pared the developed equations with existing equations. deviation of vapor pressure [SDpres, (%)] and Table 2
Second, we examined the data of heat capacity and dif- shows the standard deviation of dew point temperature
ferential heat of dilution of a LiBr solution and developed [SDtemp, ( C)].
equations characterizing the relationship between tem- Here,
perature, concentration and enthalpy. We compared the !1=2
developed equations with existing equations. X
n
2
Finally, entropy of the LiBr solution was derived by SDpres ˆ …pressure deviation …%†† =n
1
combining the above results with our original calculat-
ing model. The results were compared with those of !1=2
Feuerecker [3]. X
n
 2
SDtemp ˆ …temperature deviation … C†† =n
1

2. Vapor pressure
2.1. Measured data
Three sources of vapor pressure data at high tem-
perature are discussed. The range and the number of
these data are as follows:
Iyoki [1]: 38.9±70.3 wt.%, 94±182 C, 39 points
Jeter [2]: 43.7±65.2 wt.%, 125±210 C, 24 points
Feuerecker [3]: 40.4±76.0 wt.%, 45±190 C, 78 points
Part of the original data is shown in Appendix A.
where n is the number of the points.
Calculated pressure values by the equation of
McNeely [5] or Patterson [6] are substantially lower
than the measured ones at high concentrations and
temperatures. Since their equations were obtained from
the data of relatively low temperatures, it is not recom-
mendable to apply their equations to high temperatures.
Jeter's [2] equation has a very good consistency with
his own data. However, total standard deviation is
rather large. It is probably because their data is limited
to a high temperature range and does not mean a lack of
reliability in their measurement.
376 Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

Table 1
Standard deviation of vapor pressure (%)
Tableau 1
Pression de la vapeur : eÂcart type

Data Equations

Uemura [4] Jeter [2] Feuerecker [3] McNeelya [5] Patterson [6]

Iyoki 2.80 2.41 4.09 5.14 4.48

Jeter 4.16 0.59 2.58 4.45 3.96
Feuerecker 4.87 5.45 0.53 2.15 2.02
Average 4.22 4.05 2.51 3.65 3.34
a
Calculation was made for the concentration range over 45 wt.%.

Table 2
Standard deviation of dew point temperature ( C)
Tableau 2
TempeÂrature du point de roseÂe : eÂcart type

Data Equations

Uemura [4] Jeter [2] Feuerecker [3] McNeelya [5] Patterson [6]

Iyoki 0.78 0.70 1.15 1.44 1.27

Jeter 1.56 0.22 0.89 1.50 1.36
Feuerecker 1.02 1.15 0.12 0.56 0.52
Average 1.12 0.89 0.74 1.09 1.00
a
Calculation was made for the concentration range over 45 wt.%.

Among the equations, Feuerecker's [3] shows the best

result in terms of the deviation. However, the con- j A0j A1j A2j
sistency with Jeter's [2] data is not very good. Also, at
0 9.133128E0 9.439697E 1 7.324352E 5
low temperatures and relatively high concentration,
1 4.759724E 1 2.882015E 3 1.556533E 5
consistency with the data of McNeely [5] is not good, as
2 5.638171E-2 1.345453E 4 1.992657E 6
shown in Appendix A, Table A4. This will also be
3 1.108418E 3 5.852133E 7 3.924205E 8
because their measurement range is not wide enough,
although it is widest among the three data.
Vapor pressure is obtained using the following rela-
2.3. Proposal for a new equation tionship given by McNeely [5]:

Fig. 1 shows the temperature range which the data of log P ˆ k0 ‡ k1 =…TD ‡ 273:15† ‡ k2 =…TD ‡ 273:15†2 …2†
Jeter [2] and Feuerecker [3] cover for the concentration
of 40±65 wt.%. Although they cover the range from where
middle to high temperature well, the low temperature
range is not covered adequately. k0 ˆ 7:05 k1 ˆ 1; 603:54 k2 ˆ 104; 095:5
Supplying the dew point data from McNeely's table
[5] for the low temperature range, as shown in Table 3, As shown in Table 4, the standard deviation of dew
the following equation for the dew point TD was point by this ®t is the best among the equations.
obtained by a least square ®tting.

X
2 X
3 3. Enthalpy of the solution
TD ˆ Aij …X 40†j Ti …1†
iˆ0 jˆ0 3.1. Heat capacity

(204T4210 C; 404X465 wt:%. McNeely [5] derived the enthalpy data from the dew
The coecients are point±solution temperature plot (Duhring chart) and
 Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390 377

Fig. 2 shows the comparison among the calculated

values of heat capacity by the above mentioned equations.
The equations of McNeely [5] and Patterson [6] give
far di€erent results from those of empirical equations in
the high temperature range. The fact that the four
empirical equations agree very well in most regions,
within 2% centering on Rockenfeller's equation, seems
to assure the high reliability of their measurement.
Among the four empirical equations, Rockenfeller's
[9] is the most recommendable for the following reasons:

a. Measurement by Rockenfeller covers the widest

temperature range (65±205 C).
b. The results obtained by Rockenfeller's equation
occupy an intermediate position among the four
empirical equations.
Fig. 1. Coverage range of the data.
c. Feuerecker's equation [3] has a concave shape and
Fig. 1. Eventail des donneÂes. calculated speci®c values tend to decrease in pro-
portion to the temperature at high temperature
range (over 200 C), which does not agree with the
characteristic of the heat capacity of water.
Table 3 d. Iyoki's equation [7] agrees to Rockenfeller's [9]
Number of points used for ®ttinga very well under 62 wt.%. However, as shown in
Tableau 3 Fig. 3, it has a di€erent trend from others over 62
Nombre de points utiliseÂsa wt.%, where his data does not cover.
e. The temperature range of measurement by Jeter [2]
Conc. (wt.%) McNeely [5] Feuerecker [3] Jeter [2]
is rather small due to a safety problem of their
40 3 (20±40) 11 (45±131) none calorimeter (e.g. 65±117 C for 50 wt.%, 88±151 C
45 6 (20±120) none 6 (125±210) for 65 wt.%). Besides, DSC data is evaluated to
50 3 (30±50) 11 (56±153) 6 (135±210) have higher reliability than that by drop calori-
55 4 (30±60) 11 (66±162) 5 (150±211) meter as mentioned by Jeter in his paper.
60 6 (40±80) 8 (91±162) 4 (165±211)
65 5 (50±80) 11 (87±186) 3 (180±210) Consequently, the following Rockenfeller's equation
Total 27 52 24
[9] will be used to calculate heat capacity of solution.
a
Temperature range ( C) shown in parentheses.
Cp ˆ …A0 ‡ A1 X† ‡ …B0 ‡ B1 X†T …3†

heat capacity data of 50 wt.% solution based on the where

Clapeyron equation. Heat capacity is obtained by tak-
ing the partial derivative of the enthalpy with respect to A0 ˆ 3:462023; A1 ˆ 2:679895E 2;
temperature (Appendix C).
In recent years, heat capacity has been directly mea- B0 ˆ 1:3499E 3; B1 ˆ 6:55E 6:
sured at high temperatures and empirical equations for
the heat capacity have been obtained based on the
results of some researchers, i.e. Feuerecker [3], Iyoki [7], 3.2. Enthalpy
Jeter [8] and Rockenfeller [9] (Appendix C). Jeter used a
drop calorimeter and the rest employed di€erential At a constant temperature, T, the relation of solution
scanning calorimeters (DSC) for the measurement. The enthalpy with di€erent concentrations is expressed by
range of their measurements is as follows: the following equation: [5]
„ X1
Feuerecker 5±75 wt.%, 15 C to a temperature H0 X0 …Hf Hd †d…1 X0 =X†
corresponding to a vapor pressure H1 ˆ …4†
X0 =X1
of 100 kPa
Iyoki 10.2±62.5 wt.%, 40±160 C Hf can be obtained from a steam table. The di€er-
Jeter 44±64.8 wt.%, 62±151 C ential heat of dilution (Hd ) was measured by Lange and
Rockenfeller 40±65 wt.%, 65±205 C Schwartz [10] or Uemura and Hasaba [4] at 25 C and
378 Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

Fig. 4. Heat of dilution (at 25 C).

Fig. 4. Chaleur de dilution aÁ 25  C.

Fig. 2. Calculated heat capacity (conc.=60 wt.%).

Fig. 4. The enthalpy of the base concentration 50 wt.%
Fig. 2. Chaleur massique calculeÂe (concentration = 60 % en and the constant temperature 25 C is given below:
poids).
… 25
H0 ˆ Cp…t; 50†dt …5†
0

where

Cp…t; 50† ˆ specific heat of 50 wt:% lithium bromide

1 
with the temperature t C …kJ kg C 1†

Using Rockenfeller's equation (3) for Cp, H0 is given

below:

H0 ˆ H…25; 50† ˆ 53:37 …kJ kg 1 †

The enthalpy of the 25 C solution is obtained by the

above calculation, as shown in Table 5. The results can
be expressed by the following equation by a least square
®t.
Fig. 3. Heat capacity of 150 C.
Fig. 3. Chaleur massique aÁ 150 C. X
3
H…25; X† ˆ Cn Xn …6†
nˆ0

where
was derived theoretically from the Duhring chart by H(25,X)=enthalpy of 25 C , X wt.% solution
McNeely [5]. As shown in Fig. 4, these three results
agree very well. C0 ˆ 249:79; C1 ˆ 6:7138; C2 ˆ
The reference state for zero enthalpy must be chosen. 4:5348E-3; C3 ˆ 1:2053E 3:
Following McNeely [5] or Feuerecker [3], the reference
state is set at 0 C for each of the two constituents, water The solution enthalpy of any temperature is calcu-
and 50 wt.% lithium bromide solution. lated by
If the base concentration X0 and the constant tem- …T
perature T are set to be 50 wt.% and 25 C, then the H…T; X† ˆ H…25; X† ‡ Cp…t; X†dt …7†
integral of Eq. (4) can be graphically solved by using 25
 Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390 379

Table 4 Table 6
Standard deviation of dew point temperature ( C) Calculated enthalpy
Tableau 4 Tableau 6
Point de roseÂe ( C) : eÂcart type Enthalpie calculeÂe

Data Equations Temperature Conc. Calculated enthalpy (kJ kg 1 )

( C) (wt.%)
This work Jeter Feuerecker McNeelya Patterson This work McNeely [5] Feuerecker [3]
[2] [3] [5] [6]
50 45 105.7 102.9 105.0
Jeter 0.32 0.22 0.89 1.50 1.36 50 107.4 104.0 105.5
Feuerecker 0.19 1.15 0.12 0.56 0.52 55 118.0 114.4 115.2
McNeely 0.19 0.77 0.47 0.12 0.22 60 138.2 135.1 136.0
65 169.1 163.8 168.7
Total 0.23 0.91 0.50 0.73 0.76
100 45 222.5 219.5 221.9
a
Calculation was made for the concentration range over 45 50 217.4 214.3 216.2
wt.%. 55 221.1 218.1 219.4
60 234.5 231.7 233.1
65 258.6 253.4 257.8
Table 5 150 45 341.9 338.1 343.0
Calculated enthalpy (25 C) 50 329.9 325.7 330.6
Tableau 5 55 326.7 322.2 327.0
Enthalpie calculeÂe (aÁ 25  C) 60 333.2 328.4 333.7
65 350.3 343.1 350.7
Conc. Enthalpy Conc. Enthalpy
200 45 463.9 458.6 466.4
(wt.%) (kJ kg 1) (wt.%) (kJ kg 1)
50 444.9 438.3 446.7
40 48.92 54 63.18 55 434.7 426.8 436.2
42 48.47 56 70.73 60 434.3 425.2 435.9
44 48.51 58 80.15 65 444.4 432.9 445.9
46 49.18 60 91.36
48 50.71 62 104.15
50 53.37 64 118.09
52 57.45 66 132.60
4. Entropy

4.1. The calculation method

From Eqs. (3), (6) and (7), the enthalpy of the solu-
tion can be represented by the following equation:
H…T; X† ˆ …A0 ‡ A1 X†T ‡ 0:5 …B0 ‡ B1 X†T2


‡ D0 ‡ D1 X ‡ D2 X2 ‡ D3 X3 …
First, the reference states of the entropy have to be
determined. The reference states used in this paper are
S ˆ 0 kj=kg K for both liquid water and 50 wt.% solu-
tion of 273.15 K (0 C).
8† 4.1.1. Temperature dependence
The entropy of a LiBr±water solution is given by

where
S ˆ S…T; X; P† …9†
H…T; X† ˆ enthalpy of T… C† and X (wt.%) solution
(kJ kg 1), A0 , A1 , B0 and B1 are the same as in Eq. (3).
where T, X, P are the concentration, temperature and
D0 ˆ 162:81; D1 ˆ 6:0418; D2 ˆ 4:5348E 3; D3 ˆ pressure, respectively.
1:2053E 3 Since the pressure dependence of the entropy for a
liquid may be neglected, the di€erential of the entropy is
…204T4210 C; 404X465 wt:%†: given by the following equation when X is constant:

Table 6 shows the enthalpy calculated by Eq. (8) and

other equations. Our data agree very well to Feuereck- @S Cp
dS ˆ dT ˆ dT …10†
er's [3], within 1% on average. @T T
380 Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

4.1.2. Concentration dependence From the enthalpy and material balances, the two
A quasi-isothermal evaporation process (Fig. 5) was equations below are obtained:
considered. One kg of solution with temperature T (K)
and concentration X (wt.%) is heated by
Q (kJ) at H…T; X; P† ‡
Q ˆ H…T ‡
T; X ‡
X; P†
the equilibrium pressure P (state A) and
Y (kg) of …1
Y† ‡ Hv …T ‡
T; P†
Y …12†
water is evaporated. At state B, the amount of the solu-
tion is reduced by
Y (kg) and the concentration and
temperature of the solution is increased by
X and
T.
Y ˆ
X=…X ‡
X† …13†
This change can be regarded as an isothermal and
reversible process if
Y is in®nitely small and, con-
sequently,
X and
T are also in®nitely small. In Since the pressure is constant, the change of entropy
this case, entropy is preserved in state (A) and in state and enthalpy of the solution from state (A) to state (B)
(B), i.e. is represented by

S…T ‡
T; X ‡
X; P† S…T; X; P†

S…T; X; P†‡
Q=T ˆ S…T ‡
T; X ‡
X; P†
…1
Y† ‡ Sv …T ‡
T; P†
Y …11† @S @S
ˆ
X ‡
T …14†
@X @T

H…T ‡
T; X ‡
X; P† H…T; X; P†

@H @H
ˆ
X ‡
T …15†
@X @T

The partial di€erential of entropy and enthalpy of the

solution is

@S 1 @H Cp
ˆ ˆ …16†
@T T @T T
Fig. 5. Quasi-isothermal evaporation process.
Fig. 5. ProceÂde d'eÂvaporation quasi isotherme. From Eqs. (11)±(16), the following equation is
obtained for in®nitely small
X and
T:

@S 1
S…T; X; P† X ˆ Sv …T; P† ‡
 @X T
@H
H…T; X; P† X Hv …T; P† …17†
@X

Since the pressure dependence on the entropy and

enthalpy of the solution may be neglected, S and H are
regarded as function of concentration X alone when the
temperature is kept constant. Then Eq. (17) reduces to

1 h 1
d…S=X† ˆ 2
Sv …T; P…X; T†† ‡
 X T i
@H
H…T; X† X Hv …T; P…T; X†† dX …18†
@X

Fig. 6. Calculated entropy. Integrating both sides of Eq. (18) from the base con-
Fig. 6. Entropie calculeÂe. centration X0 to X,
 Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390 381
…X
Table 7 1 h
Comparison of calculated entropy S…T; X† ˆ X‰‰S0 =X0 Sv …T; P…T; X††
X0 X
2
Tableau 7  i
1 @H
Comparaison de l'entropie calculeÂe ‡ H…T; X† X Hv …T; P…T; X†† dXŠŠ …19†
T @X
Temperature ( C) Conc. (wt.%) Entropy (kJ kg 1
K 1)

This work Feuerecker [3]

where S0 ˆ S…T; X0 †:
40 40 0.387 0.383
45 0.336 0.333 Sv and Hv are obtained from a steam table. H and
50 0.293 0.287 @H=@X are calculated by Eq. (8) and P…T; X† is
55 0.257 0.250 obtained from Eqs. (1) and (2).
60 0.230 0.225
65 0.213 0.211
4.1.3. Calculation
80 40 0.684 0.676 Since the entropy of 50 wt.%, 0 C solution was set to
45 0.615 0.611 be 0, entropy of 50 wt.% solution with any temperature
50 0.555 0.549 T ( C) is obtained by integrating Eq. (10), i.e.
55 0.503 0.496
60 0.458 0.454
65 0.424 0.422 …T
Cp…t; 50†
120 40 0.955 0.946
S…T; 50† ˆ dt …20†
0 t ‡ 273:15
45 0.870 0.868
50 0.794 0.792
55 0.725 0.724 Eq. (3) can be used for the heat capacity Cp. Eq. (19)
60 0.666 0.666 is graphically solved by using S…T; 50† as S0 and the
65 0.617 0.618 entropy of any concentration is obtained.
160 40 1.203 1.195
45 1.104 1.104 4.2. Calculated result
50 1.013 1.015
55 0.931 0.933 Fig. 6 shows the calculated results and Table 7 shows
60 0.858 0.861 the comparison between this work and Feuerecker's
65 0.795 0.799 result [3] (Appendix D).
As is evident in the table, there is a very good agree-
200 40 1.434 1.421
ment between the two data sets, within 1% on average,
45 1.322 1.319
which is very reassuring for the two results since the
50 1.217 1.219
55 1.121 1.125
calculation method for entropy is quite di€erent
60 1.036 1.040 between the two data.
65 0.962 0.964 The calculated entropy of the solution can be repre-
sented by the following equation:
220 40 1.544 1.526
45 1.425 1.419
X
3 X
3
50 1.314 1.313 Sˆ Bij Xj Ti …21†
55 1.212 1.214 iˆ0 jˆ0
60 1.121 1.123
65 1.041 1.041
[S (kJ kg 1
K 1), X 40±65 (wt.%), 40±210 ( C)].

i Bi0 Bi1 Bi2 Bi3

0 5.127558E 01 1.393954E 02 2.924145E 05 9.035697E 07

1 1.226780E 02 9.156820E 05 1.820453E 08 7.991806E 10
2 1.364895E 05 1.068904E 07 1.381109E 09 1.529784E 11
3 1.021501E 08 0 0 0
382 Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

5. Summary Feuerecker [3], our results are consistent with Feuer-

We developed the equations for calculating the vapor
pressure of a LiBr solution by using recently measured
data. We also developed the equations for calculating
the enthalpy by using the data of heat capacity for the
wide range of concentrations and temperatures and the
data of the di€erential heat of dilution at 25 C mea-
sured by Lange and Schwartz [10]. Finally, the entropy
of a LiBr solution was derived by using the developed
equations for calculating vapor pressure and enthalpy.
Though our methodology to calculate enthalpy and
entropy is di€erent from that used by McNeely [5] or
ecker's results. The developed equations are valid from
concentrations of 40±65 wt.% and also from tempera-
tures of 40±210 C.
These equations will be very helpful for the design of
triple-e€ect LiBr±water chillers.
Acknowledgements
I wish to thank Professor T. Uemura and S. Iyoki of
Kansai University and Dr. Uwe Rockenfeller of Rocky
Research for the helpful suggestions and critical comments.

Appendix on next page

Appendix A. Comparison between the measured and calculated pressure
Appendix A. Comparaison entre les pressions mesureÂes et calculeÂes

Table A1
Comparison with the data of Iyoki and Uemura [1]
Tableau A1
Comparaison avec les donneÂes d'Iyoki et Uemura [1]

Calculated result
Measured data
This work Uemura and Hasaba [4] Jeter [2] Feuerecker [3] McNeely [5] Patterson [6]

Conc. Temp. Pressure Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

(wt%) ( C). (kPa) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%)
(kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

38.9 100.3 60.09 59.45 1.07 59.73 0.61 60.29 0.33 59.43 1.11 70.66 (17.6) 59.97 0.20
108.0 77.51 78.27 0.98 78.14 0.82 79.12 2.08 78.29 1.01 93.52 (20.7) 78.97 1.88
116.0 102.17 102.81 0.63 101.90 0.26 103.62 1.42 102.95 0.76 123.49 (20.9) 103.79 1.58
131.7 167.93 169.57 0.98 165.28 1.58 170.01 1.24 170.19 1.35 205.50 (22.4) 171.45 2.10
141.8 218.39 228.80 4.77 220.33 0.89 228.72 4.73 230.04 5.33 278.68 (27.6) 231.65 6.07

40.7 100.8 56.68 56.81 0.23 56.28 0.70 56.82 0.24 56.53 0.27 63.41 (11.9) 56.78 0.18
106.5 69.82 69.65 0.24 68.85 1.38 69.59 0.33 69.39 0.61 78.02 (11.7) 69.72 0.15
116.7 97.67 98.65 1.00 97.00 0.69 98.40 0.75 98.51 0.86 111.17 (13.8) 98.99 1.36
131.1 157.37 155.92 0.92 151.82 3.53 155.29 1.32 156.33 0.66 177.15 (12.6) 157.13 0.16
142.5 221.04 218.46 1.17 210.74 4.66 217.43 1.63 219.80 0.56 249.71 (13.0) 220.94 0.04

49.8 120.6 69.58 69.29 0.41 69.22 0.52 69.34 0.34 69.01 0.82 69.85 0.39 70.07 0.70
140.3 128.91 130.02 0.86 129.36 0.35 129.98 0.83 130.22 1.02 131.89 2.31 132.18 2.54
146.5 154.76 156.35 1.03 155.18 0.27 156.34 1.02 156.90 1.38 158.93 2.70 159.22 2.88
151.4 177.62 180.12 1.41 178.36 0.42 180.16 1.43 181.04 1.92 183.40 3.26 183.68 3.41
168.1 281.36 284.23 1.02 287.72 0.94 284.87 1.25 287.27 2.10 291.11 3.46 291.16 3.48

50.0 120.6 69.78 68.38 2.00 68.38 2.00 68.47 1.87 68.10 2.41 68.92 1.23 67.17 0.87
140.6 129.29 129.61 0.25 129.30 0.17 129.63 0.26 129.80 0.40 131.44 1.67 131.80 1.94
146.9 154.82 156.32 0.97 155.26 0.29 156.37 1.00 156.85 1.31 158.86 2.61 159.23 2.85
151.5 171.68 178.55 4.00 176.94 3.06 178.64 4.05 179.41 4.50 181.72 5.85 182.08 6.06
168.4 269.52 283.38 5.14 278.01 3.15 284.06 5.40 286.31 6.23 290.08 7.63 290.27 7.70

59.9 93.9 10.74 10.79 0.49 11.58 7.86 11.33 5.47 10.72 0.16 10.99 2.34 10.97 2.11
119.4 30.73 30.10 2.05 32.23 4.87 31.29 1.84 29.92 2.63 30.52 0.68 30.43 0.97
139.2 62.51 60.76 2.80 63.89 2.21 62.61 0.17 60.22 3.66 61.23 2.04 61.05 2.33
150.8 92.29 88.73 3.85 91.90 0.43 90.96 1.45 87.71 4.96 89.05 3.52 88.79 3.79
181.7 234.49 219.96 6.20 216.14 7.83 222.36 5.17 215.32 8.17 217.84 7.10 217.38 7.29

63.4 127.8 32.58 29.91 8.21 32.49 0.27 31.95 1.93 29.77 8.63 29.72 8.77 29.62 9.10
134.1 39.84 37.59 5.64 40.56 1.80 40.02 0.44 37.37 6.19 37.22 6.57 37.11 6.86
138.3 47.39 43.61 7.99 46.79 1.27 46.30 2.31 43.31 8.61 43.06 9.13 42.94 9.39
145.1 59.68 55.08 7.71 58.51 1.96 58.21 2.46 54.59 8.53 54.15 9.27 54.02 9.48

Average 3.57 2.80 2.41 4.09 5.14 4.48

383
Note: The deviation values in the parentheses are not used to calculate the average deviation of McNeely's because his equation is valid for the concentration of over 45 wt.%.
 384
Table A2
Comparison with the data of Jeter [2]
Tableau A2
Comparaison avec les donneÂes de Jeter [2]

Calculated result
Measured data
This work Uemura and Hasaba [4] Jeter [2] Feuerecker [3] McNeely [5] Patterson [6]

Conc. Temp. Pressure Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation
(wt%) ( C) (kPa) pressure (%) pressure (kPa) (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%)
(kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

43.8 125.0 112.1 112.96 0.77 110.50 1.43 111.95 0.14 112.84 0.66 119.27 (6.40) 113.45 1.20
134.9 152.5 153.35 0.56 149.50 1.96 152.12 0.25 153.79 0.84 162.76 (6.73) 154.68 1.43
149.9 235.2 236.36 0.49 228.78 2.73 235.00 0.09 238.56 1.43 252.86 (7.51) 240.02 2.05
165.0 351.8 353.20 0.40 338.73 3.72 352.25 0.13 358.95 2.03 380.83 (8.25) 361.16 2.66
180.3 513.3 514.72 0.28 488.24 4.88 515.32 0.39 526.93 2.65 559.40 (8.98) 530.07 3.27
210.4 1000.2 999.64 0.06 924.82 7.54 1010.20 1.00 1038.60 3.84 1103.20 (10.30) 1043.90 4.37

49.4 135.0 113.4 113.26 0.13 112.66 0.65 113.13 0.24 113.28 0.10 114.77 1.21 114.92 1.34
150.1 177.5 177.61 0.06 175.69 1.02 177.53 0.02 178.53 0.58 180.95 1.94 181.03 1.99
165.1 268.8 268.24 0.21 263.21 2.08 268.65 0.05 271.05 0.84 274.81 2.23 274.63 2.17
180.3 395.9 395.01 0.22 383.60 3.11 396.81 0.23 401.35 1.38 406.99 2.80 406.20 2.60
195.3 565.2 563.20 0.35 540.46 4.38 567.99 0.49 575.41 1.81 583.58 3.25 581.65 2.91
210.3 785.7 783.76 0.25 742.28 5.53 794.14 1.07 805.23 2.49 816.74 3.95 812.82 3.45

54.9 150.0 125.3 125.23 0.06 126.88 1.26 126.34 0.83 124.73 0.46 127.00 1.35 127.30 1.60
165.0 194.4 193.46 0.49 193.11 0.66 194.64 0.12 192.74 0.85 196.22 0.93 196.48 1.07
180.2 291.3 291.30 0.00 285.65 1.94 292.58 0.44 290.27 0.35 295.45 1.43 295.53 1.45
195.2 422.7 423.82 0.27 407.51 3.59 425.38 0.63 422.34 0.09 429.79 1.68 429.44 1.59
210.5 600.1 605.31 0.87 569.52 5.10 607.62 1.25 603.14 0.51 613.64 2.26 612.48 2.06

60.8 165.0 130.5 127.67 2.17 129.68 0.63 130.60 0.08 125.53 3.80 126.60 2.99 126.30 3.22
180.4 201.3 198.58 1.35 195.84 2.71 201.53 0.12 194.09 3.58 195.31 2.98 194.99 3.14

60.9 195.5 298 296.94 0.36 283.65 4.82 299.10 0.37 288.32 3.25 289.56 2.83 289.34 2.91
210.6 429.5 432.30 0.65 399.08 7.08 432.30 0.65 416.79 2.96 417.85 2.71 417.92 2.70

65.2 179.7 145.1 140.10 3.44 139.69 3.73 146.34 0.86 137.21 5.44 131.21 9.57 131.54 9.34
194.9 218.8 214.22 2.09 205.39 6.13 220.06 0.58 207.83 5.01 197.75 9.62 198.53 9.26
209.9 316.7 316.63 0.02 291.19 8.05 319.98 1.04 304.09 3.98 288.05 9.05 289.59 8.56

Average 1.04 4.16 0.59 2.58 4.45 3.96

Note: The deviation values in the parentheses are not used to calculate the average deviation of McNeely's because his equation is valid for the concentration of over 45 wt.%.
Table A3
Comparison with the data of Feuerecker [3]
Tableau A3
Comparaison avec les donneÂes de Feuerecker [3]

Calculated result
Measured data
This work Uemura and Hasaba [4] Jeter [2] Feuerecker [3] McNeely [5] Patterson [6]

Conc. Temp. Pressure Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation
(wt%) ( C) (kPa) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%)
(kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

40.4 45.1 5 5.05 0.96 4.93 1.34 5.17 3.37 5.02 0.49 5.46 (9.16) 5.04 0.87
51.0 6.8 6.82 0.32 6.71 1.32 6.96 2.40 6.78 0.26 7.41 (9.04) 6.81 0.14
60.9 11 11.06 0.52 10.96 0.36 11.23 2.10 10.98 0.19 12.12 (10.2) 11.03 0.25
70.5 17 17.10 0.61 17.03 0.17 17.30 1.79 16.98 0.12 18.89 (11.1) 17.06 0.34
80.4 26 26.07 0.27 25.99 0.02 26.28 1.08 25.89 0.42 29.01 (11.6) 26.02 0.06
90.4 39 39.01 0.02 38.86 0.37 39.20 0.51 38.78 0.56 43.71 (12.1) 38.97 0.07
100.4 57 56.83 0.30 56.43 1.00 56.96 0.07 56.59 0.73 64.10 (12.5) 56.88 0.22
110.1 80 79.87 0.16 78.95 1.32 79.89 0.13 79.68 0.39 90.64 (13.3) 80.10 0.13
122.2 120 119.77 0.19 117.45 2.13 119.55 0.37 119.83 0.15 136.90 (14.1) 120.46 0.39
131.4 160 159.68 0.20 155.46 2.84 159.20 0.50 160.15 0.09 183.46 (14.7) 161.00 0.63
50.4 55.7 4.5 4.51 0.32 4.28 4.89 4.66 3.55 4.46 0.91 4.50 0.10 4.50 0.05
61.6 6 6.06 1.00 5.81 3.13 6.23 3.77 5.98 0.26 6.04 0.60 6.05 0.85
71.3 9.5 9.59 0.90 9.34 1.72 9.78 2.99 9.47 0.34 9.56 0.60 9.59 0.96
81.7 15 15.16 1.08 14.95 0.33 15.39 2.58 14.99 0.07 15.14 0.94 15.21 1.37
90.8 22 22.16 0.72 22.02 0.07 22.39 1.79 21.93 0.31 22.17 0.76 22.27 1.23
101.0 33 33.04 0.12 33.00 0.01 33.27 0.81 32.76 0.73 33.12 0.37 33.28 0.86
50.4 111.0 48 47.80 0.42 47.87 0.27 48.00 0.00 47.49 1.07 48.04 0.08 48.27 0.56
121.0 68 67.76 0.35 67.89 0.16 67.92 0.12 67.48 0.76 68.29 0.42 68.59 0.87
131.4 95 95.34 0.36 95.37 0.39 95.46 0.48 95.21 0.22 96.37 1.45 96.76 1.85
141.5 130 130.28 0.21 129.90 0.08 130.38 0.30 130.45 0.35 132.09 1.60 132.54 1.95
152.5 180 179.98 0.01 178.53 0.82 180.17 0.10 180.80 0.45 183.10 1.72 183.59 2.00
55.4 65.6 4.5 4.58 1.71 4.58 1.89 4.82 7.08 4.53 0.66 4.62 2.64 4.65 3.31
71.5 6 6.07 1.22 6.15 2.42 6.37 6.11 6.02 0.27 6.14 2.25 6.17 2.89
81.3 9.5 9.56 0.66 9.80 3.16 9.96 4.81 9.49 0.15 9.67 1.83 9.73 2.42
91.9 15 15.13 0.85 15.63 4.23 15.65 4.32 15.02 0.15 15.32 2.12 15.40 2.66
101.1 22 22.07 0.30 22.89 4.05 22.71 3.22 21.93 0.32 22.36 1.63 22.47 2.11
110.7 32 31.94 0.18 33.16 3.62 32.72 2.25 31.76 0.74 32.38 1.20 32.52 1.62
120.5 46 45.81 0.42 47.45 3.15 46.72 1.56 45.57 0.94 46.45 0.98 46.62 1.34
130.6 65 64.80 0.31 66.81 2.79 65.84 1.29 64.47 0.81 65.72 1.10 65.91 1.40
140.5 90 89.74 0.29 91.89 2.10 90.88 0.98 89.29 0.79 91.00 1.11 91.21 1.35

(continued on next page)

385
 386
Table A3 (continued)
Calculated result
Measured data
This work Uemura and Hasaba [4] Jeter [2] Feuerecker [3] McNeely [5] Patterson [6]

Conc. Temp. Pressure Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

(wt%) ( C) (kPa) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%)
(kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

152.5 130 130.07 0.05 131.79 1.37 131.30 1.00 129.42 0.45 131.87 1.44 132.07 1.60
161.8 170 170.54 0.32 171.12 0.66 171.80 1.06 169.66 0.20 172.85 1.67 173.01 1.77
60.2 90.5 9 9.02 0.23 9.69 7.61 9.49 5.42 8.96 0.49 9.19 2.06 9.16 1.80
101.0 14 14.15 1.06 15.25 8.95 14.84 5.99 14.07 0.48 14.39 2.80 14.35 2.49
110.9 21 21.13 0.63 22.76 8.40 22.09 5.18 21.02 0.09 21.46 2.18 21.39 1.85
121.0 31 31.03 0.08 33.26 7.28 32.30 4.18 30.84 0.52 31.42 1.36 31.32 1.03
130.6 44 44.03 0.07 46.82 6.41 45.64 3.73 43.71 0.66 44.46 1.04 44.31 0.71
140.7 62 62.19 0.30 65.39 5.47 64.16 3.48 61.61 0.62 62.56 0.91 62.37 0.59
150.5 85 85.67 0.79 88.90 4.58 87.98 3.50 84.67 0.39 85.85 1.00 85.60 0.70
161.8 120 121.51 1.26 123.96 3.22 124.11 3.43 119.69 0.26 121.17 0.98 120.85 0.71
65.4 87.2 4.5 4.54 0.80 4.94 9.74 5.09 13.20 4.48 0.47 4.53 0.75 4.51 0.23
91.4 5.5 5.49 0.10 6.02 9.40 6.17 12.24 5.44 1.06 5.48 0.29 5.46 0.78
101.0 8.5 8.45 0.61 9.33 9.76 9.48 11.51 8.41 1.07 8.40 1.23 8.36 1.64
111.2 13 12.96 0.34 14.34 10.3 14.47 11.34 12.93 0.50 12.80 1.52 12.76 1.85
121.5 19.5 19.53 0.16 21.53 10.4 21.67 11.15 19.52 0.09 19.17 1.70 19.12 1.95
131.0 28 28.01 0.04 30.61 9.33 30.85 10.17 27.97 0.09 27.30 2.51 27.25 2.68
140.9 40 40.01 0.02 43.17 7.93 43.66 9.14 39.88 0.30 38.68 3.30 38.65 3.39
150.3 55 55.09 0.17 58.55 6.46 59.56 8.29 54.76 0.44 52.84 3.92 52.84 3.92
159.9 75 75.47 0.63 78.75 5.00 80.75 7.67 74.72 0.37 71.77 4.31 71.83 4.80
172.5 110 111.18 1.07 112.87 2.61 117.32 6.65 109.39 0.55 104.52 4.98 104.73 4.22
180.9 140 142.50 1.79 141.76 1.26 148.94 6.379 139.55 0.32 132.91 5.07 133.27 4.81
186.0 160 164.78 2.98 161.82 1.14 171.22 7.071 160.87 0.54 152.94 4.41 153.42 4.11
Average 0.77 4.87 5.45 0.53 2.15 2.02

Note: The deviation values in the parentheses are not used to calculate the average deviation of McNeely's because his equation is valid for the concentration of over 45 wt.%.
Table A4
Comparison with the data of McNeely [5]
Tableau A4
Comparaison avec les donneÂes de McNeely [5]

Calculated result
Measured data
This work Uemura and Hasaba [4] Jeter [2] Feuerecker [3] McNeely [5] Patterson [6]

Conc. Temp. Pressure Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation Calculated Deviation
(wt%) ( C) (kPa) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%) pressure (%)
(kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

40.0 20.0 1.21 1.20 0.56 1.13 6.53 1.26 4.06 1.21 0.12 1.27 (5.41) 1.22 0.77
30.0 2.22 2.21 0.50 2.13 4.34 2.30 3.34 2.22 0.33 2.37 (6.75) 2.23 0.30
40.0 3.89 3.89 0.05 3.81 2.19 4.02 3.21 3.89 0.15 4.22 (8.53) 3.91 0.48

45.0 20.0 0.92 0.91 0.70 0.79 14.4 0.94 1.80 0.91 0.68 0.92 0.44 0.90 2.65
40.0 3.00 3.00 0.02 2.74 8.55 3.03 0.92 2.97 1.14 3.03 0.89 2.94 2.08
60.0 8.42 8.38 0.47 7.95 5.49 8.37 0.54 8.25 1.98 8.48 0.70 8.23 2.23
80.0 20.65 20.49 0.74 19.88 3.70 20.36 1.40 20.20 2.15 20.86 1.01 20.24 1.96
100.0 45.58 44.99 1.29 44.08 3.29 44.58 2.20 44.54 2.28 46.15 1.24 44.76 1.80
120.0 92.47 90.28 2.37 88.57 4.22 89.45 3.26 89.96 2.71 93.44 1.05 90.55 2.07

50.0 30.0 1.12 1.11 0.11 0.98 12.2 1.18 5.51 1.11 0.83 1.11 0.33 1.10 0.92
40.0 2.00 2.01 0.37 1.82 8.73 2.09 4.83 1.99 0.66 2.00 0.02 1.99 0.31
50.0 3.46 3.47 0.11 3.24 6.46 3.59 3.56 3.42 1.09 3.45 0.34 3.45 0.40

55.0 30.0 0.66 0.65 0.98 0.58 11.8 0.71 7.62 0.64 2.73 0.65 1.05 0.66 0.37
40.0 1.21 1.20 0.71 1.12 7.65 1.29 6.81 1.18 2.21 1.20 0.47 1.21 0.24
50.0 2.14 2.12 1.08 2.04 4.85 2.26 5.40 20.9 2.36 2.13 0.59 2.14 0.12
60.0 3.63 3.60 0.81 3.55 2.11 3.80 4.77 3.56 1.91 3.62 0.11 3.65 0.59

60.0 30.0 0.35 0.36 1.30 0.32 9.92 0.37 4.22 0.34 3.90 0.35 0.57 0.36 1.14
40.0 0.67 0.67 0.05 0.63 5.76 0.70 4.12 0.64 3.77 0.67 0.27 0.67 0.62
50.0 1.22 1.21 0.88 1.19 2.38 1.26 3.88 1.17 3.65 1.22 0.02 1.22 0.19
60.0 2.12 2.09 0.95 2.13 0.89 2.20 4.21 2.05 2.92 2.12 0.42 2.12 0.46
70.0 3.57 3.51 1.47 3.67 2.83 3.70 3.80 3.46 2.85 3.57 0.19 3.57 0.11
80.0 5.81 5.71 1.81 6.06 4.18 6.01 3.39 5.65 2.78 5.81 0.02 5.80 0.18

65.0 40.0 0.36 0.36 1.55 0.33 8.80 0.37 3.70 0.33 6.93 0.36 0.61 0.36 0.06
50.0 0.67 0.67 0.15 0.64 3.92 0.71 5.96 0.63 5.94 0.67 0.02 0.66 0.70
60.0 1.19 1.18 0.15 1.19 0.74 1.28 8.16 1.13 4.41 1.19 0.10 1.18 0.56
70.0 2.04 2.02 0.83 2.12 3.86 2.22 9.03 1.96 3.66 2.03 0.42 2.02 1.05
80.0 3.36 3.34 0.63 3.59 6.83 3.70 10.15 3.28 2.41 3.35 0.29 3.33 0.87

Average 0.96 6.75 5.00 2.96 0.59 1.14

387
Note: The deviation values in the parentheses are not used to calculate the average deviation of McNeely's because his equation is valid for the concentration of over 45 wt.%.
388 Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

Appendix B. Equations of vapor pressure …5 < T < 180 C; 20 < D < 110 C; 45 < X < 70 wt:%†:
Appendix B. Equations de pression de vapeur

B.1. Uemura and Hasaba [4]

i Ai Bi
2
log P ˆ A ‡ B=T ‡ C=T 0 2.00755 124.937
A ˆ 3:1934 ‡ 1:3292E-1 X 1:4278E 3 X2 1 0.16976 7.7165
B ˆ 1:0575E3 9:4632E1 X ‡ 9:816E 1 X2 2 3.13336E 3 0.152286
C ˆ 6:01350E5 ‡ 1:9734E4 X 2:3701E2 X2 3 1.97668E 5 7.9509E 4
P, vapor pressure (kPa), T, temperature (K).

log P ˆ 7:05 1603:54=…D ‡ 273:15† 104; 095:5=…D‡

273:15†2
B.2. Jeter [2]
h
P=Pw ˆ Xw ‡ Xw …1 Xw † A0 ‡ A1 …Xw 0:65† ‡ A2 B.5. Patterson et al. [6]
…T 150†
…Xw 0:65†2 ‡A3 …Xw 0:65†3 ‡A4 ‡ A5 5 X
X 2
i 150
…T 150† TDP ˆ Bij Xi Tj
…Xw 0:65†2
150 iˆ0 jˆ0

A0= 1.809784, A1=1.059895, A2=20.307708, A3= where

43.314071, A4=0.536261, A5= 15.298850
TDP =dew point temprature ( F).
P ˆ solution vaporpressure …kPa† T=solution temperature ( F).
Pw ˆ saturation pressureofpurewaterofT C …kPa†
Xw ˆ water molfraction ˆ Nwater =…Nwater ‡ Nion † B00 ˆ 1:313448E 1; B10 ˆ 1:820914E 1
B20 ˆ 5:177356E 2B30 ˆ 2:827426E 3;
B.3. Feuerecker [3] B40 ˆ 6:380541E 5; B50 ˆ 4:340498E 7
B01 ˆ 9:967944E 1; B11 ˆ 1:778069E 3;
T ˆ A…Xm † ‡ B…Xm †D B21 ˆ 2:215597E 4B31 ˆ 5:913618E 6;
with B41 ˆ 7:308556E 8; B51 ˆ 2:788472E 6
B02 ˆ 1:978788E 5; B12 ˆ 1:779481E 5;
X
4 X
4 B22 ˆ 2:002427E 6B32 ˆ 7:667546E 8;
Aˆ Ai Xi=2
m ; Bˆ Bi Xi=2
m B42 ˆ 1:201525E 9; B52 ˆ 6:641716E 12
iˆ0 iˆ0

T, boiling point of the solution ( C);

D, dew point of the vapor ( C); Appendix C. Equations of heat capacity
Xm , mol ratio=(mol salt)/(mol water) Appendix C. Equations de chaleur massique
404X475 wt.%, T4190 C).
C.1. Iyoki and Uemura [7]
i Ai Bi
X
6 X
6 X
6
0 340.879 0.01050 Cp ˆ Ai Xi ‡ Bi Xi T ‡ Ci Xi T2
1 2638.978 6.70042 iˆ0 iˆ0 iˆ0
2 7262.473 15.42090
3 8119.078 16.42477 1
4 3302.087 6.34249 Cp, heat capacity (kJ kg C 1); T, temperature (K). X,
concentration (wt.%)

B.4. McNeely [5] i Ai Bi Ci

0 5.62514E+00 8.96356E 03 1.38744E 05

X
3 X
3
1 1.40395E 01 8.19462E 04 8.86288E 07
T ˆ D An Xn ‡ Bn Xn
2 1.06479E 03 2.72788E 05 7.06171E 08
nˆ0 nˆ0
 Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390 389

3 9.97880E 04 7.56136E 06 1.21807E 08 

Cp ˆ 2:326 1:8BT ‡ 3:6C…1:8T ‡ 32†
4 4.59723E 05 3.12107E 07 4.74146E 10
5 7.61618E 07 4.98885E 09 7.39772E 12
6 4.37013E 09 2.81480E 11 4.11735E 14 T, temperature ( C) (164T4166 C;
404X470 wt:%†:

C.2. Jeter [2] Aˆ 1015:07 ‡ 79:5387X 2:358016X2

Cp ˆ …A0 ‡ A1 X† ‡ …B0 ‡ B1 X†T ‡ 0:03031583X3 1:400261E 4X4

T, temperature ( C). B ˆ 4:68108 3:037766E 1X ‡ 8:44845E 3X2

A0 ˆ 3:067819; A1 ˆ 2:15232E 2; 1:047721E 4X3 ‡ 4:80097E 7X4

B0 ˆ 6:018E 3; B1 ˆ 7:31E 5:
Cˆ 4:9107e 3 ‡ 3:83184E 4X 1:078963E
2 3
5X ‡ 1:3152E 7X 5:897E 10X4
C.3. Rockenfeller [9]

Cp ˆ …A0 ‡ A1 X† ‡ …B0 ‡ B1 X†T

C.6. Patterson et al. [6]
T, temperature ( C).
5 X
X 2
Hˆ Aij Xi Tj
A0 ˆ 3:462023; A1 ˆ 2:679895E 2; iˆ0 jˆ0

B0 ˆ 1:3499E 3; B1 ˆ 6:55E 6: X
5

Cp ˆ Ai1 Xi ‡ 2Ai2 Xi T
iˆ0
C.4. Feuerecker et al. [3]
T, temperature ( C).
X
4 X
3 X
2
Hˆ an xn ‡ T bn Xn ‡ T2 cn Xn ‡ T3 d0 …04T4180 C; 04X470 wt:%†
nˆ0 nˆ0 nˆ0

X
3 X
2
Cp ˆ bn Xn ‡ 2T cn Xn ‡ 3T2 d0 i Ai0 Ai1 Ai2
nˆ0 nˆ0
0 1.134125E0 4.124891E0 5.743693E 4
1
1 4.80045E 1 7.643903E 2 5.870921E 5
with: H, enthalpy (kJ kg ), T; temperature (K). 2 2.161438E 3 2.589577E 3 7.375319E 6
(404X475 wt.%, 2734T4463 K) 3 2.336235E 4 9.500522E 5 3.277592E 7
4 1.188679E 5 1.708026E 6 6.062304E 9
i ai bi ci di 5 2.291532E 7 1.102363E 8 3.901897E 11

0 954.8 3.293E 1 7.4285E 3 2.269E 6

1 47.7739 4.076E 2 1.5144E 4
2 1.59235 1.36E 5 1.3555E 6 Appendix D. Feuerecker's equation of entropy [3]
3 2.09422E 2 7.1366E 6 Appendix D. Equation d'entropie de Feuerecker [3]
4 7.689E 5
S ˆ A1 ‡ A2 ‡ A3 T2 ‡ A4 X ‡ A5 XT ‡ A6 XT2 ‡ A7 X2

‡ A8 X2 T ‡ A9 X3 ‡ A10 X4
C.5. McNeely [5]

1
 S, entropy of solution (kJ kg K 1) (04T4
H ˆ 2:326 A ‡ B…1:8T ‡ 32† ‡ C…1:8T ‡ 32†2 190 C, 404X475 wt:%†
390 Y. Kaita / International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 374±390

A1 ˆ 1:01961E3; A2 ˆ 1:101529E 1; AES Ð vol. 31, International Absorption Heat Pump

Conference ASME, 1993; p. 493±99.
A3 ˆ 1:042150E 2; A4 ˆ 1:036935E2;
[4] Uemura T, Hasaba S. Studies on the lithium bromide±
water absorption refrigeration machine. Technology
A5 ˆ 5:87032E-2 A6 ˆ 8:63107E-5;
Reports of Kansai University 1964;6:31±55.
[5] McNeely LA. Thermodynamic properties of aqueous
A7 ˆ 3:266802; A8 ˆ 3:16683E 4
solutions of lithium bromide. ASHRAE Transactions
1979;85(Part 1):413±34.
A9 ˆ 4:100993E 2 A10 ˆ 1:790548E 4 [6] Patterson MR, Perez-Branco H. Numerical ®ts of the
properties of lithium±bromide water solutions. ASHRAE
Transactions 1988;94(part2):2379±88.
[7] Iyoki S, Uemura T. Heat capacity of the water±lithium
bromide system and the water±lithium bromide±zinc bro-
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