Lab N0#01:

Introduction to instrumentation and measurements

Objective:

To study the basic function of Transducer & instrumentation trainer IT-5927

Transducer:

A transducer is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another. Common
examples include microphones, loudspeakers, thermometers, position and pressure sensors,
and antenna. photocells, LEDs (light-emitting diodes), and even common light bulbs are
transducers . Efficiency is an important consideration in any transducer. Transducer
efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power output in the desired form to the total power
input
Diagram:

Sensor:

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the
physical environment.
Explanation:

The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great
number of other environmental phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is converted
to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network
for reading or further processing.
Examples:

1) In a mercury-based glass thermometer, the input is temperature. The liquid contained

expands and contracts in response, causing the level to be higher or lower on the
marked gauge, which is human-readable.

2) An oxygen sensor in a car's emission control system detects the gasoline/oxygen ratio,
usually through a chemical reaction that generates a voltage. A computer in the engine
reads the voltage and, if the mixture is not optimal, readjusts the balance.

3) Motion sensors in various systems including home security lights, automatic doors
Accuracy:

The measure of the closeness with which an instrument measures the true value of
a quantity

Actuator:

A device which accepts an input in one system and convert it into another energy system
An actuator is a type of motor that is responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or
system. It is operated by a source of energy, typically electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or
pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy into motion.

Sensitivity:

A measure of the change in reading of an instrument for a given change in the

measured quantity

Range:

The limits of magnitude over which a quantity may be measured. Range is normally specified by
its stating its lower and upper limits

Bandwidth:

Bandwidth is the difference between the electric signal having highest-frequency and
the signal having the lowest-frequency. In computer networks, bandwidth is often used
as a term for the data transfer bit rate.

Amplifier: amplifier is an electronic device that increases the voltage, current, or

power of a signal. Amplifiers are used in wireless communications and broadcasting,
and in audio equipment of all kinds.

Gain: gain is a measure of the ability of a two port circuit to increase the power or
amplitude of a signal from the input to the output port by adding energy converted from
some power supply to the signal.

Attenuator:

An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the power of a signal without

appreciably distorting its waveform an attenuator provides loss, or gain less than 1.
Diagram:

Inverter:

Inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to

alternating current (AC).The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall
power handling depend on the design of the specific device or circuitry.

Comparator:

A comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and outputs a digital signal
indicating which is larger. It has two analog input terminals and and one binary digital
output . The output is ideally

Oscillator:
oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal,
often a sine wave or a square wave. Oscillators convert direct current (DC) from a
power supply to an alternating current signal.
Integrator: An integrator is a component whose output signal is the time integral of its input signal.
It is the continuous analog of a counter, cumulating the input into an output

Differentiator : A differentiator circuit produces a constant output voltage for a

steadily changing input voltage
Open loop:
An open-loop control system takes input under the consideration and doesn’t react on
the feedback to obtain the output. This is why it is also called a non-feedback control
system. or open loop

Closed loop:
A closed loop system is also referred as a feedback control system. These systems
record the output instead of input and modify it according to the need. It generates
preferred condition of the output as compared to the original one. It doesn’t encounter
any external or internal disturbances.
Linear System:

Linear circuit is electronic circuit where the input sinusoidal wave of frequency f give a stead
state output. This circuit follow ohms law and the value of electronic components
(resistance, capacitance, and inductance) doesn't change with the level of voltage of current
in the circuit.

Non Linear System:

The circuit in which the parameter value change with respect to current and voltage. In
other words the parameter value like resistance, capacitance, inductance, waveform,
frequency etc, is not constant.

Ultrasonic waves:

Vibrations of frequencies greater than the upper limit of the audible range for humans
that is, greater than about 20 kilohertz. The term sonic is applied to ultrasound waves of
very high amplitudes.

Tacho Generator:

A micro electric machine that is used to convert the instantaneous values of the shaft or
rotor speed of a machine or mechanism into an electrical signal.

OR

It is a device capable of producing electrical power from mechanical energy, usually the
turning of a shaft.