Duhok polytechnic university

Technical College
Energy department
Second Stage 2018 - 2019

Report About

“Tension Test”

Prepared by:

Muhammad Mustafa Hussein

Date: 22 / 4 / 2019
 Introduction:
Strain and stress are one of the key material properties for
any design and manufacturing process. Engineering stress
and engineering strain defines a material’s mechanical
behavior and these parameters are also involved in
determining different loading conditions. In order to
perform stress or strain analysis a specimen is required to
undergo deformation. These microstructure deformation
are not always visible in naked eye that is why high
precision measuring devices are used. Stress concentration
is a phenomenon in materials which amplifies the stress at
certain holes, notches, or cracks. They are also known as
stress raisers [1]. For a certain loading condition, the
specimen has different strains at different positions and this
experiment analyzes these changes.

Objective:
To determine the stress-strain curve for different materials.
to use strain acquisition system to measure strains at
different position of an acrylic specimen. Other aims of the
experiment were to compare stress with stress concentration
factor for different loads and comparing the experimental
data with theoretical values.
 Equipment:
1. Tensile test machine

2. Vernier

3. Specimen
 Theory:
Engineering Stress is the ratio of applied force P and and
cross section or force per area.

𝜎 = 𝑃 𝐴0
𝞼 is engineering stress
P is the external axial tensile load
𝐴0 is the original cross-sectional area

There are three types of stresses an seen in Fig. 1.

Engineering Strain is defined as extension per unit length.

Ɛ is the engineering strain

𝐿0 is the original length of the specimen
𝐿𝑓 is the final length of the specimen

An example of the engineering stress-strain curve for a

typical engineering alloy is shown in Figure

From it some very important properties can be determined.

The elastic modulus, the yield strength, the ultimate tensile
strength, and the fracture strain are all clearly exhibited in
an accurately constructed stress strain curve.
True stress is the stress determined by the instantaneous load
acting on the instantaneous cross-sectional area (Fig. 3).

T = P/Ai

True strain is the rate of instantaneous increase in the

instantaneous gauge length (Fig.3).

T = ln (li/lo)
Elastic region: The part of the stress-strain curve up to the
yielding point. Elastic deformation is recoverable. In the
elastic region stress and strain are related to each other
linearly. E is Modulus of Elasticity or Young Modulus which
is specific for each type of material. Hooke’s Law:
𝜎 = 𝐸Ɛ

Plastic region: The part of the stress-strain diagram after the

yielding point. At the yielding point, the plastic deformation
starts. Plastic deformation is permanent. At the maximum
point of the stress-strain diagram (𝜎𝑈𝑇𝑆), necking starts.

Ultimate Tensile Strength, 𝞼𝑼𝑻𝑺 is the maximum strength

that material can withstand.

Yield Strength, 𝞼𝒀 is the stress level at which plastic

deformation initiates. The beginning of first plastic
deformation is called yielding. 0,2% off-set method is a
commonly used method to determine the yield strength. 𝜎𝑌
(0.2%) is found by drawing a parallel line to the elastic
region and the point at which this line intersects with the
stress-strain curve is set as the yielding point (Fig 4).
Fracture Strength, 𝞼𝑭: After necking, plastic deformation is
not uniform and the stress decreases accordingly until
fracture.

Ductility is a measure of how much something deforms

plastically before fracture, but just because a material is
ductile does not make it tough. The key to toughness is a
good combination of strength and ductility. A material with
high strength and high ductility will have more toughness
than a material with low strength and high ductility. Ductility
can be described with the percent elongation or percent
reduction in area.

Resilience: By considering the area under the stress-strain

curve in the elastic region, this area represents the stored
elastic energy or resilience.
 Procedure:
1-specimen preparation
2-estimating diameter and the length of specimen
by Vernier
3-putting specimen into the device, and starting the
process.
4-reading results and writing them.
5-determination the values of lf , df , af , Fmax ,
Ffracture , 𝞼max , 𝞼fracture , El % and RA %.

Discussion And conclusion:

Was interesting to observe the plastic behavior from stress
VS strain graph, where the plastic sample suddenly loses
stress as it is stretched. The plastic sample has fractured the
top section before complete failure as shown in the picture
From the ultimate tensile strength data, it is clear that steel
member was the strongest material. The plastic deformation
is due to work hardening as the material is plastically
deformed.
During the experiment, especially when the stretch forces
are acting in the member, there is a higher error at low
values of true plastic strain, especially near the yield strain,
where plastic strain is essentially zero.
Only the plastic sample did exhibit the power hardening
behavior as we can see from the Specimen Mechanics
Properties table. The errors may could not be relevant if we
use different models that that have got a better shape for the
engineering stress-strain curve
 Readings:

Table 1. Data which is exported from the Device

Cupper Aluminum Brass Iron
Msr# F(Kn) dL(mm) Msr# F(Kn) dL(mm) Msr# F(Kn) dL(mm) Msr# F(Kn) dL(mm)
 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
2 2.4 0.15 2 2.5 0.08 2 2.4 0.15 2 2.6 0.13
3 3.3 0.26 3 3.2 0.2 3 3.3 0.26 3 4 0.24
4 4 0.32 4 4 0.27 4 4 0.32 4 4.1 0.3
5 4.9 0.41 5 4 0.31 5 4.9 0.41 5 5.6 0.39
6 6.3 0.52 6 4.6 0.38 6 6.3 0.52 6 7.4 0.5
7 7.7 0.62 7 5.5 0.47 7 7.7 0.62 7 8.8 0.61
8 9.4 0.77 8 6.5 0.56 8 9.4 0.77 8 11 0.74
9 10.5 0.87 9 7 0.67 9 10.5 0.87 9 12.5 0.82
10 11.1 0.98 10 7.2 0.75 10 11.1 0.98 10 13.6 0.9
11 11.5 1.13 11 7.3 0.84 11 11.5 1.13 11 14.6 1.01
12 11.7 1.24 12 7.3 0.95 12 11.7 1.24 12 15 1.1
13 11.8 1.37 13 7.4 1.04 13 11.8 1.37 13 15.3 1.18
14 12.1 1.54 14 7.4 1.13 14 12.1 1.54 14 15.5 1.3
15 12 1.68 15 7.4 1.25 15 12 1.68 15 15.6 1.4
16 12.2 1.82 16 7.6 1.34 16 12.2 1.82 16 15.6 1.49
17 12.2 2.03 17 7.7 1.43 17 12.2 2.03 17 15.7 1.62
18 12.2 2.18 18 7.8 1.56 18 12.2 2.18 18 15.6 1.73
19 12.3 2.34 19 7.8 1.65 19 12.3 2.34 19 15.7 1.83
20 12.4 2.56 20 7.8 1.75 20 12.4 2.56 20 15.4 1.98
21 12.4 2.72 21 7.8 1.88 21 12.4 2.72 21 15.1 2.09
22 12.5 2.9 22 7.8 1.99 22 12.5 2.9 22 15.1 2.21
23 7.9 2.09 23 14.7 2.36
24 7.6 2.24 24 14.4 2.48
25 7.5 2.34 25 14.3 2.61
26 7.4 2.45 26 13.9 2.78
27 7 2.6 27 13.5 2.91
28 7.1 2.71 28 13.1 3.05
29 6.9 2.82 29 12.1 3.24
30 6.6 2.98

Table 2. Data which is entered into the system

Material Type Diameter do mm Length, 𝑙o mm Diameter df mm

Brass 5 mm 25 mm 3.5 mm
Iron 5 mm 25 mm 3.5 mm
aluminum 5 mm 25 mm 3.5 mm
Cupper 5 mm 25 mm 3.5 mm

Calculations and Results:

Table 3. Results obtained from test data

Details Brass Iron Aluminum Cupper

df 3.5 mm 3.5 mm 3.5 mm 3.5 mm
lf 27.9 mm 26.83 mm 27.09 mm 29.16 mm
A0 19.62 mm2 19.62 mm2 19.62 mm2 19.62 mm2
Af 9.61 mm2 9.61 mm2 9.61 mm2 9.61 mm2
∆l 2.9 mm 1.83 mm 2.09 mm 4.16 mm
Fmax 12.5 kN 15.7 kN 7.9 kN 7.5 kN
Ffracture 12.9 kN 12.1 kN 6.6 kN 5.9 kN
𝞼max/UTS 637.1 MPa 800.2 MPa 402.6 MPa 382.2 MPa
𝞼fracture 657.5 MPa 616.7 MPa 336.4 MPa 300.7 MPa
EL% 11.6 % 7.32 % 8.36 % 16.64 %
RA% -51 % -51 % -51 % -51 %

Graph and analyses:

Brass
14

12

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

F(Kn) dL(mm)
 Iron
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

F(Kn) dL(mm)

Aluminum
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

F(Kn) dL(mm)

Cupper
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

F(Kn) dL(mm)