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Sewage
SEWAGE QUANTITY
Sanitary Engineering
That branch of public health Engg dealing with the collection, conveyance,
treatment and disposal of wastes(garbage, sullage,sewage).
Various features/aspects of sanitary Engg:
1. Collection 2.Conveyance 3. Treatment 4. Disposal
If (q) is the average water cosumption per day per capita then
Average water consumption = q x p
Qavg = average sewage flow = (0.7-0.8) x q x p
i.e. Average value of 75 % can be used.
3. Select a peaking factor(P.F) to find the peak
sewage flow (Note: sewers are designed for
peak flow).
According to WASA(water and sanitary Agency)
P.F. = 4 (For discharge upto 0.0283 m3/sec)
P.F = 2 (For discharge ≥ 5.66 m3/sec)
Other P.F
According to WASA Peaking Factors are
Avg flow (m3/sec) P.F
Upto 0.0283 4
0.031-0.057 3.4
0.057-0.113 3.1
0.116-0.283 2.7
0.311-0.566 2.5
0.594-1.132 2.3
1.16-2.83 2.15
2.85-5.66 2.08
Above 5.66 2
P.F = It is the ratio of max rate of sewage
flow to average flow
Peak flow (discharge) = Qpeak = P.F X Qavg
Peaking factor is also given by the formula
According to Bazin
c = 157.5/ (1+k/√R)
Where k = constant depending upon the nature of sewer.
Hazen-william formula may also be used for the design of sewer
(pressure flow)
Design procedure
1. Calculate the design flow as already expained (Qdesign)
2. Select value of self cleansing velocity and compute area of
pipe(sewer) by
A = Q/V and diameter.
3. Find the slope of sewer by Manning’s formula as
V= 1/n R2/3 √S
4. Check the velocity. It should be greater than the minimum self
cleansing velocity.
Problem 1
Calculate the design flow for a sanitory sewer serving
population of 9000 in an area of 2.4 km2 with an avg
water conumption of 500 lpcd. The sewer has to be
designed for 30 years and the design population was
estimated to be 2 times the present population per
km2. Assuming infilteration rate of 10 % of average
waste water and inudustrial allowance of
3734m3/km2/day having industrial area of 0.5 km2.
Also design the sewer. (n = 0.013)
Po = 9000, q = 500 lpcd
A = 2.4 km2, Qinf = 0.10 Qavg (i.e. 10 %)
Inudstrial allowance = 3734 m3/km2/day
P30 = 2 (PO ) , n = 0.013
1. Design flow = Qd = ?
2. Design of sewer (d = ?, S = ? )
2. Design of sewer (d = ? , S = ?)
Qd = 19516 m3/day = 0.226 m3/sec
Q = AV and A = Q / V = 0.226 / 0.6 = 0.37 m2
π/4 d2 = 0.37 m2 and d = 0.685 m = 685 mm
= 1.13 m3/sec
A = Q/V = 1.13/1 = 1.13 m2
The sewage should not remain in the well for more than 30
minutes (i.e. The detention time should be less than 30
minutes, otherwise there will be odour problem)
Derivation of formula for design of wet
well
• Let V = effective volume of wet well
• P= pumping rate
• t = cycle time
• Q = Flow rate
The cycle time (t) is equal to the sum of time of
filling of tank(tf) and time of emptying of tank
by pump (te)
t = tf + te __________________ (a)
tf = V /Q and te = V / (P-Q)
Eq a ⇒ t = V/Q + V/(P-Q) _________ (b)
Differtiating w.r.t. Q and equating to zero
dt /dQ = 0 = - V/Q2 + V/(P-Q)2 ⇒ Q2 = (P-Q)2
Q = P-Q ⇒ P = 2 Q ______________ (c)
This shows that for min cycle time the pumping rate
should be double of inflow to the tank
Putting value of Q = P/2 in eqn (b)
eqn b ⇒ tmin = 2V / P + 2V/P = 4V/P
V = Ptmin /4 ____________________(d)
Which is the design formula for the design of wet
well(volume of wet well)
Note: The rate of pumping should be at least the peak
sewage flow.
Design procedure
1. Select a value of cycle time of pump (tmin)
2. Find volume of tank V = Ptmin /4
3. Check volume at minimum flow for minimum
running time of pump or min cycle time (20 min)
4. Check the volume for septic activity by computing
the time of detention of sewage and should not be
greater than 30 minutes.
Problem: The minimum, average and peak sewage flow of sewer
are 2000, 6000 and 21000 m3/day respectively. Design the wet
well if the motor pump has minimum cycle time of 20 minutes. At
what flow the cycle time will be twice of minimum cycle time.
B ≈ 3.5 m
L = 2(3.5) = 7m
Provide two tanks of size 7 x 3.5 x 3m deep tank
V = 73.5 m3
(Note: One unit as stand by for emergency/repair or
cleaning)
• Check For min cycle time ( t ˃ 20 min)
t = V/Q + V/(P-Q) where Q = min flow
t = 73.5/1.389 + 73.5/(14.58-1.389) = 58.5 min ˃ 20 minutes
• Check for detention time (i.e. td ˂ 30)
The detention time at avg flow is
td = V/Qavg = 73.5/4.167 = 17.5 min ˂ 30 min
• When the min cycle time is doubled
i.e. t = 2 (tmin) = 40 min
t = V/Q +V/P-Q
40 = 73.5(1/Q+ 1/(14.583-Q))
Q = 2.13 m3/min