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Lecture 4

Sewage
SEWAGE QUANTITY
Sanitary Engineering
That branch of public health Engg dealing with the collection, conveyance,
treatment and disposal of wastes(garbage, sullage,sewage).
Various features/aspects of sanitary Engg:
1. Collection 2.Conveyance 3. Treatment 4. Disposal

Dry weather flow (D.W.F): The rate of flow of sewage(sanitary+industrial) in


dry weather is known as D.W.F
The flow of sewage including storm water in rainy season is known as wet
weather flow (W.W.F)
• Sewage: It is the waste or foul water of the community conveyed by
a sewer.
• Three types of sewage
1. Domestic or sanitary sewage: The sewage from residential buildings,
business centres, institutions etc. Is known as domestic or sanitary
sewage. Also contains human body wastes(feces and urine) and sullage.
2. Industrial sewage: The liquid wastes obtained from industrial process such
as paper making, leather industry etc are known as industrial sewage.
3. Storm sewage : It is the surface run-off which is flowing in sewer during or
following a period of rainfall.
Municipal sewage: Domestic + Industrial sewage. Sometimes domestic plus
indusrial sewage is known as sanitary sewage.
Sullage
It is the waste water resulting from personal
washing, bathing, laundry, Food preparation and
cleaning of utensils. It does not contain discharge
from hospital O.T and slaugter houses which has
high content of organic matter. Sullage is not very
foul and can be disposed off in open drain without
treatment.
garbage
It is the dry refuse of town containing organic,
inorganic solids, semisolids, combustible, non
combustible, putricible, non putricible substances. It
includes sweeping from homes, streets, markets,
public places, gardens , waste papers, leaves, grass,
paring of vegetable, decaying fruits etc with small
amount of cinder, clay, and gravel. It is collected
separately from sewage and sullage and disposed of
separately.
• Infilteratin: is the water leaked into the sewer from ground
through poor joints, cracked pipes and walls of manholes.
• Exfilteration: is the water leaked into the ground from
sewer.
• Inflow: is the water entering the sewers from the surface
sources like craks in manholes, perforated manhole covers, and
roof drains or basement sumps connected to the sewers.
Inflow occurs only during runoff.
• Sewer: is a pipe or conduit carrying sewage. Sewers are
usually not flowing full. The full flowing sewers are called Force
main-as the flow is under pressure.
Sanitary sewer: A sewer which carry sanitary and industrial
sewage excluding storm sewer. It is also sometimes called
separate sewer.
Storm sewer: A sewer which carries storm sewage including
surface runoff and street wash.
Combined sewer: A sewer which carries domestic,
industrial and storm sewage together.
Sewerage: The term sewerage refers to the collection,
treatment and disposal of sewage
Methods of disposal of wastes
1. Coservancy system: In this system different types of
wastes/refuse are collected, separated and disposed of.
i. Garbage is collected separately in dustbins and conveyed by
covered carts or lorries to suitable place. The combustibles are
burnt and the non combustibles is burried.
ii. The human and animal wastes(feces and urine): collected in pans
from lavatories and carried by labours in carts and lorries for
disposal outside the city and buried for manure.
iii. The sullage and storm water: coveyed separately by close and
open channels and discharged into natural streams.
This system is obselete now and can beused in rural areas
where there is scaricity of water.
Disadvantages of conservancy system
1. Cost: Less initial cost but high maintenance cost due to working labours.
2. Design of building: The lavatory has to be built away from the residential
building which causes inconvenience.
3. Insanitory condition: The night soil(human excrement) is carried once in 24
hrs while becomes insanitory after 5-6 hrs causing bad smell and fly
nuisance
4. Labour problem: If the labour goes on strike the system totally fails.
5. Land requirement: The night soil trenching requires large area for disposal.
6. Foul appearance: it is highly undesirable to allow night soil
carts to pass through roads of the city.
7. Open drains: Storm water and sullage flowing in open drains
which causes unhygenic condition in the area.
8. Pollution of water: The liquid wastes from lavatories may
seep into the ground polluting groundwater.
9. Risk of Epidemic: The sewage is conveyed openly which
causes risk of epidemic
Water carriage system
In this system water is used as a medium to carry
wastes to the point of final disposal. The quantity of
water is so high (99.9%) that wastes becomes liquid
which is carried by the sewers. The garbage is
collected separately as in conservancy system. The
storm water may be disposed off separately or
combined with sanitory sewage. This system is
universally used nowadays and has the following
advantages.
1. cost: Though initial cost is high,the maintenance cost is low
2. Compact design: The lavotories can be accomodated inside
the building which causes compact design of building and
also convenience.
3. Hygenic conditions: The sewage is carried in covered drains
thus the risks of epidemic are reduced.
4. Land requirement: Less land is required for treatment and
disposal
5. Treatment: Proper treatment of sewage is possible to make
the sewage suitable for disposal.
The only disadvantage of this system is the wastage of water
(99.9%)
Velocity in sewers
Self cleansing velocity: The sewers should be laid at
such a gradient that a minimum velocity, which will
prevent the silting of particles in sewers is developed.
Such a minimum velocity is known as self cleansing
velocity.
= 0.6 m/s For sanitary sewer
= 1 m/s For storm water sewer
Max Velocity criteria: The upper limit set by scouring(rubbing)
action of sewage. If the velocity of flow exceeds a certain
limit, the particles of solid matter start to damage the inside
surface of sewers or a scouring action takes place. The max
permissible velocity at which no such scouring action will occur
is known as Non scouring velocity and it depends upon the
material of sewers.
Generally for sanitory sewer = 2.4 m/s
for storm water sewer = 3 m/s
Sewage quantities
To find the design flow in sanitory sewer the following steps are
followed.
1. Forecast the design population (p) of the area
2. Find the sewage flow per day by multiplying population with
flow per day per capita of sewage.
If sewage flow per day per capita is not known then
The sewage is taken as (70 to 80) % of average water supply.

If (q) is the average water cosumption per day per capita then
Average water consumption = q x p
Qavg = average sewage flow = (0.7-0.8) x q x p
i.e. Average value of 75 % can be used.
3. Select a peaking factor(P.F) to find the peak
sewage flow (Note: sewers are designed for
peak flow).
According to WASA(water and sanitary Agency)
P.F. = 4 (For discharge upto 0.0283 m3/sec)
P.F = 2 (For discharge ≥ 5.66 m3/sec)
Other P.F
According to WASA Peaking Factors are
Avg flow (m3/sec) P.F
Upto 0.0283 4
0.031-0.057 3.4
0.057-0.113 3.1
0.116-0.283 2.7
0.311-0.566 2.5
0.594-1.132 2.3
1.16-2.83 2.15
2.85-5.66 2.08
Above 5.66 2
P.F = It is the ratio of max rate of sewage
flow to average flow
Peak flow (discharge) = Qpeak = P.F X Qavg
Peaking factor is also given by the formula

M = 1 + 14/(4+√P) Here P is population in thousands

4. Calculate the allowance for industrial and commercial sewage


at a rate of 3734 m3/km2/day
5. Calculate infilteration allowance of (5-10) % of average sewage
flow as given by WASA
Qinf = (0.05-0.1) Qavg
6. Find the design sewage flow by adding peak flow, industrial
allowance and infilteration flow.
Qdesign = Qpeak + Qind + Qinf
Formula used: Normally , Manning’s formula is used for the design
of sanitoray sewer, which is

V = 1/n R2/3 √S (m/s)


Where V = velocity of sewage flow
R = Hydraulic radius ( R = Area / wetted perimeter = A/P)
S = Slope of sewer
n = roughness coefficient
n = 0.01 (for small inside surface like PVC etc)
n = 0.013 (for brick masonary, concrete, RCC pipes)
n = 0.017 (For stone masonary)
n = 0.025 (For earthen channels)
Some other formula used for design of sewage flow is Chezy’s
Formula
Chezy’s Formula
V= C√RS where C = Chezy constant, value of c can be
obtained by using either kutter’s formula or Bazin’s formula

According to kutter c = (41.66+1.811/n +0.00281/S) /


(1+(41.66+0.00281/S) n/√R)

According to Bazin
c = 157.5/ (1+k/√R)
Where k = constant depending upon the nature of sewer.
Hazen-william formula may also be used for the design of sewer
(pressure flow)
Design procedure
1. Calculate the design flow as already expained (Qdesign)
2. Select value of self cleansing velocity and compute area of
pipe(sewer) by
A = Q/V and diameter.
3. Find the slope of sewer by Manning’s formula as
V= 1/n R2/3 √S
4. Check the velocity. It should be greater than the minimum self
cleansing velocity.
Problem 1
Calculate the design flow for a sanitory sewer serving
population of 9000 in an area of 2.4 km2 with an avg
water conumption of 500 lpcd. The sewer has to be
designed for 30 years and the design population was
estimated to be 2 times the present population per
km2. Assuming infilteration rate of 10 % of average
waste water and inudustrial allowance of
3734m3/km2/day having industrial area of 0.5 km2.
Also design the sewer. (n = 0.013)
Po = 9000, q = 500 lpcd
A = 2.4 km2, Qinf = 0.10 Qavg (i.e. 10 %)
Inudstrial allowance = 3734 m3/km2/day
P30 = 2 (PO ) , n = 0.013

1. Design flow = Qd = ?
2. Design of sewer (d = ?, S = ? )

Solution: P30 = 2 (PO ) = 2 (9000) = 18000


Average daily consumption = P X q = 18000 x 500 = 9 x 106 l/day
= 9000m3/day
Avg sewage flow = 0.7 (9000) = 6300 m3/day
Now M (P.F) = 1+ 14/4+√P = 1+14/4+√18 = 2.698=2.70

Peak flow = 2.70 x 6300 = 17010 m3/day


Qinf = 0.1 x 6300 = 630 m3 /day
Qind = 3734 x 0.5 = 1867 m3/day
Qd = 17010 + 630 + 1876 = 19516 m3/day

2. Design of sewer (d = ? , S = ?)
Qd = 19516 m3/day = 0.226 m3/sec
Q = AV and A = Q / V = 0.226 / 0.6 = 0.37 m2
π/4 d2 = 0.37 m2 and d = 0.685 m = 685 mm

Now V = 1/n R2/3 √S

Here R = Area / P = πr2/2πr = r/2 or d/4, so


0.6 = 1/0.013 (0.685/4) 2/3 √S
S = 0.000639 = 0.064 % or 1/1562(approx)
Quantity determination of Storm water
Run off and Design of storm water sewer
Generally two methods
1. Rational method
2. Hydrograph method
Hydrograph method is used for longer water sheds
generally greater than 3 km2.
Rational method is very handy method for the
calculation of storm water in urban areas.
Rational Formula
Q = CṠA
Q = total amount of storm sewage(peak discharge)
Ṡ = Rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A = Catchment area i.e. Area of drainage for which
sewerage system is to be designed.
Plainimeter is used for the determination of area.
C = runoff coefficient representing the combine effect of
ponding, percolation and evaporation.
The value of c is not constant but changes (increases)
with increase in duration of rainfall as the infilteration
decreases.
For impervious soil C = t / (8+t)
For pervious soil C = 0.3 t/(20+t)
Where t = duration of rainfall in minutes
For composite area , Avg value of c is

C = (C1A1 + C2A2+ .....CnAn)/∑A


Where A1, A2,....---An are the cathmenta areas with
runoff coefficients C1, C2,...-Cn respectively and ∑A is
the total area.
Intensity of Rainfall
The amount of ppt per unit time expressed as depth of
water per unit time (mm/hr, inch/hr)
It has been observed that intensity of rainfall of a short
period rainfall is greater than that of long duration
rainfall. Maximum flows are produced by a short
duration rain.
Curves and equations are available showing relation of
duration and intensity of rainfall
Equaiton used is
Ṡ = A /(t+B)
Where A and B are constants depending upon frequency
of occurance and area under consideration
According to kuitchling formula
Ṡ = 2667 / (t+20) (For storm once in 20 years)
Ṡ = 3048 / (t+20) ( For storm once in 15 years)
Where t is in minutes and Ṡ is in mm/hr
• The above formula are derived for a specific area and
specific frequency of rainfall. The values of A and B are
different for different areas and intensity of rainfall.
• Time of concentration: It is the time required for
maximum runoff rate to develop at a point in sewerage
line. It is the time required for storm water to run from
the farthest point of the area to reach the point for
which the maximum runoff is to be estimated.
Time of Conc = Time of inlet + time of flow
Time of Inlet: is the time required for water to flow over the
surface of the ground to the sewer inlet. It depends upon
the size, shape and slope of the area.It’s value is generally
3 – 20 minutes.
Time of flow: It is the time taken by storm water to flow
from one inlet to the other. It depends upon the length,
size, slope and smoothness of sewer and is found as
t = L /V
Where t = time of flow
L = Length of sewer (pipe)
V = Velocity of Flow
Importance(of time of conc)
The importance lies in the fact that out of all storms, the
storm which has duration equal to the time of
concentration produces maximum flow in the sewers.
Duration less than concentration time produces less
than max discharge.
Design of storm sewer
1. Compute the intensity of rianfall and runoff
coefficient (C)
2. Calculate the design flow using rational formula
Q = CṠA
3. Design the sewer (same as for sanitary sewer design)
With self cleansing velocity of 1 m /sec
Variation in sewage flow
The quantity of sewage produced depends upon the
quantity of water used.
Avg daily flow = (70 to 80) % of Avg water consumption
ADF(sewage flow) = 75 % OF ADD(water consumption) =
0.75 ADD
The flows in sanitary sewers vary seasonally, monthly,
daily, hourly. For areas of mederate sizes the maximum
daily or hourly sewage flows can be expressed as:
Max daily flow = 1.5 X ADF (1.5 varies from place to place)
Max hourly flow = (2-4) X ADF
This is actually the peak flow.
• Sewers are designed on peak flow basis, however the
minimum flow passing through the sewer is also
important in the design of a particular sewer, because
at low flow the velocity will be reduced considerably
which may cause silting.
• So the sewers must be checked for minimum velocities
at their minimum hourly flows.
• Generally for a moderate area the following minimum
flows may be assumed.
Min daily flow = 2/3 ADF
Min Hourly flow = 1/3 ADF
(The sewer should be laid with such a gradient as to have
a minimum self cleansing velocity.
Problem
A storm sewage drains a residential area of 100000 m2
with C = 0.35 and time of concentration is 15
minutes in the equation
Ṡ = 5230 /(t+30) (mm/hr) t (min)
Determine storm runoff in m3/sec if the velocity of
flow is 1 m/sec at max. Determine sewer size when
running full.

A = 100000 m2, C = 0.35, t = 15 min, V = 1 m/sec


Solution:
Ṡ = 5230 / (t+30) = 5230/15+30 = 116.2 mm/hr
116.2/(1000x3600) = 3.23 x 10 -5 m/sec

Now Q = CṠA = 0.35 X 3.23 X10- 5 X 10 5

= 1.13 m3/sec
A = Q/V = 1.13/1 = 1.13 m2

π/4 d2 = 1.13 so d = 1.2 m


D = 1200 mm(4 ft)
Design of wet well
The size of wet well depends upon
1. Inflow rate to the well
2. Pumping rate (P)
3. Cycle time of pump

Cycle time: It is the time b/w on to on or off to off of a


motor(The time b/w two successive stops or start of a motor
is called cycle time)
Design of wet well
• For small pumps
• Cycle time = 10 minutes
• Minimum running time = 2 minutes (8 minutes off)
• For large pumps, cycle time = 20 – 30 minutes

The sewage should not remain in the well for more than 30
minutes (i.e. The detention time should be less than 30
minutes, otherwise there will be odour problem)
Derivation of formula for design of wet
well
• Let V = effective volume of wet well
• P= pumping rate
• t = cycle time
• Q = Flow rate
The cycle time (t) is equal to the sum of time of
filling of tank(tf) and time of emptying of tank
by pump (te)
t = tf + te __________________ (a)
tf = V /Q and te = V / (P-Q)
Eq a ⇒ t = V/Q + V/(P-Q) _________ (b)
Differtiating w.r.t. Q and equating to zero
dt /dQ = 0 = - V/Q2 + V/(P-Q)2 ⇒ Q2 = (P-Q)2
Q = P-Q ⇒ P = 2 Q ______________ (c)
This shows that for min cycle time the pumping rate
should be double of inflow to the tank
Putting value of Q = P/2 in eqn (b)
eqn b ⇒ tmin = 2V / P + 2V/P = 4V/P
V = Ptmin /4 ____________________(d)
Which is the design formula for the design of wet
well(volume of wet well)
Note: The rate of pumping should be at least the peak
sewage flow.
Design procedure
1. Select a value of cycle time of pump (tmin)
2. Find volume of tank V = Ptmin /4
3. Check volume at minimum flow for minimum
running time of pump or min cycle time (20 min)
4. Check the volume for septic activity by computing
the time of detention of sewage and should not be
greater than 30 minutes.
Problem: The minimum, average and peak sewage flow of sewer
are 2000, 6000 and 21000 m3/day respectively. Design the wet
well if the motor pump has minimum cycle time of 20 minutes. At
what flow the cycle time will be twice of minimum cycle time.

Qpeak = 21000 m3/day = 14.883 m3/min


Qavg = 6000 m3/day = 4.167 m3/min
Qmin = 2000 m3/day = 1.389 m3/min
tmin = 20 minutes

1. Design the wet well


2. Q = ? For t = 2 (tmin) = 2(20) = 40 min
Sol: The rate of pumping must be equal to at least the peak flow
i.e. P = 14.8`83 m3/min
Now capacity of wet well V = P X tmin /4 = 14.583 x 20/4 =72.92 m3
Let depth of the tank = 3 m (Assume d=2- 6m)
Then A = 72.92/3 = 24.3 m2

For rectangular tank ( L = 2B)


A = L X B = 24.3
2B X B = 24.3 ⇒ 2B2 = 24.3

B ≈ 3.5 m
L = 2(3.5) = 7m
Provide two tanks of size 7 x 3.5 x 3m deep tank
V = 73.5 m3
(Note: One unit as stand by for emergency/repair or
cleaning)
• Check For min cycle time ( t ˃ 20 min)
t = V/Q + V/(P-Q) where Q = min flow
t = 73.5/1.389 + 73.5/(14.58-1.389) = 58.5 min ˃ 20 minutes
• Check for detention time (i.e. td ˂ 30)
The detention time at avg flow is
td = V/Qavg = 73.5/4.167 = 17.5 min ˂ 30 min
• When the min cycle time is doubled
i.e. t = 2 (tmin) = 40 min
t = V/Q +V/P-Q
40 = 73.5(1/Q+ 1/(14.583-Q))
Q = 2.13 m3/min

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