Abstract

Hydro-power generation for a water treatment system and method of supplying electricity
using a flow of liquid
A hydro-power generation system for use in conjunction with a water treatment system is
disclosed. The embodiments of the hydro-power generation system include an impeller rotatably
positioned in a housing. The impeller is rotatably coupled with a generator. When water flows
through the water treatment system, water flows to the hydro-power generation system and acts
on the impeller causing rotation thereof. The rotation of the impeller results in the generation of
electricity for the water treatment system by the generator. Other embodiments of the hydro-power
generation system include a rotor rotatably positioned in a conduit through which water flows. The
flowing water causes the rotor to rotate. The rotor operatively cooperates with a surrounding stator.
As the rotor rotates within the stator electricity is generated for the water treatment system.

Small hydro power: technology and current status

Hydropower, large and small, remains by far the most important of the “renewables” for electrical
power production worldwide, providing 19% of the planet’s electricity. Small-scale hydro is in
most cases “run-of-river”, with no dam or water storage, and is one of the most cost-effective and
environmentally benign energy technologies to be considered both for rural electrification in less
developed countries and further hydro developments in Europe. The European Commission have
a target to increase small hydro capacity by 4500MW (50%) by the year 2010. The UK has 100MW
of existing small hydro capacity (under 5MW) operating from approximately 120 sites, and at least
400MW of unexploited potential. With positive environmental policies now being backed by
favorable tariffs for ‘green’ electricity, the industry believes that small hydro will have a strong
resurgence in Europe in the next 10 years, after 20 years of decline. This paper summarizes the
different small hydro technologies, new innovations being developed, and the barriers to further
development.

Miniature hydro-power generation system

A miniature hydro-power generation system may produce electric power from a flow of liquid.
The miniature hydro-power generation system may include a housing that includes a plurality of
paddles positioned to extend outwardly from an outer surface of the housing. The system may also
include a nozzle and a centering rod extending through the housing. The housing may rotate around
the centering rod when a stream of liquid from the nozzle is directed at the paddles. A generator
that includes a rotor and a stator may be positioned within a cavity of the housing. The rotor may
be coupled with the housing and the stator may be coupled with the centering rod. The rotor may
rotate around the stator at high RPM to generate electric power when the housing rotates. The
electric power may supply a load and/or may be stored in an energy storage device.

Design, development and reliability evaluation of micro hydro power generation system
based on municipal waste water
This paper presents a new alternative technique for electric power generation based on municipal
waste water. A methodology for evaluation of the reliability of the micro-hydro power generation
system using Gaussian distribution approach and Simpsonpsilas 1/3 rd rule have been described
in this paper. Annual/daily flow duration curve (FDC) of the sewage power generation has been
produced for design and development of the system. The hydro potential of waste water from
community flowing through sewage system has been determined to produce an annual flow
duration curve/daily flow duration curve by ordering the recorded water flows from maximum to
minimum flow. Several factors such as design pressure, the roughness of the pipepsilas interior
surface, method of joining, weight, ease of installation, accessibility to the sewage system, design
life, maintenance, weather conditions, availability of material, related cost and likelihood of
structural damage have been considered for design of a particular penstock for reliable operation
of the sewage system. Output power has been estimated at available different heads of sewage
plant and waste water flow rate. Various types of the turbine-generator sets for different head have
been proposed for reliable operation of the micro hydropower system using municipal waste water.
A micro hydro power generation system based on sewage system has been designed, developed,
and practically implemented to provide reliable electric energy to suitable load in the campus of
the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, (Uttar Pradesh), India.

Mini-hydro power generation on existing irrigation projects: Case study of Indian sites
Mini-Hydro power generation could be planned on small-scale on existing small rivers, canals etc.
as it could be beneficial in utilization of all existing water reservoirs and streams so as to generate
hydro power which is renewable in nature. By this, they do not encounter the problems of
rehabilitation of people and environmental problems associated with the large hydro power plants.
This paper presents the case study of two potential sites namely Shahnoor and Purna in Vidarbha
region of Maharashtra State in India. Here, the hydrological data of a potential site for nearly sixty
years is obtained and is thoroughly studied for possible development of mini hydro power plant.
The basic parameters those are to be included in feasibility report which is to be prepared for every
proposed hydroelectric project are also mentioned. This paper could be well utilized for planning
and irrigating land in and around rural areas.

Development of Hydropower: A Case Study in Developing Countries

Over the last two decades, global electricity production has more than doubled, and electricity
demand is rising rapidly around the world as economic development spreads to emerging
economies. Therefore, technical, economic and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power
make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing
countries. In addition, small hydropower (SHP) represents an alternative to fossil fuel generation
and does not contribute to either greenhouse gas emissions or other atmospheric pollutants.
However, developing the remaining hydropower potential offers many challenges, and pressures
from some environmental action groups over its impact has tended to increase over time.
Hydropower throughout the world provides 17% of our electricity from an installed capacity of
some 730 GW is currently under construction, making hydropower by far the most important
renewable energy for electrical power production. The contribution of SHP to the worldwide
electrical capcity is more of a similar scale to the other renewable energy sources (1–2% of total
capacity), amounting to about 47 GW (53%) of this capacity in developing countries. This paper
is limited to small hydropower plants in some developing countries such as China, India and
Turkey.

Techno-economic analysis of a wind–solar hybrid renewable energy system with rainwater

collection feature for urban high-rise application
The technical and economic feasibility study of an innovative wind–solar hybrid renewable energy
generation system with rainwater collection feature for electrical energy generation is presented in
this paper. The power generated would supply part of the energy requirements of the high-rise
building where the system is installed. The system integrates and optimizes several green
technologies; including urban wind turbine, solar cell module and rain water collector. The design
was conceptualized based on the experiences acquired during the development and testing of a
suitable wind turbine for Malaysian applications. It is compact and can be built on top of high-rise
buildings in order to provide on-site renewable power to the building. It overcomes the inferior
aspect on the low wind speed by channeling and increasing the speed of the high altitude free-
stream wind through the power-augmentation-guide-vane (PAGV) before it enters the wind
turbine at the center portion. The shape or appearance of the PAGV that surrounds the wind turbine
can be blended into the building architecture without negative visual impact (becomes part of the
building). The design improves the starting behavior of wind turbines. It is also safer to people
around and reduces noise pollution. The techno-economic analysis is carried out by applying the
life cycle cost (LCC) method. The LCC method takes into consideration the complete range of
costs and makes cash flows time-equivalent. The evaluations show that for a system with the
PAGV (30 m diameter and 14 m high) and an H-rotor vertical axis wind turbine (17 m diameter
and 9 m high) mounted on the top of a 220 m high building, the estimated annual energy savings
is 195.2 MW h/year.

Sustainable and economical small-scale and low-head hydropower generation: A promising

alternative potential solution for energy generation at local and regional scale
Accounting for more than 16% of the world’s net electricity production, hydropower is one of the
most commonly used renewable sources of energy. Small-scale hydropower (SSH) systems are
becoming increasingly successful options for hydropower generation, particularly in small
localities and remote areas. Regardless of its low capacity, small-scale hydropower produces
cheap, clean, and reliable electricity. The objective of this study is to provide a sustainable and
economical solution for the increasing demand of electricity through small-scale hydropower
generation in Pakistan. River flow and low head potential were investigated at twenty sites along
the Upper Swat Canal and Swat River for hydropower generation. The sites were selected based
on large differential head, velocity, ease of access, close proximity to dense population, and
structural support. Hydropower capacity was calculated for each site based on the collected flow
and hydraulic data. The cost per kW h of energy generated has been estimated by dividing the
average annual recurring cost with annual generation over the lifetime of the project. Cost analysis
indicated that purchasing one unit at 0.04 US$ is suitable for both the consumer and the
government. Results revealed that each site is qualified to provide stable energy to more than 1500
houses based on the maximum consumption per home. The cost of the proposed power system
was identified as the incentive factor in this study. In addition to the minimal variation in the
seasonal production, the studied sites produced as much as 21% of the total Swat River production.
The proposed spatial power distribution scenarios have contributed a potentially flexible
alternative and cost-effective solution to the proposed SSH system.

Maximization of hydropower generation through the application of a linear programming

model
The linear objective function is examined as an alternative to a nonlinear form with the aim of
maximizing hydropower energy generation. The Yongdam multipurpose dam, located on
the Geum River in South Korea, is selected as the subject of the model application. Inflow data
with a reliability of 50% is applied to the model for an operation period of 12 months. This study
analyzes the effect and sensitivity of the model’s release and reservoir storage on the maximization
of hydropower energy generation based on calculations of optimal values. The operation according
to the optimized policy is shown in terms of the given priority. The ratio between two parameters
(releases and reservoir storage) is also examined in the context of the objective function of the
linear model. The maximum annual energy production of the proposed model was approximately
184 GWH, which represents 86% of the potential energy production level.

An Alternative Model of Overshot Waterwheel Based on a Tracking Nozzle Angle Technique

for Hydropower Converter
The efficiency of a waterwheel is a measure of its capacity to convert the kinetic energy of flowing
water into mechanical energy. The rotation of a waterwheel is influenced by several parameters
including blade shape, number of blades, nozzle angle, and rim diameter. This study focuses on
finding the parameters that influence the rotations per minute (RPM) of the waterwheel. The
research method involved analysis, modelling, and a validation step. The results show that the
triangular blade was an improvement over previous research on waterwheels with propeller blades.
Our experiments produced 5,73 higher efficiency than a vane having a nozzle angle θ of 20°.
Multicriterion Analysis of Hydropower Operation
Two real‐life examples are presented to show how multicriterion decision‐making (MCDM)
techniques can help hydropower engineers mitigate the environmental and social effects of
hydropower development and operation. A brief introduction and overview of MCDM is
presented, consisting of an 11‐step process that starts with problem definition and ends with
implementation. A typology of MCDM is provided, dividing the techniques into three groups:
outranking, distance‐based, and value‐ or utility‐based types. The operation of the Upper Isar River
project in Bavaria is analyzed by means of a value technique and an outranking technique called
multicriterion Q‐analysis. Fourteen criteria are considered in that study, including power
production, habitat quality for four groups of species, aesthetics, several recreation indices,
minimum flows, and phosphorus loadings. The case study of the Erlauf River Division in Austria
is evaluated using a distance‐based technique, called composite programming, combined with
Monte Carlo simulation. An outcome of that study is that the facility's owners have increased the
minimum instream flow in order to protect ecological values.
References

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Conceptual Framework

Amount of Electricity
Amount of rainwater
produced
(Liters)
(Watts)