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INTRODUCTION

Pityriasis versicolor ointment

Small but terrible as some like to say, with over 52% prevalence all over the

world (Karray, 2018), it is safe to say that Pityriasis versicolor is one of the most

underrated infections in the history of mankind.

Pityriasis versicolor is a fungal infection caused by a type of yeast called

"Malassezia" which naturally lives in human skin and causes small patches of skin to

become scaly and discolored and is very itchy (Gardner, 2018). It's very common in

tropical countries, because it's warm and moist, and this triggers the disease or

infection. It is even referred to as "Beach Ringworm" because it is triggered on hot

places, such as beaches.

Medicated shampoos, lotions, cream and oral solution, such as Selenium sulfide,

Ketoconazole and Itraconazole are some common medication to treat Pityriasis

versicolor. However, the are not only expensive, but they can worsen the condition

because of their side effects, such as burning sensation, skin irritation, eyesight

changes, irregular heartbeat and even hearing loss (Cunha, 2018).

Pityriasis versicolor is one of the most common infections even in our country

with a surprising prevalence of 25.34% of all diseases and infections ( Dayrit, 2005).

Pityriasis versicolor can affect anyone, no matter what the age and gender is.
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Thus, the researcher seeks to create a natural, easy-to-create, environmental-

friendly and cheap ointment that can be effective enough to treat Pityriasis versicolor.

The researcher will use malunggay leaf extract which has been proven to kill fungi such

as Rhizopus stolonifer and Microsporum gypsum.

With the advancement in technology, scientists create inorganic

medicine that are not just expensive, but also have harmful side effects. That’s why the

malunggay leaf extract ointment will impact a lot of people and can save many lives

from further damage since it is organic, cheap, environmental friendly and safe.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. Is there any possibility of using malunggay leaf extract as an ointment against

Pityriasis versicolor?

2. Is there a significant variation in the utilization of malunggay leaf extract as

an ointment in terms of:

a. Cost-effectiveness

b. Availability

c. Texture

d. Odor?

3. Is there a significant difference between the malunggay leaf extract ointment and

the commercial ointment?

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Malunggay Drying Pityriasis

4. leaves versicolor
Decoction Ointment
5.Cooking oil

Petroleum Jelly Mixing

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to solve the widespread concern about Pityriasis versicolor,

which is underrated but can affect our lives badly. It presents a natural alternative, easy-

to-create, cheap, safer and environmental friendly ointment that has little to no side

effects at all. It can be a helping hand everywhere because the materials are very

available.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

People suffering from Pityriasis versicolor will be tested to see the effectiveness of the

malunggay leaf extract ointment. The researcher will gather malunggay leaves from the

vicinity of Corazon de Jesus, Concepcion, Tarlac.

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The study will only focus on curing Pityriasis versicolor, not removing the scars of

the infection. The researcher will also have hard times in convincing people with

Pityriasis versicolor to test his product.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)

Moringa oleifera is known as “horseradish tree” or “drumstick tree”, native to

India, is one of the best useful tree and an enormous amount of benefits in the world.

Numerous research reports have appeared in different national and international

scientific journals by studying its nutritional and medicinal properties of Moringa over

the past decades. Such properties of Malunggay leaf extract include 72.5% antifungal

property. Different reports show that due to its multipurpose uses Moringa tree has

recently grown attention in Ethiopia (Mekonnen Daba, 2016).

Moringa leaves are the most commonly used part of the plant. Moringa leaves

treat hyperglycemia, asthma, flu, heart burn, Dyslipidemia, malaria, syphilis, diarrhea,
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pneumonia, scurvy, headaches, bronchitis, skin diseases, eye and ear infections. Also

reduces, blood pressure and cholesterol and acts as an anticancer, Antioxidant,

antimicrobial, anti-atherosclerotic and ant diabetic agents, neuroprotectant( Ram Chand

Dhakar,2011).

Pityriasis versicolor

Tinea versicolor or Pityriasis versicolor is a common superficial cutaneous fungal

infection characterized by pityriasiform desquamation and hypopigmented or

hyperpigmented macules formation, primarily located on the chest and back with

tendency to spread. The condition is frequently asymptomatic; however, some patients

occasionally report pruritus. Tinea versicolor results from an overgrowth of Malassezia

furfur, which is part of normal skin flora and produces pigmentation changes when it

flourishes beyond normal levels (Lyubomir Dourmishev,2018)

Most individuals with Tinea versicolor report cosmetically disturbing, abnormal

pigmentation. The involved skin regions are usually the trunk, the back, the abdomen,

and the proximal extremities. The face, the scalp, and the genitalia are less commonly

involved. In patients with fair skin, the color of each lesion varies from almost white to

reddish-brown or fawn colored. In darker skin types, involved areas can have varying

degrees of either hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation. A fine, dust-like scale covers

the lesions (Lauren N. Crouse, 2018)

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Tinea versicolor occurs most frequently in teens and young adults. Sun

exposure may make Tinea versicolor more apparent. Tinea versicolor, which is also

called Pityriasis versicolor, is not painful, but is really itchy.(Bamford J,et al,2016)

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

Antifungal activity of malunggay leaf extract against shrimp fungi

Based on the 2014 study of Marcos Fabio Gadelha, the use of malunggay leaf

extract in the treatment of water for human consumption has been reported. The plant

has shown inhibition of bacterial and fungal species. This study evaluated water

treatment and inhibition of fungi in shrimp culture by use of MO extracts. Results

showed M. oleifera extracts exhibited antifungal activity against Candida spp. and H.

weneckii. Results bring perspective to the use of malunggay leaf extract as an

alternative to the practice of sustainable shrimp farming.

Antifungal activity of malunggay leaf extract and flowers against Rhizopus

Stolonifer and Microsporum gypsum

In the 2007 studies of Chinmoy K. Bose, there is the antifungal activity of leaf

extracts and flowers. Both showed activity against two dermatophytes, Rhizopus

stolonifer and Microsporum gypsum.

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Antifungal activity of Malunggay Seeds, flowers and leaves against

Aspergillus flavus and A. fumigatus

In his 2014 study, Sahar M. Kheir found out that malunggay seeds, flowers and

leaves were effective in the inhibition of Tricophyton rubrum and Tricophyton

mentagrophytes, two dermatophyes

Antifungal activity of Malunggay seed extract against Aspergillus terreus

and Aspergillus niger

Based on the 2014 study of Emeka Okaereke, malunggay seed extract has been

proven in a study in Africa as effective in inhibiting two types of fungal dermatophyte

which are Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum canis

Pityriasis versicolor

Moringa stenopetala against Pityriasis versicolor

Based on the 2017 study of Jerzy Bautista, Moringga stenopetala leaf extract

was proven to treat Pityriasis versicolor.

Moringa longituba against athlete's foot

In his 2006 study, Johannes Dayrit observed the effectiveness of Moringa

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longituba against athlete's foot.

Antifungal activity of Moringa ovalifolia seed extract against Tinea cruris

According to Evangeline B. Handog's 2007 study, Moringa ovalifolia seed extract

is effective and proven to treat Tinea cruris.

Moringa ruspoliana leaf extract against Tinea unguium

In her 2014 study, Rowena Flores investigated the possible treatment of Tinea

unguium using Moringa ruspoliana leaf extract. Results have shown an 85% of inhibition

rate from the Moringa ruspoliana leaf extract.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research design

This research will use the experimental design to test the effectiveness of

Malunggay leaf extract against Pityriasis versicolor.

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Preparation of extracts

450 ml (2 cups) of Malunggay leaves will be obtained from Corazon de Jesus,

Concepcion, Tarlac. The leaves will then be washed thoroughly with distilled water and

will let under the sun to dry. It will then be chopped into smaller pieces using a kitchen

knife and it will be put in a distilled container.

Materials and procedures

The researcher will fry the washed and chopped Malunggay leaves in 450 ml (2

cups) of cooking oil until crispy. Then, the extract will be separated using a strainer and

will be set aside in a distilled container. After that, the researcher will then grates and

melt the 112.5 ml (1/2 cup) of candle wax. The malunggay leaf extract will then be

added to the candle wax with every three tablespoon of extract to 1 tablespoon of

candle wax. The researcher will mix the solution until ointment consistency is obtained.

Then, put the malunggay ointment in an empty ointment container.

Testing the Product

Two sets of the treatments in an empty ointment container will be prepared. Set

1 is the sample of the Pityriasis versicolor ointment labeled as Pityriasis versicolor

ointment and set 2 being the commercial Pityriasis versicolor treatment and is labeled

as the commercial one.

The samples will be applied to ten people with Pityriasis versicolor.

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Data Gathering Procedure

This method will use the collection of all the available data that will be relevant

to the said study.

Statistical Analysis

This study will utilized both descriptive and experimental statistics in analyzing

and interpreting the data. T-test will be conducted to analyze and interpret the results.

Where t stands for the t value; x1 stands for the control group; x2 stands for the

mean of the experimental group; SD12 stands for the variance for the control group and

SD22 stands for the variance of the experimental group.