Production Drawing

• Dimensioned drawing which describes a machine part

completely, with the details of

– Quantity to be produced
– Raw material type, kind or size
– Dimensional tolerances
– Geometrical tolerances
– Surface roughness or surface quality
– Manufacturing methods
– Applicable national standards
– Special instructions
 Geometrical and Dimensional Tolerances

• It is impossible to manufacture parts to the exact

designed shape and size
• It should be possible for parts to be ‘assembled’
rather than ‘fitted’
• It should be possible to replace a defective
component in the assembly, with a similar part
• Mass production and interchangeability
• Parts should be produced with their shape and
size varying within certain ranges
It is always advantageous to
select coarse tolerances
without compromising the
functional requirements of
the part
 Limits

+0.00
φ 50 −0.05

+0.05
φ 50 −0.05

Indicating maximum
and minimum limits of
dimension
 Dimensional Tolerances
• The difference between the maximum and minimum limits of
dimension is known as tolerance
Terminology
• Basic dimension (or nominal dimension)
– Dimension of the machine part obtained by design calculations
• Upper deviation
– Algebraic difference between the maximum Limit and basic size
• Lower deviation
– Algebraic difference between the minimum limit and basic size
• Tolerance zone
– Algebraic difference between the maximum Limit and minimum limit
• Ex: For a basic size of 25mm, if the maximum limit is 25.05mm and
minimum limit is 24.95mm,
Upper deviation = 25.05 – 25 = 0.05mm
Lower deviation = 24.95 – 25 = -0.05mm
Tolerance zone = Max limit – Min limit
= Upper deviation - Lower deviation = 0.10mm
Fits
 Geometrical Tolerances
• Indicates the conditions of
– Straightness
– Flatness
– Parallelism
– Perpendicularity
– Angularity
– Symmetry
– Concentricity
• Geometrical variations are sub-classified as
– Form or shape variations
– Position variations
 Form Tolerances
• Deviations in flat surfaces
– Tolerance of straightness
• Determined by the distance between two parallel lines in
plane P right angle with the tested surface
– Tolerance of flatness
• Expressed as the distance between two planes M and N
which enclose the tested surface between them
 Form Tolerances
• Deviations in cylindrical and conical surfaces
– In axial section
• Barrel form, bow form and Curvature of axes
– Determined by the difference between the diameters of cross
sections at the midpoint and ends
• Taper
– Ratio of the difference in diameters of two cross sections at
right angle to the axis and axial distance between them
 Form Tolerances
• Deviations in cylindrical and conical surfaces
– In transverse section
• Oval form
– Decided by the difference between the major and minor axes
of the elliptical shape
• Lobed form
– Cross section contour is made of arcs drawn from different
centres
 Position Tolerances
• Deviations in relative locations of surfaces
– Radial run out
• Maximum difference of radial distance between two concentric
circles measured in the right angle plane to the axis of the work
piece for one complete revolution
• This is due to misalignment of axes, ovality, lobed form or
bending of axes
– Axial run out
• Maximum deviation of end surface from the right angle plane
with the axis of the part