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IDENTIFICATION OF SOIL
INTRODUCTION:-
Engineering properties of soil is the main important properties for identification of soil
being a Geotechnical Engineer. There may be different failure phenomena likely shear failure,
differential settlement, excessive settlement, slope failure, liquefaction etc. By visual inspection of soil,
soil denseness, grain size, organic matter present or not or any kind of matter, color etc. based on
experience and researcher’s data , without testing the soil, we can predict the value of different
parameter in some extent.
1. Shaking test, 2. Dry strength test, 3. Toughness test, 4. Organic content test.
Whereas the following test are conducted to determine the properties of coarse grained soil-
1. Sieve analysis, 2. Grain shape (Flakiness & Elongation ), 3. Color, 4. Structure, 5. Presence
of fines.
Generally soils are mixed with fine and coarse grained soil.
DEPTH OF EXPLORATION :-
We need to know the subsoil profile for any type of foundation. It will lead to accelerate the work
and accuracy and cost minimization.
For coarse grained soil, degree of compactness is based on relative density (𝐷𝑟 )
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒
𝐷𝑟 = 𝑒 × 100 %
𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛
0 - 15 Very loose
15-35 Loose
35-65 Medium
65-85 Dense
Generally soft soil contains high percentages of fines, so it has high compressibility .To determine a
soft soil a basic thing to determine consistency limit ,i.e. ,liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit.
These are also called as Atterbergs limits. The test is carried out on particle size 425micron down.
Among all indexes, plasticity plays a huge role to describe a soil
COMPRESSIBILITY OF CLAY:-
The SPT is carried out in bore hole while the others are carried out with put borehole.
N-VALUE OF SPT:-
The use of N-value for cohesive soil is limited, since the compressibility of such soil is not reflected by
N–values. But a number of time tested correlation between N-values and soil parameters are available
STATIC CONE PENETRATION TEST:-
Data from SCPT is often used to estimate the point bearing resistance of pile foundation.
State of Sand 𝑫𝒓 N 𝒒𝒄 Φ
Consistency N 𝒒𝒖 (kpa)
Very soft 0-2 <25
RESULTS:-