S.No.

Experiment Observation Inference

Analysis of Group 0

(Ammonium ion NH4+)

a. No precipitate a.Presence of Group 0

1
To a little of salt solution add a b. A precipitate. b. Absence of Group 0.
few

drops of Na2CO3.

a. A white ppt soluble in

Analysis of Group I a. Presence of Group I.
hot water
(Lead ion Pb2+)
2 and reappear on cooling.
O.S. + dil. HCl b. Absence of Group I
b.No precipitate.

a. A black ppt. a. Cu2+ suspected.

Analysis of Group II

( Cu2+, Cd2+ & As3+)

3 b. Cd2+ or As3+
Pass the H2S gas in the above b. A yellow ppt. suspected.
soln.
c. No characteristic ppt. c. Absence of Group II.

a. A white gelatinous ppt.

a. Al3+ suspected.
Analysis of Group III

(Al3+ & Fe3+)

4
b. Fe3+ suspected.
O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH (excess) b. Reddish brown ppt.
c. Absence of Group III
c. No characteristic ppt.

5 Analysis of Group IV a. A black ppt. a. Ni2+ or Co2+

(Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, & Mn2+) suspected.

Pass the H2S gas to the above

solution. b. A white ppt. b. Zn2+ suspected.
 c. Flesh colored ppt. c. Mn2+ suspected.

d. No characteristic ppt. d. Absence of group IV.

Analysis of Group V

(Ba2+, Ca2+, & Sr2+)

a. A white ppt. a. Ba2+, Ca2+, or Sr2+

Heat the above content to remove suspected.
6
the H2S
b. No white ppt. b. Absence of Group V.
gas. Now add ammonium
carbonate are

added.

Analysis of group VI
a. A white crystalline ppt.
(Magnesium ion, Mn2+) a. Mg2+ suspected.
7
O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH(excess) + b. Absence of Group VI.
b. No white crystalline ppt.
Na2HPO4

Confirmatory test for

Cations(Basic Radical)
 S.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.

Ammonium Ion

a.A little of salt soln. is warmed a. Pungent smelling gas producing

with NaOH soln. thick white fumes with conc. HCl

NH4+
1
confirmed
b. To a very little of salt soln., b. A brown ppt.

add Nessler's Reagent.

Lead Ion

a. To a litte of salt soln., KI soln. is

a. A yellow ppt. soluble in hot water
added.
and reappear as golden spangle

Pb2+
on cooling
b. To a little of salt soln., acetic confirmed
acid
b. A yellow ppt.
and Potassium chromate solns.

added

Copper Ion

a. NH4OH is added drop by drop

a. A light blue ppt. dissolved in
and then in excess to a little of the
excess
salt soln. to form deep blue soln. Cu2+
confirmed
b. To a little of the salt soln., acetic
b. A chocolate brown ppt,
acid and potassium ferrocyanide

solns. are added.

Aluminium Ion Gelatinous white ppt. soluble in Al3+ confirmed

 To a little of the salt soln. NaOH is excess

added first drop by drop and then

in excess.

Ferric ion

To a little of the salt soln. NaOH is

Fe3+
Reddish brown ppt.
added first drop by drop and then confirmed

in excess.

Zinc Ion

To a little of the salt soln. acetic

acid Zn2+
6. White ppt.
confirmed
and potassium ferrocyanide solns.

are added

Manganese Ion

To a little of the salt soln. NaOH is White ppt. soluble in excess and
turns Mn2+
7.
added first drop by drop and then confirmed
brown in air
in excess.

8. Nickel Ion a.Light green ppt soluble in excess Ni2+ confirmed

a.To a little of the salt soln. NaOH

is
b.Rose red ppt.
added first drop by drop and then

in excess.

b. To a little of the salt soln., NH4Cl

NH4OH and DMG solns. are

added.
 Cobalt Ion

a.To a little of salt soln, NH4OH and

a.A reddish brown ppt.
potassium ferrocyanide solns. are
Co2+
9
added. confirmed
b. Blue Coloration
b.To a little of the salt soln.

ammonium thiocyanate is added

Barium Ion

To a little of salt soln. acetic acid &

Ba2+
10. A yellow ppt.
potassium chromate solns. are confirmed
added

Calcium Ion

To a little of the salt soln. NH4Cl,

Ca2+
11. White ppt.
NH4OH and [(NH4)2C2O4] solns. confirmed

are added.

Strontium Ion

To a little of the salt soln. acetic

acid
12. A white ppt. Sr2+ confirmed
and calcium sulphate solns. are
added

Magnesium Ion

To a little of the salt soln.

Magneson Mg2+
13. Blue ppt.
confirmed
reagent and excess NaOH are
added