[Mechanical Engineering Laboratory IV]

Buckling Test

Candidate’s Name: Sumair Gilani

Student ID: SCM-026634
Group Number: Group 6

Lecturer/ Supervisor: Mr Amares

Date of Submission: 28/11/16
Date of Submission: 08/03/16

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Contents
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………................3

Objective …………………………………………………………………………...........……...3

Introduction……………………………………………………………………................……...3

Apparatus……………………………………………………………………………..…….…...4

Procedure………………………………………………………………………………………..5

Theory…………………………………………………………………………………………..6

Results and Calculation ………………………………………………………………………...7

Table 1…………………..……………………………………………………………………....7

Graph 1…………………..…………………………………………………………………….12

Table 2…………………..……………………………………………………………………..10

Graph 2…………………..…………………………………………………………………….12

Discussion................................................................................................................................... 9

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..13

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ABSTRACT
Buckling occurs when column has a tendency to deflect laterally, out of the line of action of the
force. Once buckling initiates, the instability can lead to failure of the column, because the
eccentric force acts as a moment causing greater stresses and deflections due to the combination
of the bending and axial forces.

OBJECTIVE

1. To determine critical buckling loads for columns with supports.

2. To test the Euler’s theory of buckling.
3. To investigate the influence of different of different material parameter.

Introduction

The physicist and mathematician Leonhard Euler first derived a series of equations to determine
the deformation of columns under loads. The following procedure attempts to verify one of these
buckling equations for steel columns.Euler determined the following expression for determining
the critical load.

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APPARATUS

 Specimen holders.
 Deformation measurement.
 Lateral load device with weight.

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PROCEDURE

1. The device was set up in vertical position.

2. The thrust piece with V notch into attachment socket and fasten with clamping screw was
inserted.
3. Long thrust piece with V notch into the guide bush of load cross-bar was inserted and
was been hold firmly.
4. The S2 rod specimen with edges in the v notch was inserted.
5. The load cross-bar was clamped on the guide column in such a manner that there was still
approximately 5mm for the top thrust piece to move.
6. The rod specimen was aligned in such a manner that it’s buckling direction points in the
direction of the lateral guide columns.
7. The rod specimen with low, non-measurable force was retightening.

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 8. The measuring gauge was aligned to the middle of the rod specimen using the supporting
clamps. The measuring gauge was set at a right angle to the direction of buckling.
9. The measuring gauge was pretighten to 10mm deflection with the adjustable support.
10. The rod specimen load was slowly subjected using the load nut.
11. The deflection was recorded from the measuring gauge. The deflection was read and
recorded at every 0.25mm up to 1mm.

Theory

A long-column straight beam with a rectangular cross section is subjected to a compressive axial load. As
long as the beam remains straight, it can be analysed by the theories of tension or compression loads;
however, if the deflection become suddenly large and leads to catastrophic failure, the buckling theory
has to be applied for the analysis. According to the theory, the critical (or Euler) buckling load Pcr, critical
stress cr, and slenderness ratio L/r can be calculated by the following formulas:

where: E is the modulus of elasticity.

I is the moment of initial of the beam, I = b h3 / 12. b is the width of the beam and
h is the thickness of the beam.
L is the length of the beam.
A is the cross section area of the beam, A = bh.
r is the radius of gyration about the axis of bending.

𝜋2 ×21.0×104 ×106.6
For the first specimen(S3)P = =613.72N
6002

𝜋2 ×21.0×104 ×106.6
For the second specimen (S6) P = =522.94N
6502

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Results and Calculation

L=0.65 m

A=0.02× 0.004 = 8 x 10-5

E=210 x 109 pa

For pin-pin K=1

For pin-fixed K=0.7071

1 1
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ3 = (0.02)(0.004)3 = 1.067 × 10−10 𝑚4
12 12

1 1
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = ℎ𝑏 3 = (0.02)3 (0.004) = 2.667 × 10−9 𝑚4
12 12

For S6 (pin-fixed)

Buckling load (N) Deflection (mm)

100 0
150 0.07
200 0.12
250 0.15
300 0.2
350 0.22
400 0.36
450 0.41
500 0.6
550 0.81
600 1.11
650 1.5

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 700 2
750 2.65
800 3.64
𝐿𝑒 = 0.7𝐿=0.7(0.65)=0.455 m

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 (210 x 109)(1.067 × 10−10 )

𝑃𝐸 = = = 1071.2 𝑁
(𝐿𝑒 )2 (0.455)2

theoretical calculation (S6) , for 800N:

Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 = 800𝑁

M(x)= 𝐴𝑦 (𝑥) − 𝑀𝑤 − 800(𝑥 − 0.325)

𝑑2𝑦
EI =𝑀
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑2𝑦
EI 2 = 𝐴𝑦 (𝑥) − 𝑀𝑤 − 800(𝑥 − 0.325)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑦 𝑥 2 800(𝑥 − 0.325)2
EI = − 𝑀𝑤 (𝑥) − + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2 2

𝐴𝑦 𝑥 3 𝑀𝑤 𝑥 2 800(𝑥 − 0.325)3
EI𝑦 = − − + 𝐶1 (𝑥) + 𝐶2
6 2 6

At x=0 ,y=0 𝑑𝑦
At x=0 , 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝐶2 = 0
𝐶1 = 0

At x=0.65 , y=0

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𝐴𝑦 0.653 𝑀𝑤 0.652 800(0.65 − 0.325)3
− − =0
6 2 6

0.045771𝐴𝑦 − 0.2113𝑀𝑤 − 4.57111=0

𝑀𝑤 = 0.21667𝐴𝑦 − 21.6667

Σ𝑀𝐵 = 0

0.65𝐴𝑦 = 0.325(800) + 𝑀𝑤

0.65𝐴𝑦 = 0.325(800) + 0.21667𝐴𝑦 − 21.6667

𝐴𝑦 = 550𝑁

𝐵𝑦 = 250𝑁

𝑀𝑤 = 97.5𝑁𝑚

At x=0.325

550(0.325)3 97.5(0.325)2 800(0.325 − 0.325)3

EI𝑦 = − −
6 2 6

EI𝑦 = −2.0025

−2.0025
y=(210 x 109)( 2.667×10−9 )

y= 0.00358m (Theoretical)

𝑦 = 0.00364 𝑚 (Experimental)

0.00358−0.00364
% error = 0.00358
× 100 = 0.36%

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For S4(pin-pin)

Buckling load (N) Deflection (mm)

100 0
150 0.12
200 0.21
250 0.29
300 0.41
350 0.61
400 0.87
450 1.31
500 2.12
𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿=0.65 m

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 (210 x 109)(1.067×10−10 )
𝑃𝐸 = (𝐿 = = 524.9 z
𝑒 )2 (0.65)2

Theoretical calculation (S4), for 500N:

Σ𝑀 = 0

-250x=0

𝑑2𝑦
EI 2 = 𝑀
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑦
EI = −250𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑2𝑦
EI 2 = ∫ −250𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 250𝑥 2
EI =− + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 250𝑥 2
EI = ∫− + 𝐶1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

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 250𝑥 3
EI𝑦 = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6

At x=0, y=0 At x=0.65, y=0

𝐶2 = 0 0=-11.44+0.65𝐶1 + 0
11.44=0.65𝐶1
𝐶1 = 17.6

At x=0.325

250(0.325)3
EI𝑦 = − + 17.6(0.325) + (0)
6

4.29
𝑦=
(210 x 109)( 2.667 × 10−9 )

𝑦 = 0.00765 𝑚 (Theoretical)

𝑦 = 0.00212 𝑚 (Experimental)

0.00765 −0.00212
% error = × 100 = 72%
0.00765

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Graphs

Graph of Force vs Deflection

1000
900 y = 182.34x + 281.76

800
700
Force,F (Newton)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Deflection (mm)

Graph of Force vs Deflection for Pin-Fixed Connection (S6 Steel)

Graph of Force vs Deflection

600
y = 183.52x + 178.88
500
Force,F (Newton)

400

300

200

100

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Deflection (mm)

Graph of Force vs Deflection for Pin-Pin Connection (S4 Steel)

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Conclusion
The error within this experiment was grossly inaccurate and exhibited unacceptable error. The
main source of error was due to poor testing technique. Even with proper technique, however,
persistent and large error was still present. There main error was due to ill conditioned test
samples and poorly calibrated equipment. The samples had experienced buckling many times
previous to this test, and the clamps were not aligned to place the force parallel along the beam

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