Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
YEAR 2003
1 Figure 1(i) and Figure 1(ii) show the structures of an amoeba and a plant cell.
Which structures on Figure 1(i) and Figure 1(ii) have the same function?
A W and P
B X and Q
C Y and R
D Z and S
A Nucleus
B Ribosomes
C Mitochondrion
D Golgi body
Figure 2
Figure 25
YEAR 2004
1 The diagram shows a plant cell.
What is organelle W?
A Nucleus
B Ribosome
C chloroplast
D Mitochondrion
2 The following information refers to organelle Y.
What is organelle Y?
A Nucleus
B Ribosome
C Mitochondrion
D Golgi body
A C
B D
A Lysis
B Agglutination
C. Phagocytosis
D. Neutralisation
YEAR 2005
A. Vacuole
B. Nucleus
C. Chloroplast
D. Mitochondria
A. Osmosis
B. Diffusion
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Active transport
YEAR 2006
1. The following statements are about an organelle of a cell.
A Semipermeable
B Elastic
C Fully permeable
D Rigid
YEAR 2007
YEAR 2008
What is organelle P?
A Nucleus
B Chloroplast
C Mitochondrion
D Golgi body
2. Which organ consists of cells which have the highest density of rough
endoplasmic reticulum?
A Stomach
B Heart
C Brain
D Kidney
CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
2009
Section
A B
(1)
YEAR 2006
SECTION A
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Vacuole
Golgi body
[2 marks]
(b) Explain the role of R to maintain cell turgidity
P2 : If the cell has excess water/ cell sap has low osmotic concentration /
pressure, water will move out of the cell.
[Either P1 or P2].
[2 marks]
(c) Every somatic cell which contains structure Q has a potential to form a complete
new organism.
(i) Name the technique used to produce new plants in large quantity
Tisssue culture//cloning.
[1 mark]
(ii) By using one suitable part of the plant, explain the technique in 1(c)(i)
Treatment
Tissue (meristem)/shoot/root/lateral buds/ is washed and treated with
sterilizing agent/bleach/hydrogen peroxide (1)
Principle of cloning
Cells divide by mitosis to form a callus (1)
Product
Callus differentiate to form root and shoot/seedling/clone (1)
[Any three]
[4 marks]
YEAR 2007
SECTION A
Skin
[1 mark]
(ii) Table 1 shows the function of several organs in the human body.
Transporting oxygen.
Table 1
Tick () the three correct functions of organ X, in the boxes provided in Table 1.
[3 mark]
(c) The following information shows some of the organ systems found in the human
body. Tick () the two systems which contain organ X, in the boxes provided below.
Respiratory system
[2 marks]
(d) Human body temperature is maintained at 37 °C.
Explain the roles of the erector muscle, hair follicle and sweat gland in maintaining
the
body temperature on a hot day.
Erector muscle : Erector muscle relaxes, hair lie flat against the skin/fall down
Hair follicle : (Hair lie flat against the skin) less air / a thin layer of air is trapped
between the hair and the surface of the skin.
More heat is lost to the atmosphere through radiation.
Rajah 2
(a) Complete Table 2 by naming Level 2 and Level 3.
Level Name
1 Cells
2 Tissue
3 Organ
4 System
Table 2
(b) (i) The cells undergo process X to become specific cells that perform a specific
function.
Name the process X.
Differentiation
[ 1 mark]
Name : Atherosclerosis/Thrombosis//Arteriosclerosis/Embolism
Explanation :
P1 : Deposition of cholesterol/fats/fibrous tissue/dead muscle cells/clumping
blood platelets
[Max 2 marks]
[3 marks]
2. Angina.
3. Cardiac arrest
4. Breathing difficulties
5. stroke
[Any three]
[3 markah]
SECTION B
6. (a) Diagram 6.1 shows the structure of a unicellular organism which lives in a
freshwater pond.
Diagram 6.1
SECTION A
(b) (i) Name the structure in the chloroplast which is involved in the light reaction of
photosynthesis. Grana ()
[1m]
YEAR 2003
Figure 3
A Osmosis
B Plasmolysis
C Active transport
D Passive transport
2. A student soaked a duck egg in a saturated salt solution. After a few
days, he found that the egg tasted salty.
Which of the following statements explain this phenomenon?
A I and IV only
B II and III only
C I, II and IV only
D I, II, III and IV
Figure 26
P Q R
A 1 mol dm-3 sucrose Distilled water 0.5 mol dm-3 sucrose
solution solution
B 1 mol dm-3 sucrose 0.5 mol dm-3 sucrose Distilled water
solution solution
C Distilled water 1 mol dm-3 sucrose solution 0.5 mol dm-3 sucrose
solution
D Distilled water 0.5 mol dm-3 sucrose 1 mol dm-3 sucrose
solution solution
YEAR 2004
1. What are the processes involved in the movement of water and mineral
ions into root hairs?
Water Mineral ions
A Osmosis Active transport
B Osmosis Facilitated diffusion
C Facilitated diffusion Osmosis
D Active transport Osmosis
YEAR 2005
1. The graph shows the changes in mass of potato strips immersed in different
concentrations of sucrose solution.
A Osmosis
B Active transport
C Facilitated diffusion
D Passive transportation
3. Cucumber slices are immersed in 0.1% solution. After 3 hours, the slices are
found to be turgid and hard.
A The rate of water molecules exiting the cell is higher than entering the cell
B The rate of water molecules entering the cell is higher than exiting the
cell
C No water molecules are entering or exiting the cell
D The rate of water molecules entering and exiting the cell is the same
YEAR 2007
1. Diagram 2 shows a plant cell which has been put into a particular solution.
1. A cell is immersed in distilled water for 20 minutes. It is then taken out and
immersed in 30% sucrose solution. Table I shows the observed condition of the cell.
If the cell is put back into the distilled water for 20 minutes, which condition of
the cell would be expected?
What is process X?
A. Osmosis
B. Simple diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Facilitated diffusion
3. Diagram 3 shows the initial level of 10% sucrose solution in a capillary tube
before an
experiment.
Which graph shows how the level of sucrose solution in the capillary tube
changes during the experiment?
CHAPTER 3 : MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE
YEAR 2003
Section B
1(a) Figure 8 shows the beginning and the end of an experiment to illustrate a
physical process.
Distilled
water
Potassium
Mannganate
(VII) crystal
(VII) is higher at the bottom of the beaker. (1) as compared with the solution
As a result, the ions are equally distributed throughout the whole system .
[4 marks]
(ii) Figure 9 shows three types of food.
Figure 9
Choose any two types of food shown in Figure 9. For each food explain one
method by which it can be preserved for a long period of time.
Fresh Milk
Milk is preserved by pasteurisation. (1) In this process, milk is heated to 63º
C for 30 minutes or 72º C for 15 seconds and then rapidly cooled to below 10º
C. (1)
Pasteurisation kills microorganisms while maintaining the nutrient of the milk
and natural flavour of milk.. (1)
Pasteurisation is unable to kill all types of bacteria Therefore pasteurized milk
needs to be stored in the refrigerator. (1)
Fish
Fish is preserved with salt. (1) The hypertonic solution causes fish tissues to
be dehydrated. (1) Microorganisms cannot live without water. (1)
Mangoes
Mangoes are preserved using sugar, salt or vinegar. (1) Mangoes are
immersed in vinegar or in solutions with high concentrations of sugar or salt.
(1) Microorganisms cannot reproduce in an acidic medium or in a medium
that is high in osmotic concentration. (1)
[6 marks]
(b) Figure 10 shows a plant cell immersed in different concentrations of sucrose
solution
Figure 10
When the cell is immersed into the 5% sucrose solution, the shape and
structure of the cell remains the same. (1) 5% sucrose solution is isotonic to
the cell sap. (1) Water diffuses into and out of the cell at equal rate.
(1)Therefore, there is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane
of the cell. (1) (no net gain or net loss). The cell retain its normal shape.
When the cell is immersed into the 30% sucrose solution, the cell becomes
flaccid, (1) the vacuoles lose water and become smaller. (1)The cytoplasm
shrinks and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall. (1). 20%
sucrose solution is hypertonic to the cell sap of the cell. Water diffuses out of
the vacuole by osmosis. (1) (There is a net outflow of water from the
vacuoles by osmosis). The cell is plasmolysed. (1)
When the cell is transferred into 0.1% sucrose solution, the cell revert to its
normal shape and structure. (1) When placed in this solution, water diffuses
into the cell by osmosis. (1) The vacuoles swell and the cells become turgid
without being damaged. (1)
YEAR 2004
Section A
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophilic
tail
Protein
carrier Protein pore
Figure 2
(a) Label any two structures J, K, L or M in figure 2 using the following terms:
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain how molecules pass through structure L.
The small molecules and ions move through the pore by simple
diffusion.
They move from regions of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration through L.
[3 marks]
(c) State one characteristic of the plasma membrane based on the model in
Figure 2.
Semi-permeable/selectively permeable
[1 mark]
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
[3 marks]
YEAR 2005
No single question
YEAR 2006
Section B
[4 mark]
Able to state the comparison and explain the characteristic of the movement of
substances R and S across the plasma membrane.
(2) F : In Graph 7.2, the graph flattens after the concentration of 10 units.
P : Movement of substrate S requires protein carrier.
2 Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show two different types of movement of substances
across the plasma membrane.
K
J
(b) State two characteristics of the phospholipid bilayer.
1.The hydrophilic head of the phospholipid molecule is attracted to
water/dissolve in water (1)
(c) Name the process of the movement of substances across the plasma membrane
as shown in Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2.
[1 mark]
Process in Diagram 2.2
[1 marks]
(d) (i) Glucose molecules are transported across the plasma membrane into the cell
through
the process shown in Diagram 2.1. Explain why.
F : The size of glucose molecules are too big (to move through the
phospholipid bilayer) // insoluble in lipid. (1)
[2 marks]
(ii) If the substances in Diagram 2.2 are calcium ions, describe how they are
transported into the cell.
P4 : Energy from ATP changes the shape of the carrier protein. (1)
P5 : Calcium ions move across the plasma membrane into the cell//Calcium
ions are released into the cell. (1)
[4 marks]
YEAR 2008
SECTION B
6 (b) Explain the similarities and differences between facilitated diffusion and active
transport in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane.
Substances can move through pore Substances can move only through
protein or carrier protein carrier proteins
[8 mark]
(c) Diagram 6.2 and Diagram 6.3 show two ways of preserving fish and vegetable.
Able to explain how the preservative are effective in the preservation of fish
P2 : more water diffuses out from the fish tissues into the salt solution by
osmosis// (1)
Max 4
Max 4
[8 mark]
CHAPTER 3 :MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE
YEAR 2005
ANSWER
1 Information:
The mass and freshness of plant tissues are influenced by osmosis.
Osmosis is influenced by the concentration of soluble substances inside and outside
the cells.
Situation:
A farmer has a rambutan orchard. Since the product of his orchard is abundant, he
decided to produce rambutan jam. Before the rambutan fruits are processed into jam,
the mass has to be maintained temporarily. Therefore, the farmer has to determine
the solution and the concentration of the solution that should be used.
Method/procedure
1 A piece of medium –size potato is chosen and strips of potato are made with
the cork-borer. Twelve strips of cylinder of 5cm were obtained.
2 Every potato cylinder is dried with filter paper, then weighed to obtain the
initial mass.
3 Six beakers are prepared and labelled A, B, C, D, E and F . Every beaker is
filled with 20cm3 of 0.5%, 5.0%,10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0% and 25.0% of sucrose
solution respectively.
4 Two potato cylinders are placed into each beaker
5 After being immersed for one hour, every potato cylinder is removed, dried
with filter paper, then weighed and measured to obtain the final reading.
6 The results are recorded in a table
7 Plot the graph of concentration of sucrose solution against the mass of the
cylinder.
Presentation of data
Concentration Beaker mass of potato (g) Difference mass of
of sucrose cylinder
solution/% Initial Final (g)
0.5 A
5.0 B
10.0 C
15.0 D
20.0 E
25.0 F
Conclusion
Based on the plotted graph, the line which intersects the horizontal-axis (mass-
axis) indicates that there is no change in the mass of the potato cylinders
This proves that the cell sap of potato cylinder is isotonic to the concentration
of the sucrose solution at that particular point.
Planning Experiment :
7-9 ticks = 3 m
4 -6 ticks = 2 m
1-3 ticks = 1 m
YEAR 2006
1 A housewife made fruit pickles using unripe mango. During the preparation, she
placed the mango slices in water and later placed them in sugar solution.
When the mango slices were in the water, it was found that, the slices became turgid
and their sizes increased. But when they were placed in the sugar solution, the slices
became soft and shrunken.
Based on the above situation, plan a laboratory experiment to determine the
concentration of sucrose which is isotonic to the cell sap of the mango.
The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:
• Problem statement
• Aim of investigation
• Hypothesis
• Variables
• List of apparatus and materials
• Technique used
• Experimental procedure or method
• Presentation of data
• Conclusion
[17 marksl
Answer
Problem statement : What is the concentration of sucrose which is isotonic to
the cell sap of mango?
Objective : To study the concentration of sucrose which is isotonic to
the cell sap of mango
Hypothesis : The concentration of sucrose solution which is isotonic to
the cell sap of mango is a point where there is no nett
change in mass of the mango strip.
Variables
( a ) manipulated : Concentration of sucrose solution
( b ) responding : Change in mass of mango strips
( c ) fixed : Volume of sucrose solution, same immersing time and
surrounding temperature, type of mango
Apparatus : Cork puncher, petri dish, measuring cylinder, filter paper,
weighing scales, knife, ruler, stopwatch
Material : Mangoes, sucrose solution 2%,4%,6%,8% and 10%, water.
Technique : To weigh the changes in mass of each mango strips by
using weighing electronic scale before and after
immersing in different sucrose solution.
Method/procedure
1 Five petri dishes are labelled A,B,C,D and E.
2 Fill each petri dish with sucrose solution as follows:
Petri dish Sucrose solution
A 20 ml of 2% sucrose solution
B 20 ml of 4% sucrose solution
C 20 ml of 6% sucrose solution
D 20 ml of 8% sucrose solution
E 20 ml of 10% sucrose solution
3 Use cork puncher to obtain five cylindrical strips of mangoes
4 Cut each strip such that the length is 40 mm respectively
5 Weigh each strip and record its initial mass
6 Put each strip into the respective petri dishes and leave it for 30 minutes
7 Take out the strips and dry the strips with filter paper
8 Weigh the strips that has been dried up
9 Record the results in a table
10 Plot the graph of concentration of sucrose solution against the mass of the
strips
Presentation of data
Petri Initial mass of strip Final mass of Difference in mass of strip
dish (g) strip (g) (g)
A
B
C
D
E
Conclusion
The concentration of sucrose solution which is isotonic to the cell sap of
mango is a point where there is no nett change in mass of the mango strip.
Planning Experiment : 7-9 ticks = 3 m
4 -6 ticks = 2 m
1-3 ticks = 1 m
YEAR 2008
1. A semipermeable membrane in defined as a membrane that allows certain
molecules to diffuse through it but does not allow the diffusion of other molecules.
The diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane depends on the
size of the molecules.Based on the above information, plan a laboratory
experiment to study the size of molecules that can diffuse through a
semipermeable membrane.The planning of your experiment must include the
following aspects:
• Problem statement
1. What size of molecule can diffuse /pass through a visking
tubing(v.t)/semi permeable membrane(spm)?
2. What substances/solutes/solutions can diffuse through a v.t /spm?
3. Can glucose and starch be detected outside the v.t /spm when tested
with benedict’s solution/iodine test?
• Objective of investigation
1. To study the size of molecules that can diffuse through a
semipermeable membrane.
• Hypothesis
1. Small molecules/substances can diffuse through the v.t but not the
large molecules.
2. Water/Glucose can diffuse through the v.t but not starch
3. Glucose is tested positive but not starch in the water outside the v.t
• Variables
Manipulated : Size of molecules//(type of substance/solutes/solution// at
least a pair of different size of substances
Responding : food test(result)/ (+ve) test for glucose/ (-ve)test for starch/
change in colour / diffusion of molecules through spm/v.t
Fixed : Visking tubing / any other spm/time/temperature //
volume/concentration of substances in v.t
• Technique used
Able to state the operating responding variable correctly
1. Carry out food test on…../glucose/starch// using benedict’s
solution/Iodine solution on the liquid outside the visking tubing in the
beaker and record the result change of colour
• Presentation of data
Able to construct a table to record all data with the following aspects
1. At least 2 titles (MV and RV) and unit
2. No data is required
• Conclusion
- Small molecules/substances can diffuse through the v.t but not the large
molecules.
- Water/Glucose can diffuse through the v.t but not starch
- Glucose is tested positive but not starch in the water outside the v.t
Planning experiment
7-9 ticks = 3 m
4-6 ticks = 2 m
2-3 ticks = 1 m [17 marks]