PHY406 BASIC PHYSICS

CHAPTER 6: MOMENTUM

Lecture by
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR. AHMAD TAUFEK ABDUL RAHMAN
(DR ATAR)

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 SYLLABUS CONTENT
6. Momentum (2 weeks)
6.1 The Impulse-momentum theorem
6.2 The principle of conservation of linear momentum
6.3 Collisions: elastic and inelastic collisions
6.4 Collisions in one dimension

m1u1 m2 u 2 m1v1 m2 v 2
1 2 1 2 1 2

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 6.1 THE IMPULSE-MOMENTUM
! THEOREM
Linear momentum, p
•  is defined as the product between mass and velocity
! !
p = mv
•  The S.I. unit of linear momentum is kg m s-1.
•  The direction of the momentum is the same as the direction
of the velocity.
•  Momentum is a vector quantity, it can be resolve into vertical (y)
component and horizontal (x) component.
p y = p sin θ = mv sin θ p x = p cos θ = mv cos θ

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 6.2 THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR
MOMENTUM
1.  “In an isolated (closed) system, the total momentum of that
system is constant.” OR “when the nett external force on a
system is zero, the total momentum of that system is
constant”.
! ! dp! !
∑ F =0 ∑ F= =0 dp = 0
dt
2.  How its related to the Newton’s second law?

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 6.2 THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR
MOMENTUM
1.  According to! the principle of conservation of linear momentum,
we obtain p = constant

∑p x = constant
∑p y = constant

2.  Therefore, the total of initial momentum = the total of final

momentum ! !
∑p =∑p i f

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 Example 1
A 2.0 kg steel ball 4.0 m above the floor is released from rest, falls
and strikes the floor. Find its momentum 2.0 m above the floor after
it has been released.

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 CHAPTER 5
Example 2
A 0.25 kg ball moving in the +x direction at 13 m/s is hit by a bat. Its
final velocity is 19 m/s in the –x direction. The bat acts on the ball
for 0.01 s. Find the average force and the impulse experienced by
the ball.

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 6.3 COLLISIONS;
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
1.  Collisions is defined as an isolated event in which two or more
bodies (the colliding bodies) exert relatively strong forces on
each other for a relatively short time.
2.  From the Newton’s Law of impact, the coefficient of restitution is
defined as the ratio of the relative velocity after collision to the
relative velocity before collision.

e : coefficient of restitution
⎛ v2 − v1 ⎞
e = −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ v2 − v1 : relative velocity after collision
⎝ u2 − u1 ⎠ u2 − u1 : relative velocity before collision

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 6.3 COLLISIONS;
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
•  The coefficient of restitution, e is used to measure the
elasticity of the colliding bodies where its value always
positive (0 ≤ e ≤ 1).
•  The coefficient of restitution, e is dimensionless (no unit).
•  Table shows the type of collision based on the value of e.
Coefficient of restitution, e Type of collision
1 Elastic
<1 Inelastic
0 Completely inelastic

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 6.3 COLLISIONS;
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
•  Elastic Collisions is defined as one in which the total kinetic
energy (as well as total momentum) of the system is the
same before and after the collision.
•  Figure shows the head-on collision of two billiard balls.

m1u1 m2 u 2 m1v1 m2 v 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
Before collision At collision After collision

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 6.3 COLLISIONS;
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
Elastic Collisions
•  The properties of elastic collision are
a. The coefficient of restitution, e = 1
b. The total momentum is conserved.
! !
∑ pi = ∑ p f
c. The total kinetic energy is conserved.
1 1 1 1
m1u12 + m2 u 22 = m1v12 + m2 v22
∑K = ∑K
i f 2 2 2 2

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 6.3 COLLISIONS;
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
•  Inelastic (non-elastic) collision is defined as one in which
the total kinetic energy of the system is not the same
before and after the collision (even though the total
momentum of the system is conserved).
•  Figure shows the model of a completely inelastic collision of
two billiard balls.
m1u1 m2 u 2 v
1 2 1 2 1 2
Before collision At collision After collision (stick together)

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 6.3 COLLISIONS;
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS
REMEMBER - Not all the inelastic collision is stick together. In some
situations in which the bodies do not stick.
The properties of inelastic collision are
a)  The coefficient of restitution, 0 ≤ e < 1
! !
b)  The total momentum is conserved. ∑p =∑p
i f

c)  The total kinetic energy is not conserved because some of the
energy is converted to internal energy and some of it is transferred
away by means of sound or heat. But the total energy is conserved.

∑E = ∑E
i f ∑K = ∑K
i f + losses energy

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 Example 3
Figure shows an object A of mass 200 g collides head-on with
object B of mass 100 g. After the collision, B moves at a speed of 2
m s-1 to the left. Determine the velocity of A after Collision

u B = 3 m s −1 u A = 6 m s −1
B A

v A = −3.5 m s −1 to the left

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 Example 4
A boy with a mass of m1, running at a speed of v1 = 3 ms-1, jumped
on a cart with a mass of m2 = 80 kg moving in the same direction
with a speed of v2 = 1 ms-1. What speed did the cart attain after the
boy jumped on it?

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 Example 5
Two titanium spheres approach each other head-on with the same
speed and collide elastically. After the collision, one of the spheres,
whose mass is 500 g, remains at rest. Calculate the mass of the
other sphere.

m2 = 0.167 kg

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 Example 6
A ball is dropped from a height of 2.00 m above a tile floor and
rebounds to a height of 1.30 m.
a. Determine the ball’s speed just before and after strike the floor.
b. State the type of the collision between ball and floor. Give
reason. (Given g = 9.81 m s-2)

v1 = 6.26 m s −1 v1 ' = 5.05 m s −1 e = 0.807

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 Example 7
One ball of mass 0.6 kg traveling 9.0 m/s to the right collides with a
second ball of mass 0.3 kg traveling 8.0 m/s to the left. After the
collision, the heavier ball is traveling 2.33 m/s to the left. What is the
velocity of the lighter ball after the collision?

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 Example 8
Skater A with mass 50.0 kg travel to the east at speed of 3.0 m/s.
Another skater B with mass of 70.0 kg moves to the west toward
skater A with speed of 7.0 m/s. They collide and hold on to each
other after the collision. They manage to move to the west with
speed v.
a)  Find the speed v.
b)  What is the kinetic energy before and after the collision?
c)  Calculate the loss of kinetic energy during the collision.

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 6.4 COLLISIONS IN ONE DIMENSION;
IMPULSE
•  Let a single constant force, F acts on an object in a short time
interval (collision), thus the Newton’s 2nd law can be written as
! ! dp !
∑ F = F = dt = constant !
p1 : initial momentum
!
! ! ! ! ! p2 : final momentum
!
J = Fdt = dp = p2 − p1 F : impulsive force

•  Impulse is defined as the product of a force, F and the time, t

OR the change of momentum.
•  is a vector quantity whose direction is the same as the
constant force on the object.

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 •  The S.I. unit of impulse is N s or kg m s-1.
•  If the force acts on the object is not constant then
! t2 ! ! !
J = ∫ Fdt = Fav dt Fav : average impulsive force
t1

•  Since impulse and momentum are both vector quantities, then it

is often easiest to use them in component form :

consider 2-D collision only

J x = (Fav )x dt = p2 x − p1x = m(vx − u x )
J y = (Fav )y dt = p2 y − p1 y = m(v y − u y )
J z = (Fav )z dt = p2 z − p1z = m(vz − u z )

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 •  When two objects in collision, the impulsive force, F against time, t
graph is given by the figure.

t
0 t1 t2

Shaded area under the F-t graph = impulse

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 Example 9
A 0.20 kg tennis ball strikes the wall horizontally with a speed of
100 m s-1 and it bounces off with a speed of 70 m s-1 in the opposite
direction.
a. Calculate the magnitude of impulse delivered to the ball by the
wall,
b. If the ball is in contact with the wall for 10 ms, determine the
magnitude of average force exerted by the wall on the ball.

34 N s Fav = 3400 N

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 Example 10
An estimated force-time curve for a tennis ball of mass 60.0 g
struck by a racket is shown in figure. Determine
a. the impulse delivered to the ball,
b. the speed of the ball after being struck, assuming the ball is
being served so it is nearly at rest initially.
F (kN)
18

J = 14.4 N s

t (ms) v = 240 m s −1
0 0.2 1.0 1.8

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 Example 11
The speed of a ball whose mass is 500 g increased by 16 ms-1 in 2
seconds. What force was acting upon the ball?

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 Example 12
Within 5 seconds, the momentum of a steel ball increased from 5 kg
ms-1 to 50 kg ms-1. Determine the magnitude of the impulse of
force.

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 CONTACT ME

(Dr. ATAR)
Associate Professor Dr. Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman

FSG Blok B – 210 / Bangunan Wawasan (Pengarah RMC)

+60355442788 / +60355211767 / +60123550025

ahamdtaufek@uitm.edu.my / a.t.abdulrahman@outlook.com

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