PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

College of Resource Engineering, Automation and Mechanization

Magalang, Pampanga

Name: Danica T. Yumul Date: October 22, 2019 Rating: _____________

Yr./Course: BSGE-1A (STEM) Time: 7am-11am Weather: Cloudy
Location: PSAU Side of Gymnasium Group: 7 Designation: Rear Tapeman

FIELDWORK NO. 4
SURVEY OF RECTILINEAR FIELD WITH TAPE

OBJECTIVES:
1. To learn how to measure horizontal angles with tape.
2. To collect sufficient data for calculating the area of a field having rectilinear boundaries, by two sides and
included angle, by three sides, and by base and by perpendicular method.

INSTRUMENT: (per group)

 Range Poles
 Metric Tape
 Chaining Pins
 Pegs or Hubs or Wooden Stake

PROCEDURE:

1. Establish the corners of the assigned field and also establish within the field a centrally-located point.

2. Divide the field into triangles, avoiding as far as possible any construction that will result in forming a very acute angle; that
is, make the triangles are nearly equilateral as the shape of the field will readily permit. Use pegs, hubs, wooden stakes, or
pins to mark the vertices of each triangle. Call these points A, B, C, and etc.

3. Form a centrally-located point, measure distances to each point defining the corners or vertices of each triangle. Call these
distances d1, d2, and etc.

4. Using the chord method of measuring angles by tape, determine all angles about the center point i.e., θ1, θ2, and etc.

HINT AND PRECAUTION:

1. If the perpendicular and the segments of the base on each side of its foot are measured, sufficient data will have been
obtained for determining the angles by means of their tangents. However, the chord method of measuring angles is more
precise, and the tangent method should be used only as a check.
2. Considerable care should be taken in lining-in points, and intersections should be determined as closely as the eye of the
observer will allow.
3. Determining areas of rectilinear fields by tape is a slow process and is not advisable when large areas are involved.
4. All distances from the centrally-located point of the field to the different corners should be measured twice and the mean
recorded as its actual length.
A field subdivided into triangles:
E

X5

A A5 X4

d1 d5 A4

X1 A1 D
d4
d2
B

A2 A3 X3

X2 d3

COMPUTATION:

1. Measurements of Included Angles:

Angles are measured by the chord method, as follows: When the vertex O of the angle θ as a center, the tape is
swung, and pins are set at points A and B where the arc intersects the sides OA and OB of the angle. The chord distance AB
(X1) is measured. The following formula is used.

Sin θ1 = X1/2 + Sin θ1 = X1/2, Sin θ2 = X2/2 + Sin θ2 = X2/2 Sin θ3 = X3/2 + Sin θ3 = X3/2
d1 d2 d2 d3 d3 d4

Sin θ4 = X4/2 + Sin θ4 = X4/2, Sin θ5 = X5/2 + Sin θ5 = X5/2

d4 d5 d5 d1

2. Determining the area of each triangle:

In each triangle, since the length of two sides and the included angle can be determined, the area of the triangle may
be calculated by the following formula.

A1 = (1/2)(d1)(d2) Sin θ1 Where:

A2 = (1/2)(d2)(d3) Sin θ2 A = area of the triangle
A3 = (1/2)(d3)(d4) Sin θ3 di,d2 = two measured sides of the triangle
A4 = (1/2)(d4)(d5) Sin θ4 θ = included angle Sin θ5 =
A5 = (1/2)(d5)(d1) Sin θ5
3. Calculating the Total Area:
The total area of the field is the sum of the calculated areas of the series of connected triangles into which the field is
subdivided, or

At = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 ; where At = total area of the field

TABULATION:

LINE DISTANCE
AB Included Angle Sin θ(1st) Sin θ(2nd)
BC
CD
DE
EA
A to center
B to center
C to center
D to center
E to center

Included Angle Chord Dist. Length of Sides Computed Angle Correction Adjusted Angle

TRIANGLE SIDES Adjusted Angle AREA (m2)

COMPUTATION AND RESULT:

SKETCH:
EVALUATION:

DOCUMENTATION:
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
College of Resource Engineering, Automation and Mechanization
Magalang, Pampanga

Name: Danica T. Yumul Date: October 22, 2019 Rating: _____________

Yr./Course: BSGE-1A (STEM) Time: 7am-11am Weather: Cloudy
Location: PSAU Side of Gymnasium Group: 7 Designation: Rear Tapeman

FIELDWORK NO. 5
CHAINING ACROSS OBSTACLES

OBJECTIVE:
To calculate an obstructed length using the different methods of chain survey across obstacles.

INSTRUMENT: (per group)

 Range Poles
 Metric Tape
 Chaining Pins
 Pegs or Hubs or Wooden Stake

PROCEDURE:

1) Obstacles to measurement:

A. First Method:
Let ABCD be a chain line obstructed by a pond (Fig 1). Let BC be the obstructed length. Two offsets BE and CF of equal
lengths are made at B and C and chaining is done along EF to measure the distance EF. Now the required obstructed length
BC is equal to the measured distance EF.
Therefore, BC = EF

B) Second Method:
Let AB be the obstructed length across the river (Fig 2). AC is laid off, of any convenient length, perpendicular to the required
distance AB. Now a perpendicular is laid off from C such that it meets the extended line of AB at D. Triangles ABC and ADC
are similar triangles. From the principle of similar triangles, AB / AC = AC / AD
Therefore, obstructed length AB = AC2 / AD

C) Third Method:
Let AB be a chain line obstructed by a river (Fig 3). A point I is assumed anywhere in line with the required distance AB. A
point H is taken in such a way that HJ = HI and HK = HB. Now a point L is established in line AH and at the same time in the
line JK produced. Triangles KHL and ABH are similar triangles and their corresponding sides are equal to each other as the
points K, B and I, J are equidistant either side from H.
Therefore, the obstructed length AB = KL
2) Obstacles to alignment:

A) First Method:
Let DE be the obstructed length across the building (Fig 4). A point C is assumed arbitrarily. E and C are joined such that EC
= CB. Now D and C are also joined such that DC = CA. Triangles CDE and CBA are similar triangles and their corresponding
sides are equal to each other as points BE and AD are equidistant either side from C.
Therefore, obstructed length DE = BA

B) Second Method:
Let DE be the obstructed length across the building (Fig 5). A point F is established at equal distances from D and E at any
convenient distance. Points H and G are established such that FH = FG. Triangles FDE and FHG are similar triangles. From
the principle of similar triangles, DE / DF = HG / HF
Therefore, obstructed length DE = (HG X DF) / HF

HINT AND PRECAUTION:

Obstacles to Chaining:
During measurements, it is impossible to set out all the chain lines in a straightforward method because of a variety of
obstacles to chaining and ranging in the field.

1) Obstacles to measurement:
The obstacles which do not obstruct the ranging (view) like ponds, rivers are known as Obstacles to Measurement.

2) Obstacles to alignment:
The obstacles which we cannot see across, i.e. both the chaining and ranging are obstructed, e.g. houses, stacks, etc. are
known as Obstacles to Alignment.
COMPUTATION AND RESULT:

1) Obstacles to measurement:
Obstructed length from First Method = __________m
Obstructed length from Second Method = __________m
Obstructed length from Third Method = __________m

2) Obstacles to alignment:
Obstructed length from First Method = __________m
Obstructed length from Second Method = __________m

SKETCH:
EVALUATION:

DOCUMENTATION: