BRACINGS

 They are the members which are used to transfer loads (earthquake, wind etc.)
to the foundation
 They can be single diagonal member or cross member
 The roof trusses rest on columns with hinged type connections
 Industrial buildings are braced in three mutually perpendicular direction
a. Transverse plane
b. Longitudinal vertical plane
c. Vertical planes in the end c/s
 Sometimes they obstruct the bay
 There is no sway in the braced industrial building

TRANSVERSE BRACINGS
 They are bracings in transverse direction
 Thick bracing members inclined approximately 450 so the system have relatively modest member
forces compared to other arrangements
 Narrow bracing system with steepy inclined members will increase the sway sensitivity of the
structure
 Wide bracing systems will result in more stable structure
 Structural stability depends upon the fixity of column at base, rigidity of connections
METHODS OF BRACINGS OF BENT

 The first type of bent is braced by providing hinges between column and roof truss
 Used when load on the column and size of foundation is large
 This type provided for low industrial building

The second type knee bracings are provided;

 To reduce if overturning moment is large
 Suitable when span of truss is small
 Used when headroom considerations are more
 It is attained by providing rigid support column and truss and by providing large foundation
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BRACINGS
span

grit

diagonal braces

footing
Due to transverse load compression load will acted onto the beam. if a member without diagonal braces
the load transferring time is less and foundation will collapse.it doesn’t get enough time to dissipate load.
If we use diagonal braces the transferring time of load will be greater as a result the footing gets enough
time to transfer the load and structure is protected from transverse load.
If we use knee braces the amount of moment transferred will be greater.
Wind load
Diagonal braces

Compressive force will acted on the braces. as a result, thick members are required to overcome the
compression acting on the section.

BRACING OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION

Function of bracing system is to transfer the longitudinal and lateral forces to the foundation of structure.in
braced industrial buildings roof trusses rest on columns with hinged type of connections.
When wind acts in the direction normal to the plane of building i.e.; in the longitudinal direction then it
became essential to brace it to another to provide sufficient stability against wind or other longitudinal
forces. When two bents are braced together then they form braced bay. Industrial building bents are braced
together in pairs. It is essential to provide at least two braced bays in each industrial buildings. The bents
are braced by providing trusses in the plane of top chord and in the plane of bottom chord of roof trusses.
These trusses maintain the rectangular shape of the building and prevent the collapse of the structure from
twisting action of diagonal wind. The horizontal truss bearings transmit the longitudinal forces to the
columns at the sides. The columns are braced in the longitudinal vertical planes by providing cross frames.
The portal type bracing or knee bracing was used to brace the column in
BENTS

 When a roof truss is attached to a support by columns then the assembly is known as bent
 The industrial building bents are also termed as transverse bent.
 Distance between adjacent transverse bent is bay length
 Distance between two column lines is aisle
 knee braces attached to lower chord of the truss and the ends of the columns
 Truss span is small, use of knee braces are economical
 Transverse bent and longitudinal bent make industrial building resists against horizontal wind
forces.

BENTS WITH KNEE BRACES

The columns acting with diagonal members D, members S, member ES and chords of truss from a
system of double intersection or cross diagonal trusses. The wind acting on the end of industrial
building is resisted by sliding. Sliding is supported by horizontal beams/girts. The end wall frame
supports the girts. The wind load acting on the end sheeting between the rows of columns are
transferred to the columns by the sheeting girts.
The members S are struts. Struts have their reaction on the bracing trusses. The bracing trusses
have been provided in the plane of bottom of the roof trusses. These forces transmit to longitudinal
forces. The members marked T are sometimes resist compression and sometimes to resists tension.
When members resist compression then the wind forces acting on the building are transferred
beyond bays through these members. When they resist tension only then the whole of the wind
force is resisted by the end braced bay
6F cos Ø = p1+2p2
P1 ,P2 - wind loads
F - force in the bracing member
Ø - inclination into eave lines

BENTS WITHOUT KNEE BRACES

The buildings are braced with cross diagonals. They are provided at bottom chord. The bracings
strut forms a complete truss system. These transmit bracing forces to the ends of buildings. These
forces are transmitted to ground by cross frames in end framing.
Industrial building should not be over braced. The geometry shall be such that the structure shall
be stable under lateral loads.ie all lateral loads are transferred through the structure to the foundation
system.
ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING BENTS

`Columns hinged at the base

The columns of bents are hinged at A $ B at the base. The columns are to the truss at the points c$ D

And to the knee braces at points E$F. The total horizontal load P due to winds act at the top of the
column. This bent is statically indeterminate to the first degree. The exact analysis of this structure can
be done by various methods such as slope deflection method, moment distribution method. This bent is
analyzed by approximate method of analysis. Since it has indeterminacy one, one assumption is made
for the analysis .it is assumed that the horizontal components of the applied loads are equally divided
between two points of support, when the bent is symmetrical and bending stiffness of the column are
equal

Horizontal reactions at supports A$B

HA=HB=P/2

Maximum BM occurs at the foot of knee braces, ME

ME = PH1/2

The horizontal load acts perpendicular to the columns. The column is riveted at top.at pt C and to knee
brace at pt E, assumed that column remains vertical between E$C.Maximum BM ME occurs at foot of
knee.i.e.; at pt E. The BM varies uniformly to zero at top and bottom.

COLUMNS FIXED AT THE BASE

An industrial building bent with knee braces and column fixed at the base is shown in fig.the columns
are riveted to the truss at pts C$D and to the knee braces at the points E$F.total horizontal force due to
wind act at top of column. This bent is statically indeterminate to the third degree. Three assumptions
are made for analysis of bent.

Assumes horizontal reactions at two columns are equal.

HA =HB=P/2
The change of curvature occurs at pt O, midway b/w E$B.This is pt of contraflexure or zero BM. here two
assumptions, the vertical reactions on the bent are equal to the axial forces in the columns. The vertical
reaction can be determined by taking moments.

Sum of moments about O =0

Va *h1/2-p[h2=h1/2] =0

VA=VB=[P(h1/2=h2)/h]

Maximum BM occurs at E$B.

ME=MB=Ph1/4

COLUMNS PARTIALLY FIXED AT BASE

Here usually the span of the bent, i.e. the base of column is wide in the roof truss. The bent can be
considered partially fixed at base .it is better to assume that distance from the base of column at point of
contraflexure is one third of the distance from base of the column to the foot knee braces

HA=HB=P/2

VA=VB=[P(2/3h1+h2)/h]

Maximum BM at E, ME =Ph1/3

BM at base of column MB= Ph1/6