UNIVERSIDAD SANTO TOMAS

INGENIERIA MECANICA
CICLOS TERMODINAMICOS GRUPO 8 a

Taller segundo corte

Parte 1. Motores de aviación

1. A jet propulsion engine moves with speed of 200 m/s at an altitude where total pressure and
total temperature at inlet to compressor are 0.5 bar and 272 K. Isentropic efficiency of
compressor and turbine are 0.84 and 0.82 respectively. Total pressure and temperature of
gases at inlet to turbine are 3 bar and1000 K and static back pressure of propulsion
nozzle is 0.4 bar and nozzle efficiency based on total pressure drop is 92%. Determine (i)
power required to run compressor per kg of air, (ii) the air-fuel ratio,(iii) the total pressure of
gas leaving turbine, (iv) thrust per unit air flow rate, (v) Plot the processes onh–s diagram. Take
Cpgas =1.13 kJ/kg.K , kgas = 1.33, Cpair1.005 kJ/kg.KpC=, kair = 1.4 and Calorific value =41.84
MJ/kg of fuel. (Total = stagnation properties)
2. A jet propulsion engine has compressor with pressure ratio 4 and compressed air enters into
combustion chamber where combustion occurs so as to yield temperature of 500°C at
turbine inlet. Actual temperature at inlet to combustion chamber is 10% more than that of
isentropic compressor temperature rise. Exhaust from turbine is expanded up to atmospheric
pressure of 1 bar. The ambient temperature is285 K. Determine, (i) power required to drive
compressor, (ii) air fuel ratio if calorific value of fuel is43100 kJ/kg, (iii) static thrust developed
per kg of air per second.
3. Following data refer to double spool turbofan engine in which low pressure turbine drives fan
and high pressure turbine drives compressor.
Ambient state: 1 bar, 15°C
Fan pressure ratio: 1.5
Overall pressure ratio: 28
By pass ratio: 5.5
Mass flow rate of air: 200 kg/s.
Stagnation temperature at turbine inlet: 1300°C
Mechanical efficiency ηmech. = 96%
Efficiency of fan and compressor = ηpoly, fan = ηpoly, compr. =90%
Efficiency of turbine, ηpoly, turb = 95%
Pressure loss in combustion chamber = 1.5 bar
Nozzle efficiency, ηnozzle = 95%
Lower calorific value of fuel: 43100 kJ/kg
Determine air-fuel ratio, specific fuel consumption and specific thrust.

4. A turbojet plane flies with speed of 1000 km/h and inducts air at the rate of 50 kg/s. Air fuel
ratio is 52 and the expansion of gases occurs up to ambient pressure. Lower calorific value of
fuel is 43100 kJ/kg. For maximum thrust the flight to jet velocity ratio is 0.5. Determine
(i) jet velocity,(ii) maximum thrust, (iii) specific thrust, (iv) thrust power, (v) propulsive, thermal
and overall efficiencies,(vi) Specific fuel consumption.
5. A jet engine plane is moving at 200 m/s and admits air at 0.7 bar, 260 K in diffuser
section having inlet cross section area of 1000 cm2 from where it enters compressor with
negligible velocity. Compressor pressure ratio is 8 and turbine inlet temperature is 1000°C.
Combustion gases expand in turbine and subsequently leave nozzle at 0.7 bar. Efficiencies of
nozzle section, diffuser section, compressor and turbine are 0.9, 0.9, 0.8 and 0.8 respectively.
Fuel used in combustion chamber has calorific value of 45000 kJ/kg of fuel and pressure drop in
combustion chamber is 0.15 bar. Determine the fuel air ratio, specific thrust and total thrust
available. Neglect change in specific heat of air when transformed into combustion products
and treat it as air.
6. An airplane flying at speed of 250 m/s, running on jet engine inducts air at 0.3 bar and –20°C
from atmosphere, compressor pressure ratio is 6 and the turbine inlet temperature is 700 °C.
Velocity at exit of turbine is 180 m/s, turbine and compressor efficiencies are 0.85 each and jet
engine efficiency is90%. Thrust power produced is 800kW, and calorific value of fuel is 43000
kJ/kg. Determine overall efficiency, rate of air consumption, power developed by turbine,
and exit area of jet.
7. Determine specific fuel consumption and propulsive efficiency for the following turbojetengine.
Forward speed of engine: 862.5 km/hr
Ambient pressure and temperature: 0.265 bar, –49.8°C
Compressor pressure ratio: 10
Stagnation temperature at turbine inlet: 1400 K
Lower calorific value of fuel: 4.31 × 105 kJ/kg
Isentropic efficiency of intake: 0.93
Isentropic efficiency of compressor: 0.87
Isentropic efficiency of turbine: 0.90
Isentropic efficiency of exit nozzle: 0.95
Mechanical efficiency: 0.98
Combustion efficiency: 0.98
Combustion pressure loss: 4% of compressor exit pressure

Parte 2. Sistemas de refrigeración por compresión de vapor

1. A food-processing refrigeration unit is required

to produce 40.0 tons of refrigeration at an evaporator
temperature of−50.0°C and a condenser temperature of
25.0°C. Since this temperature difference is quite large, it
was decided to design a dual-cascade unit using. R-22 in
both of the cascaded loops. The intermediate heat
exchanger connecting the two loops is to
operateat−20.0°C, and the isentropic efficiencies of both
compressors is80.0%. The following design specifications
were then established for the refrigeration loops shown
in Figure.
For this design, determine
a. The mass flow rate of refrigerant in loops A and B.
b. The system’s coefficient of performance.
c. The pressure ratios across each of the compressors
2.

3. A new household refrigerator-freezer combination unit is being

designed with the dual-evaporator system shown in Figure. The freezer
compartment is to be at−18.0°C and the refrigerator compartment is to be
at 4.00°C.The outlet of the condenser is at 30.0°C. The cooling capacities of
both the refrigeration and the freezer compartments are to be 422 kJ/h
each. The system uses refrigerant R-134a with a compressor isentropic
efficiency of 80%. Determine
a. The coefficient of performance for this design.
b. The mass flow rate of refrigerant required.
c. he quality at the outlet of the refrigeration evaporator.
 4. Figure shows a two-stage, vapor-compression refrigeration
system with two evaporators and a direct-contact heat
exchanger. Saturated vapor ammonia from evaporator 1 enters
compressor 1 at 18 lbf/in.2 and exits at 70 lbf/in.2 Evaporator 2
operates at 70 lbf/in.2, with saturated vapor exiting at state 8. The
condenser pressure is 200 lbf/in.2, and saturated liquid refrigerant
exits the condenser. Each compressor stage has an isentropic
efficiency of 80%. The refrigeration capacity of each evaporator
is shown on the figure. Sketch the T–s diagram of the cycle
and determine(a) the temperatures, in 8F, of the refrigerant
in each evaporator.(b) the power input to each compressor stage,
in horsepower.(c) the overall coefficient of performance.
5. An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is modified to
include a counter flow heat exchanger, as shown in Fig. P10.33.
Ammonia leaves the
evaporator as
saturated vapor at 1.0
bar and is heated at
constant pressure to
58C before entering
the compressor.
Following isentropic
compression to 18 bar,
the refrigerant passes through the condenser, exiting at
408C, 18 bar. The liquid then passes through the heat
exchanger, entering the expansion valve at 18 bar. If the mass
flow rate of refrigerant is 12 kg/min, determine(a) the
refrigeration capacity, in tons of refrigeration.(b) the
compressor power input, in kW.(c) the coefficient of
performance.(d) the rate of entropy production in the
compressor, in kW/K.(e) the rate of exergy destruction in
the compressor, in kW. Let T05 208C.Discuss advantages and
disadvantages of this arrangement

6. Entra refrigerante 134a al condensador

de una bomba de calor residencial a 800 kPa y 55 °C,
a razón de 0.018 kg/s, y sale a 750 kPa subenfriado
en 3 °C. El refrigerante entra al compresor a 200
kPa sobrecalentado en 4 °C. Determine a) la
eficiencia isentrópica del compresor, b) la tasa de
sumi-nistro de calor al cuarto calentado y c) el
COP de la bomba de calor. También determine d)
el COP y la tasa de suminis-tro de calor al cuarto
calentado si esta bomba de calor opera en el
ciclo ideal por compresión de vapor entre los límites
de presión de 200 y 800 kPa.
 7. Un sistema de refrigeración por
compresión de dos evaporadores como se
muestra en la figura P11-61 utiliza
refrigerante 134a como fluido de trabajo. El
sistema opera el evaporador 1 a 0 °C, el
evaporador 2 a 26.4 °C y el condensador a 800
kPa. El refrigerante se circula por el
compresor a razón de 0.1 kg/s, y el
evaporador de baja temperatura sirve para
una carga de enfriamiento de 8 kW. Determine
la tasa de enfriamiento del evaporador de
alta temperatura, la potencia necesaria para
el compresor y el COP del sistema. El
refrigerante es líquido saturado a la salida
del condensador, y vapor saturado a la
salida de cada evaporador, y el compresor
es isentrópico.

8. Un sistema de refrigeración en cascada de dos

etapas debe dar enfriamiento a 40 °C operando el
condensador de alta temperatura a 1.6 MPa. Cada
etapa opera en el ciclo ideal de refrigeración por
compresión de vapor. El sistema supe-rior de
refrigeración por compresión de vapor (VCRS, por
sus siglas en inglés) usa agua como fluido de trabajo, y
opera su evaporador a 5 °C. El ciclo inferior usa
refrigerante 134a como fluido de trabajo y opera su
condensador a 400 kPa. Este sistema produce un
efecto de enfriamiento de 20 kJ/s. Determine los
flujos másicos de R-134a y agua en sus ciclos
respectivos, y el COP total de este sistema en cascada.