SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

3rd June, 2019 to 2nd August, 2019

On

220kV Substation’s working

and concepts related to the Power system
at
DTL 220kV Kashmere Gate Substation

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Aditya Verma Mr. Rajat Vijay
B.Tech 3rd Year Assistant Manager
Technical
Delhi Technological University Delhi Transco Limited
(Formerly Delhi College of 220kV -Substation, Kashmere
Engineering) Gate, Delhi

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled ‘220kV Substation’s working and concepts
related to the Power system’ submitted by Aditya Verma to serve as final report
for the Summer Training at DTL- 220kV substation, Kashmere Gate, Delhi is an
authentic work carried out under my supervision.

______________
Mr. Rajat Vijay,
Assistant Manager (Technical),
DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude towards the staff of DTL-220kV substation

Kashmere Gate who mentored me during the training period and also providing the
encouragement, cooperation and guidance on daily basis to promote the acquisition
of practical and theoretical knowledge during my Industrial Training.
I would also like to thank Mr. Rajat A.M.(Tech), Mr. Gaurav Raj Walia
J.E.(Tech) and the entire staff of the substation and DTL for supervising, also
encouraging me and providing me a vision to complete this training successfully and
submit this completed report on time.

Date:
Signature:

Aditya Verma
DTU/2K16/EE/011
adityav612@gmail.com

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 INDEX

S.No. Title Page No.

1. Introduction 1
2. Transmission Line 4
3. Single Line Diagram 7
4. Transformers 8
5. Control Panels 20
6. Substation Protection Equipments 22
7. Capacitor Bank 34
8. Local Power Supply 38
9. Battery Bank and Battery Charger 39
10. Maintenance Shutdown 41
11. SCADA 43
12. Step and Touch Potential 44

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Introduction
The power system is a network which consists generation, distribution and
transmission system of electrical energy. It uses the form of energy (like coal and
diesel) and converts it into electrical energy. The power plant, transformer,
transmission line, substations, distribution line, and distribution transformer are
the six main components of the power system.
The power sector in India is mainly governed by the Ministry of Power. There are
three major pillars of power sector these are Generation, Transmission, and
Distribution. As far as generation is concerned it is mainly divided into three sectors
these are Central Sector, State Sector, and Private Sector.
India is world’s 6th largest energy consumer, accounting for 3.4% of global energy
consumption, with Maharashtra as the leading electricity generator among Indian
states. Due to India’s economic rise, the demand for energy has grown at an
average of 3.6% per annum over the past 30 years. At the end of December 2012,
the installed power generation capacity of India stood at 210951.72MW, while the
per capita energy consumption stood at 733.54 KWh (2008-09). The total demand
for electricity in India is expected to cross 950,000 MW by 2030.

Fig 1. Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution System

The Generation of Electrical Energy is done using the Power plants, mainly by
Thermal power plants which use coal as a fuel. Due to increasing levels of pollution
and Greenhouse effect, it has become dangerous to use Coal power plants because

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they cause hazardous amount of pollution. So, researchers and engineers have
been looking for new methods of power generation such as Solar energy, Wind
power plants, Hydro power plants, Nuclear reactors and etc.

Fuel MW % of Total
Total Thermal 2,26,279 63.4%
Coal 1,94,445 54.5%
Lignite 6,260 1.8%
Gas 24,937 7.0%
Oil 638 0.2%
Hydro Sources 45,399 12.7%
Nuclear 6,780 1.9%
Renewable Energy Sources 78,359 22.0%
Total 356,818
Table 1. Generation of electrical energy using different energy sources.

The PowerGrid Corporation of India is responsible for the inter-state transmission

of electricity and the development of national grid. Electricity losses in India during
transmission and distribution are extremely high, about 28.44%.
The power generation for Delhi is under Indraprastha Power Generation Company
Limited. Power transmission in Delhi is under Delhi Transco Limited and power
distribution is controlled by BSES Rajdhani Power Limited, BSES Yamuna Power
Limited and North Delhi Power Limited.
Originally, Delhi Vidyut Board was responsible for handling generation and
distribution of power to NCT of Delhi. On 1st July 2002, The Delhi Vidyut board was
unbundled into above mentioned six successor companies. After unbundling of
DVB the distribution sector has been handed over to private companies while the
generation and transmission are still with the government. Over the years, DTL has
evolved as a most dynamic performer, keeping pace with the manifold challenges
that confront the ever-increasing demand-supply power situation and achieving
functional superiority on all fronts.
DTL has a total of 4- 400KV sub stations and 37- 220KV substations.

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 Fig 2. Power Distribution System in Delhi among various companies.

220 KV Substation Kashmere Gate

DTL’s 220KV substation at Kashmere Gate gets 220kV double circuit supply from
South of Wazirabad (S.O.W.), it gets two 220kV feeders. It has state of art Gas
Insulated Substation manufactured and installed by ABB in the year 1997. SF6 gas
has been used as insulation in the GIS.
It has two 220/33 kV, 100MVA transformers to convert feeder supply to 33kV,
these transformers also have 11kV territory windings which are not being used
currently. The 33kV voltage supply is then converted into 11kV by another
transformer.
Transformers at Kashmere Gate
Voltage Rating Make Power Rating Quantity
220/33 kV NGEF 100 MVA 2
33/11 kV ANDREW YULE 16 MVA 1
33/11kV BHEL 20 MVA 1
11kV/415 V JES Engineering 400 kVA 1

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Transmission Line
Transmission of power can be done using Over head lines or underground cables.
Underground cables are expensive option and are mostly used in residential areas.
The transmission line from South of Wazirabad to Kashmere Gate is Overhead line
and is 5.7km long and has 26 towers in between. 2 circuits have been used.
There are two types of towers – Suspension and Tension.

Types of Conductors
There are 4 major types of overhead conductors used for electrical transmission
and distribution.
1. AAC- All Aluminium Conductor
2. AAAC- All Aluminium Alloy Conductor
3. ACSR- Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced
4. ACAR- Aluminium Conductor Aluminium Alloy Reinforced

In the substation ACSR Conductors are mostly used. In ACSR, Zebra formation of
conductors has been used.

Classification of Substation
The substation may be classified in numerous ways, few bases of classification are:
⮚ Nature of Duty
o Step- Up
o Step- Down
⮚ Service Rendered
o Transformer Substation
o Switching Substation
o Converting Substation

⮚ Operating Voltage
o High Voltage Substation (11kV-66kV)

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 o Extra High Voltage (132kV-400kV)
o Ultra-High Voltage (above 400kV)
⮚ Importance and Design
o Indoor Substation
o Outdoor Substation

Air Insulated Substations

An air-insulated substation (AIS) is one where the main circuit potential is insulated
from the ground by air using porcelain or composite insulators and/or bushings.
AIS is fully composed from air-insulated technology components such as circuit
breakers, disconnecting switches (disconnectors), surge arrestors, instrument
transformers, power transformers, capacitors, busbars, and so on, and the
components are connected to each other by stranded flexible conductors, tubes,
or buried power cables. AIS is the most common type of substation, accounting for
more than 70% of substations all over the world. AIS are normally used for outdoor
substations and are easy to expand. They are simple to handle and easy to access.

Limitations of AIS:
● Large dimensions due to required clearances and poor dielectric strength of
air.
● Insulation deterioration with ambient condition and susceptibility to physical
conditions.
● Regular maintenance is required.

Gas Insulated Substations

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A gas insulated substation (GIS) is a high voltage substation in which the major
structures are contained in a sealed environment with sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
gas as the insulating medium. This technology was developed to make substations
as compact as possible. The safety span(clearance) required for all equipment is
much lower than that required for air insulated substation; comparatively GIS
requires only 10% of the space required for AIS. The main advantage of GIS is the
safety it provides, lesser space requirements and resistance to physical factors. SF6
is used as primary insulating medium due to its superior dielectric properties which
allow its usage at moderate pressure for phase to phase and phase to ground
insulation.

Fig 3. 220kV GIS system room and name plate details

Additionally, due to it being enclosed in a closed enclosure it is less sensitive to

pollution, sand, large amounts of snow and other physical factors. All though initial
cost of GIS is higher than AIS, the operation and maintenance costs of GIS are much
lesser.
Main Drawbacks of GIS:
● High cost compared to AIS.
● Excess damage in case of an internal fault.
● Diagnosis of internal fault and rectifying takes very long time.
● SF6 gas pressure must be monitored in each compartment.
● Reduction in pressure of SF6 gas in any module results in flash over and faults.
● SF6 causes ozone depletion and global warming.

Single Line Diagram

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Single line diagram is the representation of a power system using the simple symbol
for each component. The single line diagram of a power system is the network
which shows the main connections and arrangement of the system components
along with their data (such as output rating, voltage, resistance and reactance,
etc.).

Fig 4. Single Line Diagram of 220kV Kashmere Gate Substation.

Transformers
A transformer is a static machine which transfers electrical energy from one circuit
to another through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly
used to increase (‘step up’) or decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels between
circuits. They work on the principle of mutual induction of electrical energy from

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one circuit to another. Transformers are used in every transmission and distribution
system.

Working of a Transformer
The alternating current through the winding produces a continually changing and
alternating flux that surrounds the winding. If another winding is brought close to
this winding, some portion of this alternating flux will link with the second winding.
As this flux is continually changing in its amplitude and direction, there must be a
changing flux linkage in the second winding or coil.
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, there will be an EMF
induced in the second winding. If the circuit of this secondary winding is closed,
then a current will flow through it. A transformer that increases voltage between
the primary to secondary windings is defined as a step-up transformer. Conversely,
a transformer that decreases voltage between the primary to secondary windings
is defined as a step-down transformer.
The flux linkages in primary windings:
𝜆1 = 𝑁1 𝜙
Where 𝜆1 is the flux linkage, 𝑁1 is the number of turns of primary winding and 𝜙 is
the total amount of the flux.
EMF induced is given by:
𝑑𝜆1 𝑑𝜙
𝑒1 = = 𝑁1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜙 = 𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡)
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
So, 𝑒1 = 𝜔𝑁1 𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜔𝑡)
𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where 𝐸1 is the rms value of induced voltage.
𝐸1 𝑁1
= =𝑎
𝐸2 𝑁2
Where a is the transformation ratio.

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Benefits of Using a Transformer
The reason for transforming the voltage to a much higher level is that, higher
distribution voltages imply lower currents for the same power and therefore lower
I2*R losses along the networked grid of cables. These higher AC transmission and
distribution voltages and currents can then be reduced to a much lower, safer and
usable voltage level where it can be used to supply electrical equipment in our
homes and workplaces using the basic Voltage Transformer.
Transformers are capable of either increasing or decreasing the voltage and current
levels of their supply, without modifying its frequency, or the amount of electrical
power being transferred from one winding to another via the magnetic circuit.
Another benefit of using transformer is that they offer high efficiency. A
transformer does not require any moving parts to transfer energy. This means that
there are no friction or windage losses associated with other electrical machines.
However, transformers do suffer from other types of losses called “copper losses”
and “iron losses” but generally these are quite small.

Components of a Transformer
A transformer is made of several different parts that function in their own different
ways to enhance the overall functioning of a transformer. These include core,
windings, insulating materials, transformer oil, tap changer, conservator, breather,
cooling tubes, Buchholz Relay and explosion vent. The core, windings, insulating
materials and transformer oil are seen in almost every transformer, while the other
components are seen in transformers that are more than 50 KVA.
1. Core
The core of the transformer is used to support the windings. It is made of soft
iron to reduce eddy current loss and Hysteresis loss, and provides low
reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. The diameter of a
transformer’s core is directly proportional to copper loss and inversely
proportional to iron loss.

2. Windings
Windings consist of several copper coil turns bundled together; each bundle
connected to form a complete winding. Windings can be based either
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 on the input-output supply or on the voltage range. Windings that are
based on supply are classified into primary and secondary windings,
meaning the windings to which the input and output voltage is applied
respectively. On the other hand, windings based on voltage range can
be classified into high voltage and low voltage windings.

3. Transformer oil
The transformer oil insulates as well as cools the core and coil assembly. The
core and windings of the transformer must be completely immersed in
the oil that normally contains hydrocarbon mineral oils.

4. Conservator
The conservator is an airtight metallic cylindrical drum fitted above the
transformer that conserves the transformer oil. It is vented at the top
and is filled only half with the oil to allow expansion and contraction
during temperature variations. However, the main tank of the
transformer with which the conservator is connected is completely
filled with the oil through a pipeline.

5. Breather
The breather is a cylindrical container filled with silica gel, which is used to
keep the air that enters the tank moisture-free. This is because the
insulating oil when reacts with moisture can affect the insulation and
cause internal faults, which is why it is a must to keep the air free from
moisture. In the breather, when the air passes through the silica gel, the
moisture contents are absorbed by the silica crystals.

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 Fig 5. Silica Gel used in Breather in fresh and used condition respectively.

6. Tap changer
To balance voltage variations within the transformer, tap changers are used.
There are two types of tap changers – on load and off load. In on load
tap changers, tapping can be changed without isolating transformer
from the supply, while in off load, the transformer needs to be
disconnected from the supply.

7. Buchholz Relay
Placed over the connecting pipe that runs from the main tank to conservator
tank the Buchholz Relay senses the faults occurring within the
transformer. It operates by the gases emitted due to decomposition of
transformer oil during internal faults. Thus, this device is used to sense
and in turn protect the transformer from internal faults.

8. Radiator
Radiator is a bank of hollow pipe line which is used to transfer the
thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling.
Some Bank are used at the power transformer for cooling the
transformer oil as well as reduces the winding temperature under
loading condition. The radiators are connected to the transformer
through pipe line at upper and lower side of the transformer.

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 Fig 6. Radiator working in Transformer.

It works on the principle that warm oil increases in volume and comes
to the upper portion of the main tank and this heated oil enters in the
radiator through top valve and cools down by dissipating heat through
the thin radiator wall. This cold oil comes back to the main tank through
the bottom valve. This cycle is repeated continuously till the load is
connected to the transformer. Dissipation of heat radiator can be
increased by usage of forced air provided by means of fans. At higher
rating transformers (i.e. <= 50 MVA Tr.), an oil pump may be used for
speeding up oil circulation.

9. Winding temperature Indicator

Winding temperature Indicator indicates winding temperature of the
transformer. It is placed in oil filled pocket in transformer tank top

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 cover. It has two flexible capillary tubes and a maximum temperature
indicator. Heating resistance is fed by the current transformer.
Temperature shown by the instrument is temperature of oil and
winding temperature, i.e. hotspot temperature.
It has two switches for fan and motor pump control and other two for high
temperature warning alarm and trip circuit contact.

Fig 7. WTI installed in Marshalling Box.

10. Oil Temperature Indicator

Oil Temperature Indicator indicates oil temperature of the transformer and
operates the alarm, trip, and cooler control contacts. This instrument
operates on the principle of thermal imaging and it is not an actual
measurement.
The (OTI) oil temperature indicator consists of a sensor bulb, capacity tube,
and a dial thermometer, the sensor bulb is fitted at the location of
hottest oil. The sensor bulb and capacity tube are fitted with an
evaporation liquid. The vapour pressure varies with temperature and is
transmitted to a bourdon tube inside the dial thermometer, which
moves in accordance with the changes in pressure, which is
proportional to the temperature. In OTI, there are 2 (two) nos. of
mercury switch i.e. (S1 and S2). S1 is used for Alarm and the S2 switch
is used for Trip.

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 Fig 8. WTI and OTI in Marshalling Box.

11. Bushing
The Bushing of power transformer is a type of porcelain or ebonite post
insulator put on the top or side of the transformer tank through which
connections are made to the external circuit.

Fig 9. Bushing of a Transformer.

The types of bushing are as follows:

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● Porcelain insulator bushing used up to 11 kV.
● Oil filled bushings consisting of a hollow porcelain cylinder of
special shape with a hollow tube-shaped conductor through its
centre used for the voltage above 33 kV.
● Capacitor type bushing made of thick layers of bakelized paper
alternating with thin graded layers of tin foil being covered by a
porcelain rain shed and filled up with bitumen in the annular
space between the rain shed and the bushing used in outdoor
sub-station for the voltage above 33 kV.

Fig
10. Various Components on a Transformer.

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 Fig 11. Breather and Buchholz Relay on a Transformer.

Tap Changers
The voltage output of the secondary winding can be changed by changing the
numbers of turns of the transformer provided with taps. There are two types of tap
changers.
1. Off- load tap changer
2. On- load tap changer
Off-Load Tap Changer:
In this method the transformer is disconnected from the main supply when the
tap setting is to be changed. The tap settings are changed manually. This
method is only for small transformers where turning off a transformer won’t
cause large power loss.
On-Load Tap Changer:
When the supply cannot be interrupted and tap changing has to be done
necessarily while the load is connected, the on-load tap changers are used.

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 It is ensured that first the new tap connection is set and then the old tap
connection is removed otherwise the high amount of current can cause damage
to the transformer.

Fig 12. On Load Tap Changer of the Transformer.

While tapping, two essential conditions are to be fulfilled:

● The load circuit should not be broken to avoid arcing and prevent the
damage of contacts.
● No parts of the windings should be short–circuited while adjusting the
tap.

Tests on Transformers
Dissolved Gas Analysis
Dissolved gas analysis is the study of dissolved gases in transformer oil. DGA usually
consists of sampling the oil and sending the sample to a laboratory for analysis.
Insulating materials within transformers and electrical equipment break down to
liberate gases within the unit. The distribution of these gases can be related to the
type of electrical fault, and the rate of gas generation can indicate the severity of
the fault. The identity of the gases being generated by a particular unit can be very
useful information in any preventative maintenance program.
By analysing the volume, types, proportions, and rate of production of dissolved
gases, much diagnostic information can be gathered. Since these gases can reveal
the faults of a transformer, they are known as "fault gases". Gases are produced by

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oxidation, vaporization, insulation decomposition, oil breakdown and electrolytic
action.
The DGA technique involves extracting the gases from the oil and injecting them
into a gas chromatograph (GC). Detection of gas concentrations usually involves
the use of a flame ionization detector (FID) and a thermal conductivity detector
(TCD).

Break Down Voltage Test

The transformer oil is used in the transformer for insulation as well as for cooling
purpose. The different insulating materials have different dielectric strength. The
insulating material should sustain the voltage up to its dielectric strength. If the
voltage is increased above the specified dielectric strength of the insulating
material, the current starts flowing through it and eventually the material get
permanently punctured.
The dielectric strength of the oil gets deteriorated with the absorption of the
moisture. That is why the breather filled with silica gel is used in transformer so
that external moisture during breathing can be trapped in silica gel. The reliability
of the transformer can be ensured if all the parameters of the transformer oil are
as per the standard.
The sample is taken out from the transformer tank and the BDV of the oil is checked
by BDV tester. The BDV tester is basically a high voltage unit and the voltage can be
regulated from 0–70 KV. The tester has two electrodes separated usually by 2.5
mm distance.

Fig 13. Electric Arc method for determination of Breakdown Voltage.

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Dielectric strength or breakdown voltage (BDV) of the oil must be periodically
checked to ensure trouble-free operation of the transformer.

Transformers at DTL- Kashmiri Gate

The DTL Kashmiri Gate 220kV substation has a total of 4 transformers, 2 of them
are 220kV to 33kV transformers with a territory winding of 11kV. There are two
more transformers of 33kV to 11kV rating and 16MVA and 20 MVA power ratings.
The load has been shared between the two 220kV transformers.

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CONTROL PANELS
Control Panels are provided in the substations for control and measurement of
various parameters of transformers, feeder cables and supply cables. It allows DC
control of AC power system.
Substation control panel provides:
● Telemechanical control of the substation (sending/receiving signals of
telecommands, telemetry and tele signalling)
● Remote control of the substation (using integrated controls and indicating
devices)
● Collection and transmission of the telemetry and diagnosing data via digital
channels of the data transmission network (DTN)

Fig 14. 11kV Control Panels

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Equipments on 11kV Incomer control panel
● Ammeter- Used to measure the value of current in the line.
● Ammeter Switch- Used to select the phase for which the current has to be
measured.
● Breaker Control- Used to toggle the circuit breaker control.
● High Speed Trip Relay- It provides immunity to capacitance discharge
currents & power to the coil is cut off at operation.
● Non- Trip Alarm Aux Relay- Gives alarm when Trip circuit isn’t working.
● DC control supply supervision Relay- This relay is used to supervise the DC
supply.
● PT Fuse Failure Relay- The relay monitors the healthiness of PT fuses.
● kWH Meter- kWh meter is the electric meter that measures the amount of
electrical energy in kWh that was consumed.
● IDMT O/C and E/F Relay- It stands for Inverse Definite Minimum Time Over
current and Earth Fault Relay. As the name suggests it helps in detecting over
current and earth faults and operate accordingly.
Equipments on 220kV DMRC panel
● Meters- Ammeter, Voltmeter, MW, MVAr meter
● Isolator (Bus-1, Bus-2, Line)
● Circuit Breaker
● Ammeter, Voltmeter Switches
● Line Differential Relay
● Distance Relay
● kWH Meter
● DC control Supply supervision Relay
● PT Fuse Failure Relay

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 Fig 15. DMRC Circuit-II control Panel

RELAY
Relay is a switch which controls (open and close) circuits electromechanically. The
main operation of this device is to make or break contact with the help of a signal
without any human involvement in order to switch it ON or OFF. It is mainly used
to control a high-powered circuit using a low power signal. Generally, a DC signal is
used to control circuit which is driven by high voltage like controlling AC home
appliances with DC signals from microcontrollers.

Fig 16. Working of a Relay

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Other than the Electromagnetic relay there are many other types of relays which
work on different principles. Its classification is as follows

Types of Relay Based on the principle of operation

1. Electrothermal relay:
When two different materials are joined together it forms into a
bimetallic strip. When this strip is energized it tends to bend, this
property is used in such a way that the bending nature makes a
connection with the contacts.
2. Electromechanical relay:
With the help of few mechanical parts and based on the property of an
electromagnet a connection is made with the contacts.
3. Solid State relay:
Instead of using mechanical parts as in electrothermal and
electromechanical relays, it uses semiconductor devices. So, the
switching speed of the device can be made easier and faster. The main
advantages of this relay are its more life span and faster switching
operation compared to other relays.
4. Hybrid relay:
It is the combination of both electromechanical and solid-state relays.

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 Fig 17. Line Differential Relay it is a numerical relay

BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Buchholz relay is a type of oil and gas actuated protection relay universally used on
all oil immersed transformers having rating more than 500 kVA.
Buchholz relay is used for the protection of transformers from the faults occurring
inside the transformer. Short circuit faults such as inter turn faults, incipient
winding faults, and core faults may occur due to the impulse breakdown of the
insulating oil or simply the transformer oil. Buchholz relay will sense such faults and
closes the alarm circuit.
Buchholz relay relies on the fact that an electrical fault inside the transformer tank
is accompanied by the generation of gas and if the fault is high enough it will be
accompanied by a surge of oil from the tank to the conservator.
Whenever a fault occurs inside the transformer, the oil in the transformer tank gets
overheated and gases are generated. The generation of the gases depends mainly
on the intensity of fault produced. The heat generated during the fault will be high
enough to decompose the transformer oil and the gases produced can be used to
detect the winding faults. This is the basic principle behind the working of the
Buchholz relay.

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 Fig 18. Buchholz Relay

Buchholz relay operates during three conditions:

1. Whenever gas bubbles are formed inside the transformer due to severe fault.
2. Whenever the level of transformer oil falls.
3. Whenever transformer oil flows rapidly from the conservation tank to the
main or from the main tank to the conservation tank.

Advantages of Buchholz Relay:

● Buchholz relay indicates inter turn faults and faults due to heating of core
and helps in the avoidance of severe faults.
● Nature and severity of fault can be determined without dismantling the
transformer by testing the air samples.
Limitation of Buchholz relay

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It can sense the faults occurring below the oil level only. The relay is slow and has
a minimum operating range of 0.1 second and an average operating range of 0.2
seconds.

Circuit Breaker
An electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated manually
and automatically for controlling and protecting an electrical power system.
During a short circuit fault or any other type of electrical fault (such as electric cable
faults), a high fault current will flow through this equipment as well as the power
network itself. This high current may damage the equipment and networks
permanently. The circuit breaker is the special device which does all the required
switching operations during current carrying condition.

Fig 19. Circuit Breaker

The circuit breaker mainly consists of fixed contacts and moving contacts. In normal
“ON” condition of the circuit breaker, these two contacts are physically connected
to each other due to applied mechanical pressure on the moving contacts. There is
an arrangement stored potential energy in the operating mechanism of circuit
breaker which is released if the switching signal is given to the breaker. The

30
potential energy can be stored in the circuit breaker by different ways like by
deforming metal spring, by compressed air, or by hydraulic pressure.
According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as-
1. Oil circuit breaker-
In this type of circuit breaker oil is used, but mineral oil is preferable.
Used up to voltages 245kV.

2. Air circuit breaker-

This circuit breaker will operate in the air; the quenching medium is an Arc at
atmospheric pressure.
Used in voltages below 450V.

3. SF6 circuit breaker-

In the SF6 circuit breaker the current carrying contacts operate in sulphur
hexafluoride gas is known as an SF6 circuit breaker. It is an excellent
insulating property and high electro-negativity.
Used in voltages from 33kV to 800kV.

4. Vacuum circuit breaker-

A Vacuum circuit breaker is a circuit which vacuum is used to extinct the arc. It has
dielectric recovery character, excellent interruption and can interrupt the
high frequency current which results from arc instability, superimposed on
the line frequency current. It is used up to voltages below 30kV.

Lightning Arrestor
The device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the substations
against travelling waves, such type of device is called lightning arrester or surge
diverter. In other words, lightning arrester diverts the abnormal high voltage to the
ground without affecting the continuity of supply. It is connected between the line
and earth, i.e., in parallel with the equipment to be protected at the substation.
The lightning arrester is located close to the equipment that is to be protected.
They are usually connected between phase and ground in an AC system and pole
and ground in case of the DC system. In an AC system, separate arrester is provided
for each phase.

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In an extra-high voltage AC system, the surge diverter is used to protect the
generators, transformers, bus bars, lines, circuit breakers, etc. In HVDC system the
arrester is used to protect the buses, valves, converter, unit reactors, filter, etc.

Earthing Switch
Earthing switches are safety devices which are integral parts of circuit breakers.
When a circuit breaker is removed and racked out, the sections of the bus bar
adjacent to the circuit breaker are automatically earthed by means of these
switches.
This protects the maintenance personnel from accidental voltages. The closing
action of the earthing switch is of snap action type. Earthing switches are usually
dimensioned to withstand short circuit currents. Earthing switches can also be
motorised.

Fig 20. Earthing Switch

Earthing switches are usually used in conjunction with isolators. When the
isolator isolates the circuits, the earthing switches make contact with the busbar
and discharge any charges which may have accumulated there.

Isolator

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Circuit breaker always trips the circuit but open contacts of breaker are not visible
physically from outside of the breaker, and that is why it is recommended to not
touch any electrical circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker. So, for better
safety, there must be some arrangement so that one can see the open condition
of the section of the circuit before touching it.
The isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of the circuit from the
system as when required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from
rest for safe maintenance works.
Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the
electrical power. Isolators are used to open a circuit under no load. Its main
purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended
to be opened while current is flowing in the line. Isolators are generally used on
both ends of the breaker so that repair or replacement of circuit breaker can be
done without any danger.

Fig 21. Isolator.

Symbol:
Types of Electrical Isolators
Depending upon the position in the power system, the isolators can be
categorized as

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 1. Bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with main bus
2. Line side isolator – the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder
3. Transfer bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with transfer
bus.

Fig 22. Moving parts of an Isolator.

Difference between Isolator and Circuit Breaker

Isolator Circuit Breaker

● Connected on no-load. ● Connected on-load devices.
● An isolator is a mechanical ● Circuit breaker is an electronic
equipment and it works as a device made up of solid-state
switch.

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 ● To make sure that a system is components like MOSFETs and
completely isolated, a physical BJTs.
and mechanical on-site ● When circuit breaker trips due
isolation system is used. to a certain fault then we
● Isolators have overall lower cannot make sure whether or
capacity of withstanding not a faulty area is completely
current and voltage relative to isolated because circuit-
circuit breaker. breakers are mostly installed
remotely.

Current Transformer
Current Transformer (C.T.) is designed to produce an alternating current in its
secondary winding which is proportional to the current being measured in its
primary. Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value
and provide a convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current
flowing in an AC transmission line using a standard ammeter.
The current transformer consists of only one or very few turns as its primary
winding. This primary winding can be of either a single flat turn, a coil of heavy-
duty wire wrapped around the core or just a conductor or bus bar placed through
a central hole.
Due to this type of arrangement, the current transformer is often referred too as a
“series transformer” as the primary winding, which never has more than a very few
turns, is in series with the current carrying conductor supplying a load.

Fig 23. Current Transformer.

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Current transformers can reduce or “step-down” current levels from thousands of
amperes down to a standard output of a known ratio to either 5 Amps or 1 Amp
for normal operation. Thus, small and accurate instruments and control devices can
be used with CT’s because they are insulated away from any high-voltage power
lines. There are a variety of metering applications and uses for current transformers
such as with Wattmeter’s, power factor meters, watt-hour meters, protective
relays, or as trip coils in magnetic circuit breakers, or MCB’s.

Voltage Transformer
Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets used in electrical power system
for stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings
meters and relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for protection
and metering, are designed for low voltage.

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

As the name suggests this transformer allows us to keep the voltage at constant
voltage using capacitor connected across the winding.
With the popularisation of PCs, the constant voltage transformers (CVTs) have also
become equally popular. The CVT is simply a magnetic transformer of a special
construction that has a capacitor connected across the secondary winding of the
transformer. In an ordinary transformer, the primary and secondary windings are
wound near each other so that whenever there is a change of voltage across the
primary there is a corresponding change in the secondary voltage depending upon
the ratio of the turns on the two windings. However, in a CVT the primary and
secondary windings are wound separately from each other, as illustrated in figure.
To set up field in between the coils, a separate shunt path is provided between the
two windings but an airgap is formed in the shunt path. A capacitor is connected
across suitable tappings of the secondary winding.

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Capacitor Bank
The power supplied by any electrical generating system can be divided into two
parts active and reactive power. Active power is expressed in Kilo Watts (kW) or
Mega Watts (MW) and reactive power is represented in Kilo VAR or Mega VAR.
A power system requires reactive power to fulfil power demand of inductive loads
like electric motor, electrical transformers, inductance of transmission and
distribution networks and induction furnaces, etc. The reactive power should be
properly compensated to avoid low power factor. Low power factor causes current
in the power system to increase, which in turn increases the Ohmic losses of the
system.

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 Active Power  V I c o s

When c o s (Power Factor) of a system reduces, current increases to increase the

Ohmic losses.
There are two techniques used for reactive power compensation, and they are:
1. Synchronous Condensers
In this technique an over excited synchronous motor is used to improve
the poor power factor of a power system. Main advantage of using
synchronous motor is that the improvement of power factor is smooth and
it allows us to regulate the reactive power.

2. Static Capacitors or Capacitor Banks

The main disadvantage with Synchronous Condensers is that they are very
expensive compared to capacitors and hence are only used in very high
voltage transmission systems.

Static capacitors can be further divided into two categories:

1. Shunt Connected Capacitors:

Shunt capacitors reactive power generation is proportional to the square of the
voltage (V2/Xc). For the same voltage improvement, the rating of the shunt
capacitors will be higher than that of series capacitors.

2. Series Connected Capacitors:

In series capacitors reactive power generation is proportional to the square of the
load current (I2Xc). The cost of installation of series capacitors is higher than
that of the shunt capacitors. This is because the protective equipment for the
series capacitors is often complicated. In addition to that, series capacitors
are generally designed for higher power to cope up with the future increase
in the load. Series capacitors are more effective on distribution circuits with
higher X/R ratio and for load variations involving a higher reactive content.
Series capacitors are generally employed to improve the stability of the system and
shunt capacitors are generally employed to improve the power factor of the

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system. So, a hybrid combination of series and shunt connection is used in practical
applications.

Measurement of Capacitance
Capacitors are rated by the storing characteristic referred to as capacitance which
is measured by the scientific unit, farad. Each capacitor will have a fixed value that
they are rated at storing which can be used in combination with other capacitors in
a capacitor bank when there is a significant demand to absorb or correct AC power
faults or to output DC power.

Capacitor Bank At DTL- Kashmiri Gate

The DTL Kashmiri gate substation uses a capacitor bank of 350 MVA at 12kV rated
voltage. The capacitor bank is a combination of smaller units of 11.91 µF arranged
in such a way that total capacitance on each phase is 60 µF. In each phase, two
series connected combinations of parallel connected capacitors are connected. The
capacitance of parallel combinations is maintained at 120 µF so that when both the
combinations are connected net capacitance is 60 µF.

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 Fig 24. Capacitor Bank and Reactor system.

Capacitor Bank Ratings

Parameter Value
Voltage 12 kV
Frequency 50 Hz
Power 350 MVA
Reactive Power 5.4 MVAr
Insulation Level 17 Ltrs/15Kg

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 Fig 25. Name plate details of each capacitor used in Capacitor Bank.

Maximum Current Rating

P  3V I s i n 
5 . 4  1 0 6  1 2  1 03  I  1
5 . 4  1 03
I
12
I 259.807
The value matches the name plate details for the capacitor bank.

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Local Supply
The local supply to the Kashmere gate substation is provided by using the
11kV/415V transformer. This 415V supply is used to provide supply to the
substation, this makes it independent of the distribution companies and provides
regular power supply to the substation.

Diesel Generator Set

Diesel Generator is used in substations to provide power supply for substation in
emergency situations. This power supply enables lightening and other basic utilities
for the substation in the emergency conditions when power supply of the
substation fails.

Fig 33. D.G. Set at the Substation

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Battery Bank and Battery Charger
Battery Chargers in substations are used for charging battery banks and to provide
DC output to the load. A float cum boost charger is equipped with two operating
modes; float mode and boost mode. The battery is charged faster during the boost
mode to ensure that the DC current is available in case load needs supply from the
battery.

Fig 26. Float cum Boost Charger.

The battery bank is needed as all the relays works on the DC supply. It is also known
as the HEART of sub-station.
An electro-chemical source of current that possesses the capacity of accumulating
and storing energy and supplying it as electric energy is termed as Storage Battery.
The battery bank is most dependable source of DC power and is required for
following functions:
1. For closing and tripping of circuit breakers in substations.
2. For signalling equipments and remote-control apparatus.
3. For telephone services and emergency lighting in case of power plants and
substations.
4. For providing DC supply to PLCC equipments.

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Fig 27. Battery Bank at the substation.

Fig 28. Rating of Each Battery

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Maintenance Shutdown for Transformer
A shutdown was taken on 4th of July, 2019 for maintenance of Bushings on HV side
of Transformer-1 220 kV,100 MVA as a hot spot was spotted using the thermal
scanner. The overheating of a point could have led to serious damage to the whole
transformer and hence a shutdown was scheduled.
The interns and officers had reported to the substation around 6 am that morning
for the process to begin and completed before the peak load hours.
Procedure for Shutdown
1. Information about the shutdown is given to SCADA system at Minto Road,
Delhi.
2. After authorization from the SCADA system, Circuit breakers and Isolators
are toggled on control panels. First the circuit breakers are opened then
isolators are closed and then earthing is connected using earth switches.
3. Load of Transformer-1 was connected to Transformer-2 for the time being.
4. PTW (Permit to work) is issued and a board is hanged to notify about the
work being done on the control panel.
5. Earthing are connected on both the sides of the transformer where work has
to be done.

Fig 31. Opening of Circuit breakers and closing of Isolators for maintenance work.

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Maintenance work done
1. Bushings on the transformer were cleaned using a cloth to avoid formation
of path for current to flow due to sand and water in rainy seasons.
2. Screws at various terminals and points were tightened and few were
replaced to avoid loose connections.
3. Relays and various instruments on the transformers were checked.
4. Visual inspection of Transformer top was done to check for any possible
issues in foreseeable future.

Fig 32. Top view of the LV side of the Transformer.

After the maintenance work was completed the circuit was brought back to normal
condition.
The point of hotspot was checked again using the Infrared thermal scanner, and
hotspot was successfully removed.

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SCADA-Supervisory control and data acquisition
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a system of software and
hardware elements that allows substations to:
● Control industrial processes locally or at remote locations.
● Monitor, gather, and process real-time data.
● Directly interact with devices such as sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and
more through human-machine interface (HMI) software.
● Record events into a log file.
SCADA systems are crucial for industrial organizations since they help to maintain
efficiency, process data for smarter decisions, and communicate system issues to
help mitigate downtime.
The SCADA performs Electronic communication between substation and system.
SCADA system plays an important role in cases of emergency and allows
substations to be controlled remotely.
The SCADA system for DTL has been located at Minto Road, Delhi.

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Step Potential and Touch Potential
Step Potential
Step potential is the step voltage between the feet of a person standing near an
energized grounded object. It is equal to the difference in voltage, given by the
voltage distribution curve, between two points at different distances from the
electrode. A person could be at risk of injury during a fault simply by standing near
the grounding point.
Touch Potential
Touch potential is the touch voltage between the energized object and the feet of
a person in contact with the object. It is equal to the difference in voltage between
the object and a point some distance away. The touch potential or touch voltage
could be nearly the full voltage across the grounded object if that object is
grounded at a point remote from the place where the person is in contact with it.
For example, a crane that was grounded to the system neutral and that contacted
an energized line would expose any person in contact with the crane or its
uninsulated load line to a touch potential nearly equal to the full fault voltage.

Fig 29. Visual Representation of Step and Touch Potential.

To avoid electric shock in such cases:

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1. Take small steps in close vicinity of the electrical power leakage to avoid
electric shock.
2. If trapped in a car, and car body is electrically charged try to stay inside the
car as long as possible. But if its necessary to get out of the car, jump out of
the car without touching the frame of the car and jump on both your legs,
then take small steps to get out of the place.

Fig 30. Guidelines for getting out of an electricized vehicle.

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