DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RETICULATION DESIGN

Class Group :S4B

NAMES SURNAMES STUDENT NUMBERS PROJECT

PASCAL NDIZEYE 216059348 WATER

NYASHADZASHE MUNYATI 216104327 SANITARY SEWER

PIERRICK .K MWASOKA 215117484 STORMWATER

Due Date : 21 October 2019

Lecturer : Mr Muanda
1. ABSTRACT
The purpose of a reticulation system is mainly to transport water and sewerage to a
desired location.
The water reticulation system will be a means of transporting potable water to people
in a particular area.
The sewer reticulation system is designed in order to transport waste water to a
sewerage plant in the best possible way by means of gravitational flow and
channelling.
Students in the s4 class were assigned a task to design a model of a water and sewer
networking system. They were to work in groups of two, using the same portion of land
and erven and each design for a desired water demand.
This reports informs the reader about the method in which the student went about
designing the water system, the findings of what has been gathered in his experience,
some technical information is of flow through the system are mentioned, as well as
recommendations and conclusions.
Introduction
Reticulation system is the terminology used in reference to the piped water,
wastewater or storm water systems.
A sanitary sewer is an underground pipesystem for transporting sewage from
houses and commercial buildings to treatment facilities. Sanitary sewers are part of
an overall system called a sewage system or sewerage. . The Water Services
Development Plan and design defines the minimum as well as the desired level of
water service for communities, which must be adhered to by a Water Services
Provider in its area of jurisdiction. It describes the arrangements for water service
provision in an area, both present and future. the design is to cover aspects that
need to be considered when planning and implementing water supply projects for
existing residential areas and developing communities.

Overview
This project encompasses the design of water system, sanitary sewer and storm
water for a small rural town in South Africa .It manifest the success of designing
water ,sanitary sewer and storm water systems. The first section of the report gives a
brief and calculations regarding the designing of water system from population
projection to demand analysis .The second portion describes and verifies the
designed information regarding the sanitary sewer, in this section the designer
verifies the designed PDWF,PWWF,ADWF and proceed to design velocity ,sewer
pipe sizes as well as the gradient. The last section of the project is the designing of
storm water drainage for the same small rural town .
Water is the liquid state of H2O and is transparent, nearly colourless chemical
substance, which is the main constituent of earth’s oceans, streams, groundwater.
Water is one of the essential requirements for life. All living things need water for
their survival. Water is used for a variety of purposes, including drinking, irrigation
and manufacturing.
The purpose of this project is to review the design of water infrastructure and where
applicable suggest the accurate size
 1. Introduction

Water is the liquid state of H2O and is transparent, nearly colourless chemical
substance, which is the main constituent of earth’s oceans, streams, groundwater.
Water is one of the essential requirements for life. All living things need water for
their survival. Water is used for a variety of purposes, including drinking, irrigation
and manufacturing. The Water Services Development Plan and design defines the
minimum as well as the desired level of water service for communities, which must
be adhered to by a Water Services Provider in its area of jurisdiction. It describes the
arrangements for water service provision in an area, both present and future. the
design is to cover aspects that need to be considered when planning and
implementing water supply projects for existing residential areas and developing
communities.
The purpose of this project is to review the design of water infrastructure and where
applicable suggest the accurate size
2. Principle of water supply and design

Water distribution system is a component of a water supply system, it stars with water
abstraction where pumps are used to assist in sucking /abstracting water through
induction of pressure, pipes that convey water from the source to reservoir and supply
to different areas provided The primary aspects to be addressed by the design are as
follows:

 Reliable yield of source(s) of water supply.

 Route selection: length, longitudinal section, pressure, air valves, scour valves,
and control valves, slopes, access, impacts…etc.
 Pipe selection: diameter, internal pressure, external loadings, material, internal
protection, friction factor, external protection, above ground pipelines,
maintenance.
3.Method

 Verify the current information provided

 First step calculates water demand for various uses
 Verify pipe diameter, velocity, flow
 Pump design
 Storage reservoir: to calculate the capacity of reservoir
 Water distribution system design, water flows from the service reservoir to the
consumers via piping network.
The criteria of water demand can be related:
 The standard of living of the consumers to be served
 The typical industries to be served and business involved
 The climate of environment
The design must be done for both present and future
The information that has not given in the brief of project has been taken from to the
table 9.12 of hand out which is based on typical water consumption for domestic
water consumption and non-domestic water demand after verifying it was found that
the design is wrong and so it was decided to redesign using data which has been
given in project brief from the new design. And velocity has bee assumed as 1m/s
and temperature 10℃ ,ks value as 0.0015
Further it was found that the water demand is greater than source which proves that
the source can not meet the demand. It was suggested to add two bore holes so that
the source can meet the water demand.

To avoid air pockets in pipelines, the slope should be greater than 0.3%(0.3m per
100m length) or 0.2%for large-diameter piper (>200mm) (red book)
according to the elevation provided in the project while calculating the slope, the
slope was not accurate, it was too high and it affected the velocity and caused it to
be big. Therefore, it was decided to apply the other method to get the slope which is
applicable for more details see calculation in appendix (A1 to A3) this will show how
it has been done and the pipe diameter that was been calculated some has been
rounded off to the standard size of piper diameter.
The velocities in pipes should be approximately 0.6m/s and should not exceed
1.2m/s. (Red book) in the design if the velocity exceed 1.2m/s
Therefore, it seen fit to change the slope of pipe with another formula to reduce the
velocity in pipe
 2. Results and calculation

1.1 verify
1.1a
Water demand for area A
Household = 4300x5=21500 peoples
Day school =140 learners
Military barrack (house hold) =450x3=1350 peoples
Water demand for area A
House hold = 75x21500=1612500l/c/d
Day school=20x140=2800l/c/d
Military barrack (house hold) =1350x120=162000L/c/d
Total water demand for area A =1612500l/c/d +2800l/c/d+162000l/c/d
=1777300l/c/d

=0.0205𝑚3 /s=1.23𝑚3 /min

Water demand for area B
Household = 2500x4=10000 peoples
Household water demand=10000x120=1200000l/c/d
Boarding school =180x140=25200 l/c/d
Hospital (bed)=240 x220=52800l/c/d
Restaurant with bar (place)=90x90=8100l/c/d
Total water demand =1200000l/c/d+25200 l/c/d+52800l/c/d +8100l/c/d=1286100l/c/d

=0.893𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛=0.0149𝑚3 /s
Water demand for area c
House hold =1890x3=5670peoples
House hold water demand =5670x120=680400l/c/d
Day school =120x20=2400l/c/d
Restaurant bar=50x90=4500l/c/d
Total water demand =687300l/c/d=0.00795𝑚3 /s
Water demand for area d
Household =3200x7=22400people
Household =22400x75=1680000l/c/d
Factory=600000l/d
Factory workers =75x48=3600l/c/d
Restaurant=30x90=2700l/c/d
Total Water demand =2286300l/c/d=0.0264𝑚3 /s=1.588𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
Water demand for area E
Household =2750x5=13750peoples
Household =13750x75=1031250l/c/d
Day school =100X20=2000L/C/D
Boarding school =80x140=11200l/c/d
University =1200x20=24000l/c/d
Restaurant with bar=120x90=10800l/c/d
Total water demand =1079250l/c/d=0.0125𝑚3 /s=0.75𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
Sum of water demand for areas: 82.25l/s
1.2
The actual yield of the source is not sufficient to meet the water demand even if you
add the borehole totaling a yield of 19.4l/s
The actual yield of the source is32.2 to 46.9l/s while the water demand is 82.25l/s
46.9l/s +19.4l/s=66.3l/s <82.25l/s
since we found that the source can not meet the water demand we suggest to add
other 2 bole holes therefore 105.1l/s
1.3

1 the pipe diameter between the source and the reservoir

Sum of water demand for areas: 82.25l/s we add 10%

Is better to pump more water =82.2x1.1=90.475/s

 V assumed =1 m/s and temperature =10℃

 Q = 90.475𝑙/𝑠 =0.0904475𝑚3 /s
 Length from source to reservoir = 1000m
 K value = 0.0015 mm, for pvc pipes, from reticulation note table
 D=?

Minor losses in the pipe as shown below

hm Hm1 Hm2 Hm3 Hm4 Hm5 Hm6 Hm7

description entrance exit entrance Elbow Gate valve Elbow exit
flanged ¼ closed flanged
regular90° regular90°
K values 0.5 1 0.5 0.2 0.26 0.2 1

𝑉2
Hm = 𝐾 × 2𝑔

hm1 (1)2
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒=0.5× =0.0255 𝑚
2×9.81

hm2 (1)2
𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡=1× =0.051 𝑚
2×9.81

hm3 (1)2
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒=0.5× =0.0255 𝑚
2×9.81

hm4 (1)2
𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 =0.2× =0.0102 𝑚
2×9.81

hm5 Gate valve ¼ closed (1)2

=0.26× =0.013 𝑚
2×9.81

hm6 (1)2
𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤=0.2× =0.0102 𝑚
2×9.81

hm7 (1)2
𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡=1× =0.051 𝑚
2×9.81

∑Hm= = 0.186m
V assumed =1 m/s
 4𝑄 4×0.0904
D = √𝑉𝜋 = √ = 0.339m
1×𝜋

497 ×10−6 497 ×10−6 𝑚2

µ = ( 𝑇+ 42.5)1.5 = ( 10+ 42.5)1.5 = 1.307 × 10−6 𝑠

𝑣𝐷 1×0.339
Re = = 1.307×10−6 = 259372.609
𝜇

0.25
𝜆 = 5.1286 1.5×10−6
= 0.016
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ( + )
(259372.609 )10.89 3.7𝑥0.339

1250−450
Slope = =0.8 the slope is not perfect
1000

2𝑥9.81𝑥0.339𝑥0.8
√ =5.8m/s is not ok because of the slope
0.016

ℎ𝑓
therefore use s= 𝑙

𝜆𝑙
hf= 12.1𝐷5 × 𝑄 2

0.016×1000
= 12.1×0.3395 × (0.0904)2 =2.414m

Considering minor losses, to get the total head losses in the pipe

HL = ∑hm + hf

= 2.414+0.186m
=2.6m
𝐻𝑓 2.6
S= =1000=0.0026
𝐿
 2𝑔𝐷𝑆
V=√ 𝜆

2𝑥9.81𝑥0.339𝑥0.0026
V =√ 0.016

V = 1.04m/s therefore 1m/s

∴ V assumed = V calculated

4𝑄 4𝑥0.0904
D = √𝑉𝜋 = √ = 0.340 m X 1000 =340mm
1×𝜋

 D = 350mm rounded to the standard size of pipe.

the diameter of 350mm and the Q of 0.0904𝑚3 /s, the velocity in the pipe is required to
be calculated.

 Q=0.0904𝑚3 /s
 D=350mm
4𝑄
V= 𝜋𝐷2

0.0904
V= 3.14𝑥0.3502

V=1m/s

𝑣𝐷 1×0.350
Re = = 1.307×10−6 = 339575.0461
𝜇

0.25
𝜆 = 5.1286 1.5×10−6
= 0.016
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ( + )
339575.04610.89 3.7(0.350)

𝜆𝑙
Hf = 12.1𝐷5 × 𝑄 2

0.016×1000
= 12.1×0.3505 × (0. .0904)2

= 2.057m
Pipe Length Diameter Pressure
line m mm m
R-A1 800 325 98.12
A1-A 1150 165 34.035
A1-B1 300 280 104.296
B1-B 750 140 482.346
B1-C1 200 250 106.625
C1-C 500 100 64.663
C1-D1 600 250 114.295
D1-D 500 185 139.909
D1-E 600 150 114.895

areas Flow 𝑚3 /min

A 1.23
B 0.893
C 0.477
D 1.586
E 0.750
Total water 4.936
demand
1.4

The capacity of the storage reservoir to cater a supply for a period of 36hours
Total water demand is 82.25l/s but we include 10% is equal to 90.475l/s
90.475l/s=7817040l/d=7.81704Ml/d
7.81704
Average hourly demand = = 0.3257117Ml /h consider as X
24

Pumping hours :14 (5.00-19.00)

Peak hours :5.00-9.00 ,17.00-19.00
PF=2.6 assumption (red book)
Peak hourly demand=2.6 x average hourly demand
=2.6X

hours Average hourly

demand (%)
1 5.00-19.00 80
2 19-0.5 20
Compilations for arriving at the capacity of the reservoir for 14 hours pumping

Period hourly Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative

(HOURS) demand demand pumping deficit or
surplus
5.00-6.00 2.6x 2.6X 1.71x -0.89x
6.00-8.00 2.6x 7.8X 5.13x -2.67x
8.00-9.00 2.6x 10.4X 6.84x -3.56x
9.00-12.00 0.8x 12.8X 11.97x -0.83x
12.00-13.00 0.8x 13.6X 13.68x 0.08x
13.00-14.00 0.8x 14.4X 15.39x 0.99x
14.00-15.00 0.8x 15.2X 17.1x 1.9x
15.00-17.00 0.8x 16.8X 20.52x 3.72x
17.00-19.00 2.6x 22X 24x 2x
19.00-21.00 0.2x 22.4X 24x 1.6x
21.00-23.00 0.2x 22.8X 24x 1.2x
23.00-02.00 0.2x 23.4X 24x 0.6x
02.00-05.00 0.2X 24x 24x 0x

From this table it can be seen that maximum water gets accumulated at time17.00
during which the tank is filled at 3.72x capacity. Deficit of 3.56x occurs at time 9.00

The capacity of the total storage has to be the maximum deficit and surplus.
Hence =3.56x+3.72x=7.28x
The capacity of the reservoir (in Ml) =
X=0.326Ml
=0.326x7.28=2.373Ml this is for 24h therefore 2.373+(0.5x2.37) =3.558Ml for
36hours
Design a new water

Pipe R-A1
Q=0.08225𝑚3 /𝑆
Assumed V=1m/s and t°=10℃

4𝑥0.08225
Diameter =√ =0.324m
1𝑥3.14

497 10−6
u=(10+42.5)1.5=1.3065 10−6
1𝑥0.324
Re=1.306510−6 =247990.8152

1 5.1286 0.0015𝑥10−3
=-2log(247990.81520.89+ ) = 0.0015
√ 𝜏 3.7𝑥0.324

1250−1240
Slope = = 0.0125
800

to avoid air pockets in pipelines, the slope should be greater than 0.3%(0.3m per
100m length) or 0.2%for large-diameter piper (>200mm) (red book)

2𝑥9.81𝑥0.324𝑥0.0125
Velocity calculated=√ = 2.3𝑚/𝑠 >1.2m/s is not ok .accord to the red
0.0015
book
the velocities in pipes should be approximately 0.6m/s and should not exceed
1.2m/s. (Red book)
Therefore, I choose to change my slope of pipe with another formula to reduce my
velocity in pipe
0.015𝑥800𝑥0.082252
Then hf= =1.88m
12.1𝑥0.3245
ℎ𝑓 1.88
The slope = 𝐿 = 800 =0.00235=0.235% it’s ok

2𝑋9.81𝑋0.324𝑋0.00235
Therefore V=√ =1m/s therefore the diameter at R-A1 IS 324mm
0.015

take it as 350mm is a standard size diameter of piper

for more details see calculation in appendix (A1 to A3)

conclusion
In conclusion Water is one of the essential requirements for life and I’ve learned a lot in this
project how to design the water supply. The committee believes that voluntary water
transfers are the single most significant tool available for responding to these new and
changing water needs. It is nevertheless the case that transfers sometimes are
proposed without proper. Based on Reliable yield of source(s) of water supply.

Recommendation
Human activities affect the water cycle in many ways, which needs to be understood
and quantified to manage water resources responsibly and sustainably.
SANITARY SEWER – N.MUNYATI 216104327
1.Introduction
A sanitary sewer is an underground pipesystem for transporting sewage from
houses and commercial buildings to treatment facilities. Sanitary sewers are part of
an overall system called a sewage system or sewerage.
Sewage treatment is less effective when sanitary waste is diluted with stormwater,
and combined sewer overflows occur when runoff from heavy rainfall
or snowmelt exceeds the hydraulic capacity of sewage treatment plants. To
overcome these disadvantages, some cities built separate sanitary sewers to collect
only municipal wastewater and exclude storm water runoff collected in separate
storm drains. The decision between a combined sewer system or two separate
systems is mainly based on need for sewage treatment and cost of providing
treatment during heavy rain events. Many cities with combined sewer systems built
prior to installing sewage treatment have not replaced those sewer systems

Overview
This project is based on the verification of the designed information regarding the
sanitary sewer, in this section the designer verifies the designed
PDWF,PWWF,ADWF and proceed to design velocity ,sewer pipe sizes as well as
the gradient
2 Design Approach
The sanitary sewer requires the verification of the existing designed information .The
correctly verified information will be used to design the velocity ,pipe diameter sizes
as well as the grades of the sewer. In designing a sewer system, the designer must
conduct preliminary investigations, review design considerations and select basic
design data and criteria, design the sewers which include preparation of a
preliminary sewer system and design of individual sewers, and prepare contract
drawings and specifications
Sewers should be designed to flow full at the peak design flow and other
contingencies should be incorporated in the design figures used for small
communities
2.1 Principles applied in Sanitary sewer design.
The capacity of a sewer is determined by the estimated requirements of the
community at the end of the design period. The design period usually ranges
between 25 and 50 years.
In designing a sewer system, the designer must
1. conduct preliminary investigations,
2. review design considerations and select basic design data and criteria,
3. design the sewers which include preparation of a preliminary sewer system
and design of individual sewers, and prepare contract drawings and
specifications.
4. Comprehensive preliminary investigations of the area to be served are
required not only to obtain the data needed for design and construction but
 also to record pertinent information about the local conditions before
construction begins. These are
5. Maps and other drawings of the area;
6. Locations of streets, alleys, railways public parks and buildings, ponds,
streams, drainage ditches and other features and structure which may be
influenced or influence the sewer systems; A bench mark on each block of
every street; If possible contours at suitable intervals, high and low points and
changes in surface slopes; Local rainfall and runoff data, if any, otherwise
measurements in the field should be taken;
7. Character of the soil in which the sewers

2.2 Design criteria

 The general topography of the area
 The general slope
 The type of ground and the height of the water table during the wet and dry
season The number of dwellings per hectare
 The positions of present and future services in the area
 The position of the outfall works
 The positions of major obstacles like rivers, roads, railways and future
infrastructure

The design data criteria for the sewerage reticulation system:

 The minimum diameter of a rising main should be 100 mm,
 Minimum velocity = 0.9 m/s
 Maximum velocity = 3.2 m/s
 Maximum slope = 2.00%
 Minimum cover depth = 1.4m/s
 Specified outflow = 15/s
 Accommodate for 138 erven
 SANITARY SEWER CALCULATIONS

Area Total water PDWF No of Units

Household Demand (l/S)
(l/d) (l/s)
A 4300 x 5 x 75 18.663 18.663x85% 4300
=15.864
B 2500 x 4 x 120 13.8889 13.8889x85% 2500
=11.806
C 1890 x 3 x 120 7.875 7.875x85% 1890
=6.694
D 3200 x 7 x 75 19.4444 19.444x85% 3200
=16.527
E 2750 x 5 x 75 11.93576 11.936x85% 2750
=10.146

Table 2 PEAK FACTORS

LINE DESCRIPTION

A1-B1 B-BD C-C1 D-E BD-D Fall out line

Total 21500 31500 5670 13750 36150 73320
Tributary
population
Peak Factor 18 + √21.5 18 + √31.5 18 + √5.67 18 + √13.75 18 + √36.15 18 + √73.32
18 + √𝑝 4 + √21.5 4 + √31.5 4 + √5.67 4 + √13.75 4 + √36.15 4 + √73.32
4 + √𝑝

2.62097 2.4564 3.19395 2.81627 2.3983 2.11444

PF=
CALCULATIONS
To get Cum ADWF
Since PDWF= PFXADWF
15.864
A-B1 𝐴𝐷𝑊𝐹 = = 6.076
2.62

27.67
𝐵𝐷 − 𝐵 𝐴𝐷𝑊𝐹 = = 11.265
2.45
6.6694
𝐶 − 𝐶1 𝐴𝐷𝑊𝐹 = = 2.096
3.193
10.146
𝐸−𝐷 𝐴𝐷𝑊𝐹 = = 3.603
2.816
26.673
𝐷−𝐵 𝐴𝐷𝑊𝐹 = = 11.122
2.398
61.037
𝐵𝐷 − 𝑆𝑊𝐴 𝐷𝑊𝐹 = = 24.483
2.11

Using Manning Graph

A-B1 D= 120 mm & v= 1.95m/s

B1-B D=less than 75mm therefore take the minimum =100mm
B-BD D=200mm & v=1.2m/s
C-C1 D=100mm & v=1.17
C1-BD D=100mm & v=1.17mls
E-D D=100mm & v=1.78mls
D-BD D=100mm &v=1.159m/s
BD-SW D=250mm & v=1.8mls
Recommendations – Sanitary Sewer
The slope should not be steeper to produce sufficient velocity in the pipe.
The velocity in the pipe should be within the limits of 0.6.1.2m/s as stated in The
Redbook
The reason for this range of velocity is to reduce the possibilities of sedimentation
and segregation with in the sewage conduit as well as pipe damage. Sedimentation
would occur when velocities are too high as for segregation occurring when
velocities are too high. When velocities are too high it can cause the debris to act
harshly against the inside if the pipe especially at bends thus causing the pipe to
damage and deteriorate faster.
All of the pipes in the system are within the slope limitations as well as the limitations
of the velocities.

Conclusion
From the information gathered it can be concluded that this design will only be for the
purpose of learning, should this design have been for practical execution it shall not
be an adequate design, reason being: all flows in the water system are not within the
applicable rang.
The sewer system however could possibly be used as an actual design for execution
of works as many of the requirements were met, such as flow velocities being in the
specified range. This project has equipped me and I was able to covert theory
knowledge into practical assessment
 Introduction
Storm water
the drainage system very useful in developed rural and urban areas due to the
fact that there is interaction between the natural water cycle activity and the
human activity. Besides from the different water and wastewater generated from
human activities, there are various types of water requiring storm water,
drainage etc.
The surface area of the Earth is covered almost entirely with water. In its
entirety, water covers more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface. Because of
this, flooding and all the damage that encompasses it, is inevitable. Excessive
rains have caused severe flash floods. Flood control has therefore become a
vital part of any urban development project. The design of storm water pipes is
researched in this section of the report.
Storm water is based on different factors such as the responsibility to preserve
the natural environment, the desire to strive for a sustainable environment while
pursuing economic development as well the to protect the health and the safety
of the public.
The hydrologic cycle (Water cycle)
There are four main hydrologic cycle in storm water is
• Precipitation
• Surface runoff
• Ground water
• Evaporation and transpiration
Minor storm
A minor storm is a storm with a recurrence interval of 1:1 year to 1:10 year storm.
They do not cause any major disruptions to the public as the use of retention
pounds, storm water pipes and the ditches next to the side of a road is used.

Major storm
The major storm is a storm with a recurrence interval of 1:25 years, 1:50 years and
1:100 years. They cause destruction to agricultural lands and to structural properties.
To protect people from devastating floods, structures and agricultural land should not
built within 100-year flood line.

Surface Runoff
With an increase in development in an area, the greater the magnitude of the natural
environment is lost. This increase the runoff volume as an increase in impermeable
layer is present. Therefore the no longer natural discharging of runoff needs to be
replaced with manmade infrastructure and the design is to be based in accordance
to the specific area.

Curb Inlets and Manholes

Curb inlets is designed to reduce the flow of runoff down the side channels, however
with steep gradients and high intensity storms, the flow velocity is so significant that
the flow passes the entrance of theses inlets. Therefore a longer inlet is to be used
as well as a design provision of 20 percent of flow would run pass.
Design of curbs is based on:
 Channel flow volume
 Longitudinal channel gradient
Manhole is an opening to confined space used for inspection or for maintenance
purposes underground for water services. The minimum size is to be 1.3meter long
and not less than 0.5m wide to allow for maintenance purpose. For the design of
worst case, the manhole is to be placed at maximum spacing of 200meters for pipes
over 1200mm diameter.

Rational Method Design

The rational method is used by designers because it is a quick way to determine the
amount of storm water flow and also to find the minimum pipe diameter. This method
is used to do preliminary designs, although it is no always very accurate.
Rational formula:
Q = CIA/360 (in m3/s)
Q the maximum rate of runoff in m3/s
C the maximum rate of runoff in m3/s
I the average intensity of rainfall (in mm/h)
A the catchment area (ha)

. CONCLUSION

The design of the water reticulation systems must be such that the level of service is
as dignifying as anywhere else in the country. Designs should be sustainable,
reliable and durable, and accurate.
The sewer line must be able to carry the entire flow that will be collected from the
different areas. Critical thinking enabled the student to come up with new ideas in
other to solve the issue at stake
The stormwater design is done to provide a safe passage for vehicles on the road,
protect the health and safety of the public and also to protect the properties from
flood hazards. This is done through proper assessment of the area dealt with and
placing the required stormwater management strategies in place.
APPENDIX A: Storm water calculations

RURAL URBAN

% runoff factor Coefficient RXC

Grasslands= 30 0.17 0.051

Very rocky= 10 0.21 0.021

Coarse sand =20 0.03 0.006

Pans = 15 0.01 0.0015

Clay sand= 15 0.12 0.018

Farm lands= 10 0.07 0.007

Total= 0.105

% runoff factor Coefficient R X C

Flats= 30 0.5 0.15

Heavy industry=10 0.75 0.075

Light industry=15 0.65 0.0975

Central business 0.825 0.12375

district=15
Flat desert area= 10 0.075 0.0075

Sound dune hills=20 0.175 0.035

Total= 0.489

Total coefficient runoff for area A

C= (240x0.489x60%) + (240x40%x0.105)/240= 0.335
Total coefficient runoff for area B
C= (180x0.489x40%) + (180x0.105x60%)/180= 0.258
Total coefficient runoff for area C
C= (210x50%x0.489) + (210x50%x0.105)/210= 0.272
Total coefficient runoff for area D
C= (90x0.489x70%) + (90x0.489x70%) + (90x0.105x30%)/90= 0.373
Total coefficient runoff for area E
C= (125x0.489x80%) + (125x0.105x20%)/125= 0.412

6.1 APPENDIX A: Storm water calculations

1150
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑥
12
200
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 27 𝑥
23
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2587.5𝑚

MHA:

𝑇𝑐 = 20𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴 = 240𝐻𝑎
6600
𝐼=
𝑡𝑐 + 15
𝐼 = 188.57𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟𝑠

𝐶 = 0.335

𝐴𝑥𝐶 = 1.6087𝑋0.4969
𝐴𝑥𝐶 = 0.7994

𝐶𝐼𝐴
𝑄=
360
0.335𝑥188.57𝑥240
𝑄=
360
𝑄 = 42.21𝑚3/𝑠

𝑄
𝑄𝑓 =
0.8
42.21
𝑄𝑓 =
0.8
𝑄𝑓 = 52.763𝑚3/𝑠
Diameter:8.650m assumed v=0.9
Output D; 8650 therefore use D: 1200mm s=1:1500
MHC:

𝑇𝑐 = 20𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴 = 210𝐻𝑎
6600
𝐼=
20 + 15
𝐼 = 188.57𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟

𝐶 = 0.272

𝐶𝐼𝐴
𝑄=
360
0.272𝑥188.57𝑥210
𝑄=
360
𝑄 = 29.920𝑚3/𝑠

𝑄
𝑄𝑓 =
0.8
29.920
𝑄𝑓 =
0.8
𝑄𝑓 = 37.4𝑚3/𝑠

D√𝑄4/𝑣𝜋 = 7.274m

Output Diameter: 7274mm

Therefore, use D: 1200 slope= 1/1500

MHE:

𝑇𝑐 = 20𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴 = 1.6087𝐻𝑎

𝐼 = 188.57𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝐶 = 0.412
 𝐶𝐼𝐴
𝑄=
360
0.419𝑥188.75𝑥1.25
𝑄=
360
𝑄 = 27.434𝑚3/𝑠

𝑄
𝑄𝑓 =
0.8
27.434
𝑄𝑓 =
0.8
𝑄𝑓 = 34.293𝑚3/𝑠

D√𝑄4/𝑣𝜋= 6.965m

Output diameter 6965mm therefore use diameter= 1200 slope=1/1500

MHD:

Tc = 23.304mins
1293075
𝑇𝑐 = 20 min +
(0.9𝑥60)
𝑇𝑐 = 44𝑚𝑖𝑛
Therefore use the bigger tc= 44 mins

𝐴 = 90ℎ𝑎

𝐶 = 0.373

518.2
𝐼=
𝑇 0.61
6600
𝐼=
44 + 15
𝐼 = 111.864𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟

111.864𝑥0.374𝑥90
𝑄=
360
𝑄 = 10.459𝑚3/𝑠
 𝑄
𝑄𝑓 =
0.8
10.459
𝑄𝑓 =
0.8
𝑄𝑓 = 13.074𝑚3/𝑠

𝑑 = √𝑄4/𝑣𝜋= 4.301m

Output D= 4301mm therefore use D: 1200 mm slope=1/1500

MHB

L= (1150/12) x 30= 2875m

2875
𝐷 − 𝐵 𝑇𝑐 = 44 min + = 97 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
(0.9𝑥60)

2575.5
𝐴 − 𝐵 𝑇𝑐 = 20 min + = 68 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
(0.9𝑥60)
2970.833
𝐶 − 𝐵 𝑇𝑐 = 44 min + = 75 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
(0.9𝑥60)

Note: use the bigger tc which is 97 mins

𝑡𝑐 = 180ℎ𝑎
𝐶 = 0.258

𝐼(∑𝐶𝐴)
𝑄=
360
58𝑥((0.335𝑥240) + (180𝑥0.258) + (0.373𝑥90) + (125𝑥0.412) + (210𝑥0.272
𝑄=
360
𝑄 = 44.038𝑚3/𝑠

𝑄
𝑄𝑓 = 0.8= 55.048m3/s

D√𝑄4/𝑣𝜋 = 8.824m

Output 8825mm therefore diameter D: 1200 slope 1:1500

Manhole Area RUNOFF Imp. Cumulative Tc(mins) Diameter Slope
(ha) C area area (mm)
(CXA)
A-B 240 0.335 80.4 80.4 20 1200 1:500
B-WT 180 0.258 46.44 316.2 97 1200 1:500
C-B 210 0.272 57.12 57.12 20 1200 1:500
D-B 90 0.373 33.57 85.07 44 1200 1:500
E-D 125 0.412 51.5 51.5 20 1200 1:500