Methods and Methodology of Learning the Coptic Language

(Linguistic - Cultural Study)

Master Degree Thesis in Egyptology

Muhammady Fathy Muhammed

Faculty of Archaeology- Cairo University
muhammady.fathy@cu.edu.eg

Keywords:
Education, Ways, Methodology, Coptic, Teacher (Schoolmaster), School,
Student, School exercises, Syllabaries, Lists (Words, Names).

The Research "Methods and Methodology of Learning the Coptic

Language (linguistic - cultural study)" is divided into:
An Introduction, Preface; layout of Education in Egypt before the
Christianity (Ancient and Greco-Roman Egypt), and three main chapters.

the first chapter "The Education in Coptic Egypt", in which different

Coptic vocabulary function on the meaning of education or instructions ⲥⲃⲱ,
learning ϯⲥⲃⲱ and teaching ϫⲓⲥⲃⲱ, and some Etymology from other scripts
of the language of the ancient Egyptian, those from the Greek language.
Discussing the history of Education and literacy in late antique Egypt, in
which spread the Christian religion, from the second century AD to the
formal end use of the Coptic language in the Egypt during the twelfth
century.
Education was not open to males only but was open to girls, who had access
to primary schools, but males were vast majority. But elite females could
attend, pursue and attend the advanced levels of education1.
Together with the Education in the monasteries, because the Coptic
monasteries was a center of Education and knowledge, both monasteries
which were held in northern Egypt; such as the monasteries of Wadi El-
Natron, which founded by Saint Macarius (dayr anba Maqar), or the
monasteries which were held in Upper Egypt; such as the Monastery of St.
Phoibamon in Deir el-Bahari, and the monastery of St. Epiphanius in the

1
- Cribiore
R.,"Education in the Papyri", In: The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology, Edited
by Roger S. Bagnall, (Oxford 2009), 328.
1
west of Thebes1. Winlock H.2 said that cell A was a workshop for the
writers, and cell B was a school.
And in Fayyoum Oasis during the first millennium AD, through the
evidence and the archaeological remains discovered in these places. The
Education was an important element of life, especially with the spread of the
monasteries studded deserts of Egypt.

When the Christians established the Monasticism in Egypt, there were many
different styles of the Monasticism; one of them the style of saint Pachom he
Required to anyone who wants to join the monastery to spend three years
under test, and have to be learnt, because he will read the sacred book. Thus
Pachom was interested in educating the monks and erase their illiteracy, he
arranged three daily lessons in the day for beginners, and those monks had to
attend. Saint Shenoute traced and followed saint Pachom in his rules
concerning the education.

The definition of the Scriptorium which is the place where to copy the books
-specially the sacred Bible and psalms which were so important in praying-
in the monastery; like cell A in the monastery of Epiphanius at Thebes. And
the Libraries. And the different meanings that this word and origin of
language. The Scriptorium was inside the monasteries, and was relating to a
school.

Then the types of education Coptic; religious and secular. Education in late
antique Egypt in its beginning was focusing on studying the Bible, then
included all different branches of Science.
Then progression stages of scientific and education which were three stages;
the first stage was the primary education, that stage was at homes or a school
inside a nearby monastery, next to the house, this was obligatory and free.
According to the sources of late antique Egypt, there wasn’t a certain age to
join the school, as well as the duration of the study didn’t identify and not
specified. The preparations went according to each student, but it may like
the Egyptians in that period kept a custom of joining their children to school
at an early age.

1
- Wilfong, T. G., Western Thebes in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries, A Bibliographical
Survey of Jême and its Surroundings, Bulletin of American Society of Papyrologists 26,
1989, 89-145.
2
- Winlock, H. E., Crum, W. E. and Evelyn White, H. G., The Monastery of Epiphanius at
Thebes, vol. I (New York 1926), p. 25.
2
Then the second stage was specialization, this stage was mainly based on
apprenticeship special teacher, along with the study in the theological school
which was called Catechetical school. The third and final stage was of
higher Education, in that stage the education was oral, the role of the teacher
in this stage to explain the texts.
With shedding light on the role of parents in educating their children, with
mention of the writing tools and materials used in the recording and writing
the School exercises; The papyri, parchment, and paper (in later time) were
rare in the school exercises, ostraca and wooden tablets. There was a new
and practical method was invented by the Christians concerning to the
wooden tables, they covered them with waxed coat, to let the student resettle
the surface of the wax, and there were number of holes in the top of the
wooden tablets to be hanged with a nail on the wall; like that which in the
Coptic museum inv.1006 (4079). The most material which has been used
widely was ostraca, because it was cheap, easy to find anywhere all over
Egypt.

The second chapter: “the Coptic schools and teachers in late antique
Egypt”. A. the Coptic Schools: The variant Coptic vocabulary by different
function with the school; the most familiar word is ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃⲉ, this word is the
only Coptic word with the Greek letter ⲍ1, ⲙⲁ ⲛ ϯ ⲥⲃⲱ, ⲙⲁ ⲛ ϫⲓ ⲥⲃⲱ2. the
vocabularies related to school; like ϣⲕⲉⲗⲕⲓⲗ bell, chalk or the reed which
was used as a pen ⲕⲁϣ, ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉ, ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ book, notebook and ⲙⲉⲗⲁ
ink, and the original of some of these words whether Greek or Egyptian. The
definition of “school” simply is the place where exist specific activity; it is
the teaching and learning. Education in antiquity availed itself of a variety of
places. Foremost in this were existing public buildings: temples, baths,
gymnasia, and private houses3. Raffaella Cribiore has demonstrated that
elementary classes could have even taken place out in the open, in the city
streets, and even under the trees. Higher education, however, needed more
permanent structures4.
Then the history and the roles of the school in late antique Egypt, one of the
most important school at all, The School of teaching the principles of
1
- Plumely J. M., An Introductory Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect), (London 1984), 2.
2
- Crum W.E., A Coptic Dictionary, (Oxford 1939), 320; Cherix P. A., Lexique Copte Sahidique
segment d'origine égyptienne attestés en copte sahidique, (Genève 2010), 45.
3
- Majcherek G., “The Auditoria on Kom el-Dikka: A Glimpse of Late Antique Education in
Alexandria", In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fife International Congress of Papyrology, Ann
Arbor 2007, American Studies in Papyrology, (Ann Arbor 2010), 475.
4
- Cribiore, R., Gymnastics of the Mind: Greek Education in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt
(Princeton 2001) 21–34.
3
Christianity in Alexandria (Catechetical School of Alexandria1) and its role,
heads and history. Ihe first and foremost in'litution of theological learning in
Christian antiquity. Though we first hear of it as an eslablished school in the
Historia ecclesiastic of Eusebius. around the year 180.
The Auditoria on Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria the most important and
remarkable institutional complex it was an academic complex which dated
to the byzantine period and it was used in late antique Egypt.

The public schools and the Schools in the Monasteries; like cell B in the
monastery of Epiphanius, Bachatly found in the monastery of Apa
Phoibamon some ostraca written by the Greek and Coptic languages It
seems from which the existence of a school of some kind. This is confirmed
by the presence of the Coptic alphabet written in red ink at the entrance of
the courtyard leading to the Southern offering hall in the Temple of Bahari2.
It was found many school exercises for students of Copts were staying in the
cell no. 25 in the Monastery of the Archangel Michael in Naqlon in Fayom.
This is like what was followed by the Ancient Egyptians, because the school
was annexed to the temple. Establishing the school with connection to the
monastery and the church because the Coptic Church took care –and still-
with the children.

Some connection between school and temple can be observed in the fourth
century C.E. in the village of Kellis in the Dakhleh Oasis. A mud-brick
structure inside the temple of the deity “Tutu” yielded fragments of several
inscribed wooden boards of a scholastic nature, an ostracon with an exercise,
and a number of reed pens. These objects were found in the rooms of the
main structure that were divided by a partition and provided with benches.
While it is tempting to suppose that these alterations were due to the need to
adapt the rooms to school use3.
It seems that many of the teachers have been using their homes as school in
special cases or on specific days of the week, and that was a practical
solution and years4.
1
- Atiya A. S., “Catechetical School of Alexandria”, Coptic Encyclopedia 3 (New York 1991),
469-473.
2
- Bachatly C., Le Monastère de Phoebammon dans le Thébaïde, Tome II: Graffiti,
inscriptions et ostraca, II, (Le Caire 1965).
3
- Cribiore R., Gymnastics of the Mind: Greek Education in Hellenistic and Roman
Egypt, (Princeton University Press, 2001), 23.
4
- Haggag M., “Some Remarks on the Function of the Auditoria of Kom el-Dikka”,
Alexandria. Auditoria of Kom el-Dikka and Late Antique Education, The Journal of Juristic
Papyrology. Supplements 8 (Warsaw 2007), 135-139.
4
Then different Coptic vocabulary that function on the teacher; like ⲥⲁϩ in
sahidic dialect and ⲥⲁϧ in bohairic dialect, and ⲣⲉϥϯⲥⲃⲱ which occurs in the
Bible as a title of the Christ; in Gospel of Matthew 19, 61. In psalm 25, 8:
ⲉϥⲉϯⲥⲃⲱ ⲛⲛⲓⲣⲙⲣⲁⲩϣ ⲉⲛⲉϥⲙⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩⲓ “he instructs sinners in his ways”.
Some its Linguistic origins (etymology), then the teachers in Coptic
schools, their role, social status and stage of preparation and the most
famous of these teachers; such as Pantaenus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen
and Didymus the blind.

The third chapter "The Coptic School texts", this chapter is the most
important section in the thesis, these which were taught in Coptic schools,
by the Coptic teachers, the definition of educational texts “it’s refers to the
students' work inside the school or for the school at any level of the different
levels of education, and also indicates what the teachers are prepared for
pupils at school”2. There are many factors that sometimes contributed to
characterize the school exercises; writing materials, the line is written, which
finishes the text, punctuation. The writing concerning students are
characterized, because it’s slow and not perfect, size of letters is large
written in irregular lines, footnotes, and diversity in the direction of the
letters. But good and perfect writings are those that belong to teachers,
which is called "the writings of teachers" or "teacher models", which
characterized by speed, precision and perfection3, those writings were played
role of the books which were used to be copied; like the tablet of Isocrates,
is dated to the 7th century, contains Greek and Coptic texts4.

The Coptic school exercise are few, because the education was the most
verbally and oral, or they were erased after writing to rewrite again on the
ostraca, these are the reasons that most Coptic school texts mostly out of our
reach. But the most important educational Coptic texts are those that
collected and studied by Monika Hasitzka (MPER N. S. XVIII )5, KSB III

1
- Horner G., the Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Northern Dialect, 166-167.
2
- Cribiore R., "Literary School Exercises", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 116
(1997), 53.
3
- Cribiore R.,"Education in the Papyri", In: The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology, Edited
by Roger S. Bagnall, (Oxford 2009), 321.
4
- Cribiore R.,"Education in the Papyri", 328-330
5
- Hasitzka M. R. M. unter Mitarbeit von Hermann Harrauer, Neue Texte und
Dokumentation zum Koptisch-Unterricht, Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der
Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Neue Series, XVIII, (Wien, Holline 1990).
5
and some texts in the collection MPER XV1 and some other school exercises
in Berlin2.

The institutional content and teaching methods:

The historian says that the students went through an entire curriculum to
learn reading and writing in the past passing three successful successive
stages of supervised teachers scattered, where students learn reading and
writing in primary school, rules and poetry in grammar school, the art of
speech in rhetorical school3. The student was initially in primary education,
with training on the letters of the alphabet and then to skip this important
stage and up to the advanced stage of education to learn by heart Psalm or
part of the holy Gospels; like Paul the Apostle messages starting from the
third century AD4. There is Coptic text mentions that the teaching of writing
precedes reading in the school training, it concerns two Christian saints;
Paneu and Panine5. This text says: “Sinfronis learnt the art of writing and
quickly began to overtake him on the older pupils who have already started
to read”6. So, the methodology of the education in late antique Egypt was
based on main concept; it’s the sequence and gradualism from simple to
difficult, and from little to major.

The Coptic school exercises:

It followed the educational system. The students were practicing single
letters of alphabet practiced several times, and letters that are joined without
following an alphabetical order in the first stage at primary school, the
second level includes complete and incomplete alphabets, Syllabaries which
consist of consonant letters with vowels, these syllabry are divided into dual,
triple and quad. Lists of words, writing exercises, short passages: maxims,
saying, opening formula of letters repeated several times, and how to write
letters, sections and lists of spelling words and names. In advanced stage
1
Harrauer H. and Sijpesteijn P., Neue Yexte Aus Dem Antiken Untericht, MPER XV,
-
(Wien 1985).
2
- Loebenstein H. and Krause M., "Paprus Collections", Coptic Encyclopedia 3 (New York
1991), 1890-1898.
3
- Kaster R. A., "Notes on "Primary" And "Secondary" Schools in Late Antiquity",
Transactions of The American Philological Association 113 (1995), 323.
4
- Cribiore R., Higher Education in Early Byzantine Egypt, 50; Cribiore R., "Education in
the Papyri", p. 328; Cribiore R., Writing, Teachers and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt,
no. 403, Tafel LXXV.
5
- Orlandi T., Il dossier Copto del martire Psote, (Milano 1978), 95-115.
6
Cribiore R., Writing, Teachers and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt,( Atlanta 1996),
-
149.
6
training on longer passages; copies of biblical texts or of teachers' models,
grammatical and mathematical exercises were simple with numbers,
examples of addition, and tables for fractions and multiplication.

The Coptic school Exercises can be divided regarding to content to:

A- Exercises of alphabets:
Whether these letters are written in is arranged in alphabetical order.
Whether complete or incomplete. Sometimes the letters borrowed from
demotic script seven or six, according to dialect. Teaching the alphabet was
necessary to keep it well before it can be written. There are some exercises
that contain alphabets also includes training in writing.

B- Exercises of syllables:
Syllables consist of consonant letters with vowels, these syllables are
divided into dual, triple and quad, the majority of the exercises of syllables is
the triple which contains two consonants between them a vowel. The main
purpose of exercises of syllables is to teach students the pronunciation.
There are some exercises which contain alphabets and syllables. It was
divided into horizontal columns by points or vertical lines and horizontal.

C- Writing exercises:
In order to train the student to write and mastered it he must copying
exercises from other texts, such as religious texts; psalms in particular and
parts of the gospels, or to copy the usual formulas for the opening formulae
of the letters; which is the most type which is written in Coptic, ranging
from training on short sentences, and sayings, lists of names; personal and
geographical, and lists of words. Monika Hasitzka said that the word lists
were characteristic feature of the Coptic education only, reaching to the level
of long-copied texts. There are little of orthographic and grammatical
exercises, P.Vindob.K 16794 is an example of a grammatical exercise.

D- Mathematical exercises:
To let the students learn numbers and the ability to know and learn different
mathematical operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
In mathematical texts alphabet were used to express numbers. The training
was by giving the result twice, by changing the position of the numbers, for
example 1+2=3 and 2+1=3.

Then the curriculum content and teaching ways and methods, and finally
with the educational texts published; Coptic ostraca of Crum, exercises from
7
Michigan university, exercises from monastery of Epiphanius, from
Phoibamon, from Duke university, from Columbia, MPER (NS. XVIII, XV)
Collection, from IFAO, from Says collection, of Fournet Jean-luc, of Herbert
Thompson, from Greco-roman Museum, from Thebes, from Fayyoum and
from the British Museum. With the comment and said the most important of
these models with the need to say that there are many of these texts similar
in content.

The Paleography and the characteristics of the Coptic school exercises:

1- Slowness and lack of proficiency and immaturity, for the size of the
letters are large, irregular lines of writing, footnotes, and sometimes the
writing is slope and stepping out of the line. Diversity in the direction and
the size and shape of the letters and the large number of ligature that is often
not elaborate.
2- There are frequent errors in copying texts, sentences and formulas, these
errors were result of forgotten, omissions, or ignorance, some of these errors
were corrected.
3- Confusion and cannibalization between the letters which are similar in
shape and sound like ⲁ, ⲇ and ϫ, ϭ. Some letters lengthen in its end like ϣ,
ⲣ, ⲫ. This is a chronological feature makes text dating to the last centuries of
the Coptic languae, especially the 8th and 9th centuries. It sometimes contains
the page margins, and be numbered like pages of a book.
4- Some Coptic exercises were written on a material already used in other
writing texts, by erasing the text with water and then copy the exercise, This
can be seen that some letters are faint; those which belong to the erased text.
This process was a reason of missing much important information. Or use
free space on papyrus and paper to copy his exercise.
5- The student began writing the exercise with the Cross for blessing, as well
as the Chrism. Sometimes we find shape and form of the letters one, then
changed Hence we know that means more than one student have written
exercise, there is often student better than another one.
6- Rarely is a student's signature on the exercise.

In the end of the thesis, the results conclusions of this Study, the
bibliography, Indexes of the exercises, proper names, the archaeological
sites, the most important vocabularies, the hieroglyphic words, and Coptic
words, and finally the plates.

8
The Conclusion:
At the end of this thesis "Methods and Methodology of Learning the Coptic
Language (linguistic - cultural study)", it was reached following results:

Education in late antique Egypt assets attributable to the period in which

Christianity entered Egypt in the second half of the first century, when old
educational traditions stained with the new religion. The Christian
dignitaries established schools wherever they settled in their hierarchical
dioceses and leadership. The educational habits near churches and
monasteries in most areas all over Egypt.
Since the fourth century education became an important element of life in
the monastery. The monasteries were centers of knowledge; it had many
monks who worked as scribes and teachers and had libraries. The
monasteries were managing the educational process.
Saint Bakhoum was interested in the education of monks and erasing their
illiteracy to be able to read the Holy Scriptures. So he arranged for the
beginners three daily lessons in the day, they had to attend these lessons.
While the old monks were attending lessons of interpretation the divine
Scriptures on Wednesdays and Fridays. The library was opened for reading,
which contained the Bible, the sayings of the desert fathers, the work of the
martyrs, laws and canons. Sometimes had some books of stories, history,
literature and the grammar of the Coptic language.
The young children in the villages were learning to read and write
mathematics and important elements in Christianity in the Coptic language.
The advanced education was offered in the monasteries.
It’s difficult to distinguish between the letters which have been sent already
and those which used as writing exercise.
Although the Copts were interesting the education, but most of the people
were illiterate, the evidence of that many Copts asked the educated persons
to write for him because he didn’t know how to write.
Didymus the Blind educational means invented a new method to help blind
children; this is hewn letters to help them learn to read.
During the period between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries, the Copts
made efforts in order to maintain the Coptic language, which was threatened
by the superiority of the Arabic language, so, they compiled books on Coptic
grammar, vocabulary are called “introductions and ladders”. Those books
that helped to teach the Coptic language in Europe, which began in the 17th
century by both Kircher and Stern.

9
Selected Bibliography:

Al-Suryani M., Ancient and Contemporary Christian Education in the Coptic

Church of Egypt, M.A thesis, (Princeton Theological Seminary, 1955).
Antoniak I., "New Ostraca from Thebes", In: Christianity and Monasticism
in Upper Egypt, Vol. 2 Nag Hammadi-Esna, (New York, Cairo, 2010).
Bagnall R. S., Egypt: from Alexander to the Copts, (London, 2004).
Bagnall R. S., Egypt in the Byzantine World 300-700, (Cambridge, 2007).
Bagnall R. S., Late Antique Egypt, the Oxford Handbook of Papyrology,
(Oxford, 2009), 427-451.
Bachatly C., Le Monastère de Phoebammon dans la Thébaïde, Tome II:
Graffiti, inscriptions et ostraca, Publications de la Société d’archéologie
copte. Rapports de fouilles, (Cairo, 965).
Bacot S., "Ostraca Grecs Et Coptes Des Fouilles Franco-Polonaises sur Le
Tell Edfou", Bibliothèque d’Études coptes 19 (2009), 201-207.
Bell H. I., Egypt from Alexander the great to the Arab Conquest, (Oxford,
1966).
Biedenkopf-Ziehner A., Koptische Ostraka II: Ostraka aus dem Ashmolean
Museum in Oxford, (Wiesbaden, 2000).
Boak A. E. R., "Greek and Coptic School Tablets at the University of
Michigan", Classical Philology 16, no. 2, (1921), 189-194.
Boak A. E. R., A Coptic Syllabary at the University of Michigan",
Agegyptus 4 (1923), 296-7.
Boaval B., "Le Cahier scolaire d Aurelios Papnouthion", Zeitschrift für
Papyrologie und Epigraphik 17 (1975), 225-235.
Boud'hors A., Monastic Estates in Late Antique and Early Islamic Egypt:
Ostraca, Papyri, and Studies in Honour of Sarah Clackson, American
Studies in Papyrology 46, (American Society of Papyrologists, 2009).
Boud'hors A., Ostraca grecs et coptes des Fouilles de Jean Maspero À
Baouit (O. Bawit IFAO 1-67 et O. Nancy, IFAO, Bibliothèque D'Études
Coptes 17, le Caire, 2004.
Boud'hors A. et Heurtel Ch., "Exercice de grece sur un Éclat de Calcaire",
Memnonia 16 (2005), 55-58.
Bowman A. K., Egypt after the Pharaohs, (British Museum Press, 1996).
Breen A. B., "Three Coptic Papyri from the Michigan Collection",
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 59 (1985), 30-32.
Brune Karl-Heinz., "Schooldays in the Fayoum in the First Millennium",
Christianity and Monasticism in the Fayoum Oasis: Essays from the 2004
International Symposium of the Saint Mark Foundation and the Saint

10
Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society in Honor of Martin Krause,
edited by Gabra G., (Cairo and New York: The American University in
Cairo Press, 2005), 34–43.
Bucking S., "A Sahidic Coptic Manuscript in the Private Collection of Lloyd
E. Cotsen (P. Cotsen 1) and the Limits of Papyrological Interpretation",
Journal of Coptic Studies 8 (2006), 55-78.
Bucking S., "Scribes and Schoolmasters? On Contextualizing Coptic and
Greek Ostraca Excavated at The Monastery of Epiphanius", Journal of
Coptic Studies 9 (2007), 21-47.
Bucking S., "On the Training of Documentary Scribes in Roman, Byzantine
and Early Islamic Egypt: A Contextualized Assessment of the Greek
Evidence", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 159 (2007), 229-247.
Caminos R. A., "A Fragmentary Hiratic Schoo-Book in the British Museum
(pap. B.M. 10298)", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 54 (1968), 114-120.
Clarysse W., "A Propos de Quelques Exercices Scolaires (Melenages Victor
Loret)", Bulletin de l' Institute Francais D’Archeologie Orientale 30 (1931),
417-423.
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(American Studies Papyrology 36, Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1996.
Cribiore R., "Literary School Exercises", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und
Epigraphik 116 (1997), 53-60.
Cribiore R., Gymnastics of the Mind Greek Education In Hellenistic and
Roman Egypt, (Oxford, 2001).
Cribiore R., "The Coptic School Exercises in the Collection of Columbia
University", Akten des 23. Internationalen Papyrologen-Kongresses, Wien
22.–28 Juli 2001, edited by Bernhard Palme, Vienna: Verlag der
sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Austrian Academy of
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Cribiore R., "A School Tablet from the Hearst Museum", Zeitschrift für
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Cribiore R., "Education in the Papyri", In: The Oxford Handbook of
Papyrology, Edited by Roger S. Bagnall, (Oxford, 2009), 321-337.

11
Cribiore R., "Higher Education in Early Byzantine Egypt", Egypt in the
Byzantine World 300-700, edited by Bagnall R., (Cambridge, 2007), 47-66.
Crum W. E., Coptic Ostraca from the Collections of the Egypt Exploration
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D´Archeologie Copte 6 (1940), 91-108.
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of the Middle Ages?", The Culture of The Oasis from The Antiquity to The
Modern Age, Instituto Italiano di Cultura del Cairo, El Kharga, 22-27
October 1998, 239-244.
Galant L., "Un Ostracon calcareo Greco-copto del Museo di Firenze", studi
italiani di filologia classica 9 (1901), 194-198.
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Bunson M., (New York, 1995).
Hall H. R., Coptic and Greek Texts of the Christian Period from Ostraca,
Stelae etc. in the British Museum, (London, 1905).
Husselman E. M., "A Bohairic School Text on Papyrus", Journal of Near
Eastern Society 6 (1947), 129-151.
Kahle P. E., Bala'izah Coptic Texts from Deir El-Bala'izah In Upper Egypt,
2 vols., (London, 1954).
Kaster R. A., "Notes on "Primary" And "Secondary" Schools in Late
Antiquity", Transactions of the American Philological Association 113
(1995), 323-346.
Parsons P. J., "A School-Book from the Sayce Collection", Zeitschrift für
Papyrologie und Epigraphik 6 (1970), 133-149.
Pezin, M., "Exercice scolaire avec psaume en copte (P. Sorbonne inv. 2490
et 2524): amulette chrétienne?", Cahiers de recherches de l'Institut de
Papyrologie et Égyptologie de Lille 12 (France, 1990), 131-133.

12
Robinson J., "The First Christian Monastic Library", Acts of the 3rd
International Congress of Coptic Studies, 20-25 August 1984, (Warsaw,
1990), 371-378.
Sobhy G. P. G., "Education in Egypt during the Christian Period and
amongst the Copts", Bulletin de la Sociéte D´Archeologie Copte 9 (1943),
103-122.
Stefanski E. and Lichtheim, M., Coptic Ostraca from Medinet Habu,
(Chicago, 1952).
Szabat E., "Teachers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Fifth - Seventh): A
Historical Study and Prosopography", Alexandria: Auditoria of Kom el-
Dikka and late antique Education. JJP Supplement vol. 7 (Warsaw, 2006),
177-345.
Van Minnen P., "A Late Antique Schooltablet at Duke University",
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 106 (1995), 175-178.
Williams R. J., "Scribal Training in Ancient Egypt", Journal of The
American Oriental Society 92, no. 2 (1972), 214-221.
Wilfong T. G., "Western Thebes in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries" A
Bibliographical Survey of Jême and its Surroundings", Bulletin of American
Society of Papyrologists 26 (1989), 89-145.
Worrell W. H., Coptic Texts in the University of Michigan Collection,
(Humanistische Serie, Bd. 46), (Ann Arbor, 1942).

13
 Index of the Coptic school exercises

content Writi chronol Now at Provenance Inventory number seria

ng ogy l
materi
al

1- Exercises of alphabets

Coptic and hieratic Pottery 2-3 Cairo, Egyptian fayoum O.Narm.Dem.II 37 1

exercise Century Museum OMM 1063+OMM
204
Coptic and Pottery 2-3 Cairo, Egyptian fayoum O.Narm.Dem.II 38 2
demotic exercise Century Museum Egyptian Museum
OMM 1367
Alphabet+scribe Pottery 8 Louver Western Paris, Louvre AF 3
name+prayer Century Thebes 12270
Scattered Greek; Ostraca 7-8 Columbia unknown O.BM inv. 21291 4
Coptic alphabet Century university MPER NS 18 37
Scattered Greek; Ostraca 7-8 Columbia unknown O.BM inv. 21295 5
Coptic alphabet Century university MPER NS 18 38
Random letters Limesto 7-8 Columbia unknown O.BM inv. 33166 6
ne Century university MPER NS 18 42
Random letters Ostraca 7-8 Columbia unknown O.BM inv. 21379 7
Century university MPER NS 18 40
alphabets Pottery 4? Columbia unknown O.Lond UC.31901 8
Century university MPER NS 18 59
alphabets Pottery 6-7 Columbia Deir Gizaz O. Leiden inv. 0.2 9
Century university Thebes +O.Deir el Gizaz
inv.41
alphabets wood 7 Berlin, Private unknown T.Würzburg K 1027 10
Century collection
alphabets Pottery 7-8 British Museum unknown O.BM inv. 21247 11
Century MPER NS 18 66
alphabets Pottery 7-8 British Museum unknown O.BM inv. 31663 12
Century MPER NS 18 64
alphabets Pottery 7-8 British Museum unknown O.BM inv. 26739 13
Century MPER NS 18 65
Scattered letters papyrus 8 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.K 19383 14
Century ek, Vienna
Scattered letters Pottery 8? Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.K 0186 15
Century ek, Vienna
Scattered letters papyrus 9? Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob.K 17899 16
Century ek, Vienna
Alphabet in order Pottery 9 British Museum Deir Gizaz O.Deir el Gizaz inv. 17

14
 and repeated Century Thebes n. 41
alphabets Pottery 8? Nationalbiblioth O.Vindob. K 0313 18
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 7
Scattered letters Pottery 8 Nationalbiblioth unknown O.Vindob.K 500 19
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 9
Scattered letters Papyrus 7 Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob. K 0698 20
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 10
Scattered letters Pottery 9-10 Nationalbiblioth unknown O.Vindob. K 0744 21
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 11
Scattered letters Papyrus 8 Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob. K 02236 22
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 12
Scattered letters Papyrus 8-9 Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob. K 03090 23
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 13
Scattered letters Papyrus 8? Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob. K 03519 24
Century ek, Vienna
Scattered letters Papyrus 9 Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob. K 08252 25
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 16
Scattered letters Paper 10 Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob. K 10254 26
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 17
Scattered letters Papyrus 8 Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob.G 37640v 27
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS XV 106a
Letter Ⲉ in 8 lines Paper 11 Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob. K 11145 28
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 19
Alphabet+ⲁⲛⲟⲕ Pottery 8 Berlin unknown O.Berlin P. 17937 29
Century
alphabets Pottery 8 Berlin unknown O.Berlin P. 20862 30
Century
alphabets Pottery 8 Baouit Baouit Nr.430 31
Century
alphabets Paper 11 Nationalbiblioth Herpolis P.Vindob K. 08314 32
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 55
alphabets Parchm 9 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob K. 09472 33
ent Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 56
alphabets Pottery 8 Berlin O. Berline P. 5136 34
Century MPER NS 18 146
Letter ⲩ Papyrus 775-759 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.Vindob. G 37640 35
AD ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 106a
alphabets Pottery 7 IFAO Edfo O.EdfouCopte 17 36
Century
alphabets Pottery 6 IFAO Qurnat O. Qurnat Mar'y inv. 37
Century Mar'y 302
Alphabet in 9 lines Ostraca 573 Deir Gizaz 38
588 Thebes
603
alphabets Ostraca 4-11 British Museum fayoum O.BM 21247 39

15
 Century
alphabets Ostraca ‫م‬11-4‫ق‬ British Museum fayoum O. BM 31663 40
Scattered letters Limesto British Museum O. BM 21379 41
ne
Unarranged Limesto British Museum 33136 O. BM 42
alphabet ne
alphabets Limesto British Museum 27414 O. BM 43
ne
Letter Ⲫ 6 times Ostraca British Museum 26739 O. BM 44
alphabets Pottery British Museum 21247 O. BM 45
alphabets Pottery British Museum 26739 like: 46
:18798+18972
19092+18816
letter Ⲃ repeated+ Pottery British Museum Epiphanies MMA.14.1.188 47
some alphabet Monastery O. Mon.Epiph. 576
Thebes
alphabets Limesto 6-8 Beside 48
ne Century Carter’s rest
alphabets Limesto 7-8 Western Polish Center 49
ne Century thebes Excavation 2003
alphabets+ Limesto 7-8 Beni Hassan Northern wall, tomb 50
syllables ne Century no. 23, Beni Hassan
alphabets Limesto 8 Western 479 in TT 2, 51
ne Century thebes 483 - 480
random alphabet Pottery 6-7 Columbia Uni. Epiphanies O.col.inv.1073 52
Century Monastery (acc. 64.12.92)
Thebes
random alphabet Pottery 6-7 Columbia Uni. Epiphanies O.col.inv. 1077 53
in two lines Century Monastery (acc. 64. 12.96)
Thebes
only 3 letters Pottery 6-7 Columbia Uni. Epiphanies O.col.inv. 1097 (acc. 54
Century Monastery 64. 12.116)
Thebes
alphabets Limesto 6-7 Columbia Uni. Epiphanies O.col.inv. 1259 (acc. 55
ne Century Monastery 65.2.91)
Thebes
alphabets Papyrus 7-8 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob K. 19609 56
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 057
alphabets Papyrus 8 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob K. 02071 57
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 054
2- Exercises of syllables
Syllables Papyrus 5-6 Michigan Uni. Karanis P.Mich.inv. 3816 1
Century fayoum
Syllables+alphabet wood Michigan Uni. fayoum T.Mich.inv. 765 2
Dual Syllables Papyrus 5 Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob. K 11373 3

16
 Century ek, Vienna
triple and quad Pottery 7-8 Deir Gizaz O.Deir el Gizaz 14 4
Coptic; Greek Century Thebes MPER NS 18 82
syllables
triple syllables wood 6-7 Duke unknown T.Duk.inv.7 5
Century University
Triple Syllables Papyrus 7-8 Sorbonne, unknown P.Sorb.inv. 2074, 6
Century France cliché Kagan-IRHT
MPER NS 18 75
incomplete word Pottery 4 Petrie’s unknown O.Lond UC 31896; 7
list Century Museum CO. 435;
MPER NS 18 104
Syllables Papyrus 8 unknown P.Lond or 4721 (25); 8
school book Century MPER NS 18 80
Coptic letters+2 Pottery 8? unknown MPER NS 18 107 9
names Century O.Berol.inv.P.19699
teacher’s model Papyrus 6 John Rylands unknown P.Rylands UL 10
Century Library
Syllables paper 10-11 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.vindob.K 08306 11
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 79
Syllables wall 2-3 Beni Hassan MPER XVIII 74 12
Century
Syllables Pottery 2-3 IFAO unknown O.IFAO s.n 13
Century
Syllables+alphabet Pottery no date British Museum 31387 O.BM 14
Syllables Papyrus Paris Uni. P.J R. Liberary 2074 15
Syllables Papyrus Michigan Uni. 3 16
Syllables Pottery 8 Louvre unknown 12554 17
Century
Triple Syllables Papyrus 7-8 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob K. 02030 18
Century ek, Vienna
Syllables+alphabet Papyrus Michigan Uni. Theadelphia P.Mich. inv. 926 19
(Batn-Ihrît)
3- Writing exercises
note of 4 folios; Papyrus 4-5 Nationalbiblioth Arsenoi P.Vindob.G. 29274 1
psalm+alphabets Century ek, Vienna fayoum MPER NS IV 24
list of birds names Papyrus 6-7 Epiphanies Mon.Epiph. II 621 2
Century Monastery MPER NS 18 247
Thebes
part of Homer's Pottery 6-7 Metropolitan Epiphanies O.MMA 14.1.140 3
Iliad Century Monastery O.Mon.Epiph.II 611
Thebes
story of son who Papyrus 6-7 Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob.G. 26127 4
killed his father Century ek, Vienna MPERNS 18 120
hymn to Christ wood 8-9 unknown T.Würzbug K 1019 5

17
and his mother+ Century
copy on verso
letter and Papyrus unknown P.Berol.inv. 22141 6
grammatical exc. MPER NS XV 139
Nouns+verbs list Pottery 7-8 British Museum unknown O.BM 33110 7
Century
mathematical wood 7 Coptic Museum unknown Musée copte inv.1006 8
exercise+ word list Century (4079)
2 Samuel 1. 1 Limesto 7-8 Thebes Theban Ostraca, Part 9
ne Century IV, no. 45
Acts 2. 9 Limesto 7-8 Thebes MSS Theban Ostraca, 10
ne Century Part IV, no. 46
religious texts Limesto 7-8 Thebes Theban Ostraca, Part 11
ne Century IV, no. 48
word list in Pottery 7-8 British Museum unknown O.BM inv.27432 12
alphabetical order Century
word list+names Ostraca 7-8 Thebes Theban Ostraca, Part 13
Century IV, no. 49
religious texts as Pottery 7-8 Greco-Roman Thebes 21228(28404B) 14
an exercise Century Museum
writing exercise Pottery 7-8 Greco-Roman Thebes 21255(28423B) 15
Century Museum
writing exercise Pottery 7-8 Greco-Roman Thebes 21255(28424B) 16
Century Museum
writing exercise Pottery 7-8 Greco-Roman Thebes 21269(28435B) 17
Century Museum
exercise of letter+ Ostraca Macquarie Uni. dra naga TT233.227 18
alphabets Thebes
letter from Andros Ostraca Macquarie Uni. dra naga TT233,226+506+509 19
Thebes
Romans 14:6 Ostraca Macquarie Uni. dra naga TT233. 460 20
Thebes
religious texts as Limesto 4-11 British Museum fayoum BM 33140 21
an exercise ne Century
opening formula+ Papyrus 4-11 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.vindob. K 0483 22
2 letters Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 114
Invocation and Papyrus 8-9 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.vindob. K 3256 23
supplication Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 122
grammar Papyrus Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.Vindob.K 16794 24
ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 279
religious texts Papyrus 4-11 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.Vindob. K 08448 25
Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 271
Coptic-Greek paper 10-11 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.Vindob. K 08309 26
dictionary Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 260
order+ opening Papyrus 7 Baouit P. Ct YBR inv. 2103 27

18
formula Century qua (B) .
exercise on Papyrus 7-8 Baouit BL Or. 6201 B29 28
writing letter Century
A letter of apology Pottery Byzantin Petrie’s Dendara UC62819 (Petrie 24) 29
as an exercise e Museum
two repeated Pottery Byzantin Petrie’s Dendara UC62825 (Petrie 30) 30
words e Museum
‫ثالثة شقافات عليها‬ Pottery Byzantin Petrie’s Dendara UC32088-UC2089 31
‫حروف أبجدية‬ e Museum and UC32090
opening formula+ Pottery British Museum O.BM 5866 32
names list
Sentences and Limesto British Museum O.BM 21271 33
names ne
beginning of letter Limesto British Museum O.BM 21137 34
as an exercise ne
List of persons’ Pottery British Museum Elephantine O.BM 12176 35
names
exercise to write Pottery Roman Thebes O. MU 2309 36
Kamets’ name
letters+syllabels+ Pottery Michigan Uni. Theadelphia P.Mich. inv. 926 37
Romans (Batn-Ihrît)
exercise on 2 Limesto British Museum O. BM 16842 38
Corinthians 4 ne
Baskets list on Ro. Limesto Hermonthis O. BM 15971 39
writing exercise V. ne
exercise in 6 lines Limesto British Museum Deir Bahari O. BM 33135 40
ne Thebes
Prayers and a list Limesto British Museum O. BM 33158 41
of names ne
exercise on a letter Limesto British Museum O. BM 33149 42
religious text? ne
psalm 14 Pottery British Museum O. BM 33129 43
religious sentence Limesto British Museum O. BM 33140 44
on recto and verso ne
writing exercise Pottery British Museum O. BM 20344 45
beginning of letter Limesto British Museum O. BM 33133 46
in one phrase ne
letter to Pavictor Pottery British Museum O. BM 33142 47
exercise on Limesto British Museum O. BM 33252 48
writing Jesus the ne
Christ
writing ⲜⲀⲒⲨⲤ Ostraca British Museum O. BM 26221 49
twice
2 lines of writings Limesto British Museum O. BM 21290 50
ne

19
grammar exercise Pottery British Museum O. BM 14222 51
word list, names+ Limesto British Museum O. BM 26210 52
places of Bible ne +26211+26215
literary exercise Pottery British Museum Karnak O. BM 19967 53
religious sentences Limesto British Museum O. BM 21281 54
ne
Letter + list names Limesto British Museum O. BM 27424 55
+ supplication ne
letter from set to Limesto British Museum O. BM 5857 56
John ne Anastasi
collection
part of homily Limesto British Museum O. BM 21288 57
ne
school model ? Limesto British Museum O. BM 27500 58
ne
writing exercise Pottery British Museum O. BM 14170 59
on writing letter Hay coll.
beginning of letter Limesto British Museum O. BM 29767 60
in 7 lines ne
list? or maths Pottery British Museum O. BM 25723 61
exercise
part of religious Pottery British Museum O. BM 5870 62
text Sams coll.
writing exercise British Museum O. BM 33176 63
letter to Apa Limesto British Museum O. BM 16841 64
Solomon ne
religious sentences Limesto British Museum O. BM 21296 65
ne
nominal sentences Limesto British Museum Naqada O. BM 27412 66
ne
myth of Christ and wood 7-8 British Museum EA. 29528 67
the grape vine + Century Anastasi
complaint collection
formal text 6-7 Ihnasiyyah P. Köln VII 68
Century al-Madinah
Greek-Coptic Papyrus 7-8 Sorbonne unknown p. Sorbonne inv. 2646 69
dictionary Century France
exercise on Papyrus 7-8 Sorbonne unknown P. Sorbonne inv. 2490 70
writing psalm Century France et 2524
Greek-Coptic Papyrus 3 British Museum unknown Amos and Hosea Dic. 71
dictionary Century
exercise on letter Pottery 8 Egyptian Thebes CO 263 72
Century Museum
exercise on letter Pottery 8 Egyptian Thebes CO 264 73
Century Museum

20
beginning of letter Pottery 8 Egyptian Deir Bahari CO 265 74
Century Museum
beginning of letter Pottery 8 Egyptian Thebes CO 280 75
Century Museum
beginning of letter Pottery 8 Egyptian Thebes CO 298 76
Century Museum
beginning of letter Pottery 8 Egyptian Thebes CO 399 77
Century Museum
exercise with 2 Pottery 8 Egyptian Thebes CO 479 78
words Century Museum
Homer poetry Pottery 8 Egyptian Dendara CO 523 79
Century Museum
Homer poetry Pottery 8 Egyptian Thebes CO 524 80
Century Museum
list of names Pottery 8 Egyptian Thebes CO 525 81
Century Museum
wisdom or proverb wood 3-4 Menya Wooden tablet 82
Century
syllables + words wood Metropolitan Thebes P.Mon.Epiph.611 83
Homer’s Iliad Limesto Metropolitan Thebes P.Mon.Epiph.615 84
ne
Menander’s play Limesto Metropolitan Thebes P.Mon.Epiph. 576 85
ne
writing exercise Papyrus 4-5 Bodlein Library Deir El- 57 86
Century Oxford Bala'izah
mathematical Papyrus 4-5 Bodlein Library Deir El- 395 87
exercise of Century Oxford Bala'izah
monastery
copy as an Papyrus 4-5 Bodlein Library Deir El- 386 88
exercise Century Oxford Bala'izah
hymn as an Papyrus 4-5 Bodlein Library Deir El- 291 89
exercise Century Oxford Bala'izah
writing exercise Papyrus 4-5 Bodlein Library Deir El- 396 90
Century Oxford Bala'izah
writing exercise Papyrus 7-8 Phoibamon 1 91
Century
religious text as an Pottery 7-8 Phoibamon 2 92
exercise Century
nominal sentence Pottery 7-8 Phoibamon 3 93
as an exercise Century
writing exercise Pottery 7-8 Phoibamon 5 94
Century
repeated line for 6 Pottery 7-8 Phoibamon 6 95
times Century
writing exercise Papyrus P.Rain.Unterricht 107 96

21
opening formula+ Ostraca 6-7 Columbia Uni. Epiphanies O. Col. Inv. 1377 97
Invocation Century Monastery (acc.65.3.98)
Thebes
ending formula of Ostraca 6-7 Columbia Uni. Epiphanies O. Col. Inv. 0302 98
letter Century Monastery (acc.64.2.131)
Thebes
Acts + letter 6-7 Columbia Uni. Epiphanies Apis.1902, 99
Century Monastery Col.inv.23.3.701
Thebes
religious word list Papyrus 6 Bibliothèque near Deir El MS. BRUX. IV 590 100
divided to parts Century Royale de madinah
Belgique
orthographical Papyrus Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob. K 08448 101
model from ek, Vienna
religious text
psalm in Sycamo 3 Parsons Thebes Gr. Inscr. 3019 102
Akhmemic dialect re Century collection
as an exercise
psalm in wood Ashmolean Thebes 3019 103
Akhmemic dialect Museum
Oxford
exercise on letter Papyrus 759-775 fayoum MPER N.S. 18 106 104
AD
multiplication wood British Museum unknown Add 34186 105
table+word list
Greek-Coptic Limesto Florenz 1656 (CO 434 MPER 106
writing exercise ne Museum NS 18 261)
writing exercise pottery 7-8? Phoibamon 1658 MPER NS 18 107
Century Thebes
writing exercise paper 10-11 Coptic Museum naqlon P.inv.18/89 108
Century monatery Doc.No.27/89
writing exercise paper 10-11 Coptic Museum naqlon Doc. No.188/89 109
Century monatery O. inv.?
exercise in 5 lines Ostraca 7-8 Phoibamon 1271 110
Century Thebes MPER NS 18 1661
opening formula Papyrus 8 Coptic Museum naqlon 1277 111
of letter Century monatery MPER NS 18 1662
O.inv.? 195/89
exercise in 8 lines Papyrus 8-9? Nationalbiblioth unknown P.Vindob. K 07712 112
Century ek, Vienna
word list+2 pottery 8 Nationalbiblioth unknown O. Vindob. K 0571 113
Corinthians 1. 1 Century ek, Vienna
opening formula Limesto 8-9? Berlin unknown O. Berline P.12509 114
on two sides ne Century
letter in 8 lines pottery 8? Nationalbiblioth Thebes O. Vindob. K. 0152 115

22
 Century ek, Vienna
texts from Bible pottery 7-10 Egyptian Thebes Berlin, Ägyptische 116
Century Museum, Berlin Museum p. 8710
religious text+ pottery 8? Berlin unknown O. Berline P. 4974 117
letters Century
word list paper 10-11 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob K. 08308 118
Century ek, Vienna
Greek-Coptic Papyrus 7 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.Vindob. G 18373 119
exercise Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 173
writing exercise Papyrus 3 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.Vindob. G 26011k 120
Century ek, Vienna
formula of “in the Papyrus -759 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.Vindob. G 19250 121
name of father...” ‫م‬775 ek, Vienna
Luke’s gospel Papyrus 8 Nationalbiblioth El P.Vindob. K 04912 122
from 8 to 10 Century ek, Vienna Ashmunein
exercise on letter pottery 7 IFAO Edfou O.EdfouCopte 87 123
Century
writing exercise pottery 7 IFAO Edfou O.EdfouCopte 141 124
Century
writing exercise pottery 7 IFAO Edfou O.EdfouCopte 142 125
Century
copy of prayer and Limesto 7-8 IFAO Thebes Cairo, IFAO O. 126
invocation of the ne Century number unknown
Holy Trinity
prayer and psalm Limesto 7-8 IFAO Thebes Cairo, IFAO O. (C 127
ne Century 2058) O. The bifao 29
opening formula Limesto British Museum Phoibamon O. BM EA 41339 128
of letter+ drawing ne Thebes
of horse
drawing exercise Limesto 7 Coptic Museum zawyet 4747 129
animal, lotus, ne Century al’ayan,
plaited cross Giza
drawing exercise Limesto 4 Coptic Museum 4397 130
geometric forms ne Century
drawing exercise Limesto Coptic Museum 4661 131
of plaited ne
decoration+cross
drawing of a man Limesto 4 Coptic Museum Phoibamon 4588 132
climbs a palm tree ne Century Thebes
drawing exercise Limesto Coptic Museum 4396 133
of human ne
faces+bird face+
crosses
exercise on letter Papyrus 8-11 MPER NS 18 141 134
Century

23
 writing exercise+ wood 8-9 Egyptian fayoum Berlin, Ägyptisches 135
story Century Museum Berlin Museum P. 14189
exercise on wood 8 Coptic Museum Fayoum? 2524 136
religious text Century
names list Limesto 7-8 Ramasseum 137
ne Century Thebes
word list Pottery 7-8 Unknown O.Bodl.GK.Inscr.2925 138
Century
grammar of Coptic Paper 14 National library, Upper Egypt (Coptic 44), folio 23, 139
language Century Paris part 24, Golman
collection
Coptic alphabets Paper 1833- Library of Or. 4997 140
and pronunciation 1835 Leiden
University
part of play of Pottery 7 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.K o. 674 141
Sententia 371+ Century ek, Vienna MPER NS 18 268
Coptic translation
4- Mathematical exercises
maths exercise on Paper 10-11 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.Vindob.K 8784 1
numbers Century ek, Vienna
mathematical Paper 10-11 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.Vindob.K 07151 2
exercise Century ek, Vienna
dividing table on 4 Pottery 4-8 Louvre Elephantine O.LouverAF 12605 3
Century Museum
part of Papyrus 6 Nationalbiblioth fayoum KHM Wien Inv.8604 4
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
part of Papyrus 8 Nationalbiblioth fayoum P.Vindob.K 06479 5
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
part of Paper 10-11 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.K 10495 6
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
numbers 1-10+ Paper 11-12 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.A.ch.15853 7
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
table of number 2
multiplication Paper 11 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.K 11206 8
table Century ek, Vienna P.Vindob.K 10261
multiplication Paper 11 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.A.ch.04519 9
table Century ek, Vienna
part of Paper 11-12 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.Ach.32367 10
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
part of Paper 11 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.A.ch.11276 11
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
part of Paper 10 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.A.ch.5070 12
multiplication Century ek, Vienna

24
part of Paper 10 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob. K 20796 13
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
part of Paper 10-11 Nationalbiblioth Wadi Sarga Wadi sarga, Nr.23, 14
multiplication no. Century ek, Vienna s.53f
7
part of Paper 11 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.K 20797 15
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
part of Paper 11 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.A.ch.20817 16
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
part of Paper 11 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.A.ch.4789 17
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
part of Paper 11 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.A.ch.16845 18
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
part of Paper 11 Nationalbiblioth P.Vindob.A.ch.1812 19
multiplication Century ek, Vienna
arithmetic list? Pottery British Museum O. BM 25723 20

exercise of limesto 5-6 IFAO Thebes O.IFAO s.n 21

accounting ne Century
mathematical Parchm 9 British Museum P.Lond. Or. 5707, 22
equation ent Century BM no. 528

25