Lovely Dynna G.

Tabjan Date of experiment: October 11, 2019

BSFT 2A Date of submission: October 18, 2019

EXPERIMENT NO. 7
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
SOLUBILITY
Solubility is the chemical property that refers to the ability of a given substance
which is the solute to dissolve in a solvent. It is the maximum mass of a substance that
can be dissolved in a fixed mass of a solvent. The solubility of a substance will differ
depending onthe polarity of both the substance and its solvent. Also, as it measure how
wel the substance dissolves into another substance which is the solvent, it will depend
on the basic properties such as temperature and pressure. A polar substance are more
soluble in a polar solvent and vice versa so we can probably say that "like dissolves
like".

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this experiment, the students should be able to;
1. To determine the solubility of the organic compounds in different reagents.
2. To compare the solubility of the organic compounds.

MATERIALS / APPARATUS
Test compounds Reagents Apparatus
n-propyl alcohol Distilled water 1 mL pipette
Aniline Ether spatula
Urea 5% NaOH Stopwatch or timer
Benzoic Acid 5% NaHCO3
Naphthalene 5% HCl
Conc. H2SO4
Conc. H3PO4
PROCEDURE
The samples was prepared by measuring 01.g of Urea, Benzoic acid and
naphthalene. For the liquid test compounds, 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol and aniline was
measured.
In a five different dry test tube, the test compounds were placed, and 3 ml of
distilled water, 5 % HCL, 5% NaOH and 5% NaHCO3 was added in small portions. The
test tubes were shaken vigorously after each portion was added for at least 2 minutes.
The test was repeated using the other solvents and test compounds. The solubility of
each organic compounds from the test was then observed and recorded.

DATA AND RESULTS

Solute Solvent Solubility

Distilled water Soluble
Isopropyl Alcohol 5% HCl Soluble
5% NaOH Soluble
5% NaHCO3 Insoluble

Solute Solvent Solubility

Distilled water Slightly miscible
Aniline 5% HCl Miscible
5% NaOH Miscible
5% NaHCO3 Miscible

Solute Solvent Solubility

Distilled water Soluble
Urea 5% HCl Soluble
5% NaOH Soluble
5% NaHCO3 Soluble

Solute Solvent Solubility

Distilled water Insoluble
Benzoic Acid 5% HCl Insoluble
5% NaOH Insoluble
5% NaHCO3 Insoluble

Solute Solvent Solubility

Distilled water Insoluble
 Naphthalene 5% HCl Insoluble
5% NaOH Insoluble
5% NaHCO3 Insoluble

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The table above shows the solubility of isopropyl alcohol on different reagents,
based on the table isopropyl alcohol is soluble in water, 5% HCl and 5% NaOH but it is
insoluble in 5% NaHCO3.
For aniline, it is miscible in almost all the solvent except the water.
On the other hand, Urea is soluble in all kinds of solvent which are the distilled water,
5% HCl, 5% NaOH and 5% NaHCO3.
The Benzoic Acid and the Naphthalene are insoluble in all solvents that were used.
QUESTIONS
1. How does intermolecular H-bonding affect the solubility of a solute?
 Hydrogen bonding influences the solubility of a solute in a solvent, molecules
are polar if there is a presence of hydrogen bonding between molecule of a
substance. The stronger the intermolecular forces between solute molecule
and solvent molecule, the greater the solubility of the solute in the solvent.
 Polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents.
 Non polar molecules are soluble in non polar solvents.
 Polar molecules and non polar molecules do not mix
2. What are the mechanisms by which polar solvents dissolve the solute? Illustrate
each with an example.
 Solubility - ability of the solvent to dissolve a certain solute
Example:
Sugar is soluble in water, although sugar is a non-polar susubstance due to the
water molecules that makes hydrogen bonds with the sugar molecules.

 Dissolving ionic compounds and polar compounds in a polar solvent

 It is easy to dissolve ionic compound ( as sodium chloride ) & polar covalent
compound ( as hydrogen chloride gas ) .
 Dissolving of sodium chloride in the water
The polar water molecules collide with the crystals of NaCl by their kinetic energy, The
water molecules attract Na+ and Cl− ions by directing the suitable pole towards them to
be separated from NaCl crystals .
The water molecules which surround the ions isolate positive ions from negative ions
and prevent their binding again, The speed of the dissolving process depends on the
surface area of the solute , the stirring process and the temperature .

3. What are the mechanisms by which nonpolar solvents dissolve the solute?
Illustrate.
 Nature of solute and solvent
Example:
Non-polar solvent (organic solvent) such as benzene dissolves non-polar
compounds such as methane, oils, and fats; and methane dichloride
dissolves non-polar material (iodine).
 The electrical charges of nonpolar molecules are evenly distributed across
the molecule. That is why nonpolar solutes tend to dissolve well in nonpolar
solvents, which are frequently organic solvents.
 There are no positive and negative poles formed in nonpolar since it has no
separation of charge. The electrical charges of nonpolar molecules are evenly
distributed across the molecule. That is why nonpolar solutes dissolve well in
nonpolar solvents (frequently organic solvents).