AEROSPACE INSTRUMENTATION

PROJECT REPORT

By
Farrukh Javed 160101006
Asad Akhlaq 160101011
Muhammad Hamza Shahzad 160101046

Aero 15-A

Submission
July 11,2019

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
2019
Abstract
The purpose of this project was to aware students of engineering about the working and application
of the Arduino and sensors. These instrumentational tools play a vital role in construction of
integrated and complex real-life systems. We used ultrasonic sensor along with a
microprocessor(Arduino) to measure distance of the object in range of the particular sensor. We
coded our microprocessor to work for the particular application. As a result, we were able to
measure critical distance which as an application will be used as parking warning device.
Objective
• To understand the working principle of ultrasonic sensor
• To implement the theoretical knowledge of sensors
• To get to know about Arduino Uno and using IDE to write the codes for Arduino Uno.

Theory
Ultrasonic Sensors are widely used in Robo projects for Distance measurement as well as
Obstacle detector. They are available as modules in the market.

There are 3 pin modules, 4 pins as well as 5pin modules.

Generally available ones are 4 pin or 5pin modules.

The Ultrasonic module has two Transducers, one for Transmit & the other for Receive. Both are
fixed on a single PCB with control circuit, so that it can be easily used in your Robo projects.

Ultrasonic distance sensor provides precise, non‑contact distance measurements from about 2 cm
to 400cm.

Ultrasound is a high frequency sound of frequency 40 KHz (we can’t hear this frequency, but
animals can).

The principle of ultrasonic distance measurement is the same as that of RADAR.

Principle of Operation

From Arduino generate a short 10uS pulse to the Trigger input to start the ranging. The
Ultrasonic Module will send out an 8-cycle burst of ultrasound at 40khz and raise its echo line
high.

It then listens for an echo, and as soon as it detects one it lowers the echo line again. The echo
line is therefore a pulse whose width is proportional to the distance to the object. By timing the
pulse, it is possible to calculate the range in inches/centimeters. If nothing is detected then the
module will lower its echo line anyway after about 30mS.
The module provides an echo pulse proportional to distance. If the width of the pulse is measured
in uS, then dividing by 58 will give you the distance in cm, or dividing by 148 will give the
distance in inches.

The module can be triggered as fast as every 50ms, or 20 times each second. You should wait
50ms before the next trigger, even if the SRF05 detects a close object and the echo pulse is
shorter. This is to ensure the ultrasonic ʺbeepʺ has faded away and will not cause a false echo on
the next ranging.

The sensor can detect objects within 3cm to 3m range.

Circuit Diagrams
Apparatus

Figure 1: Jumper Wires Figure 2: Aurdino UNO Figure 3: Bread Board

Figure 4: Ultrasonic sensor

Specifications
Table 1.1

Properties Values
Working Voltage DC 5 V
Working Current 15mA
Working Frequency 40Hz
Max Range 4m
Min Range 2cm
Measuring Angle 15 degree
Trigger Input Signal 10uS TTL pulse
Dimension 45*20*15mm

Procedure
• Make circuit as shown in the figure
• Open the Arduino IDE
• Write appropriate code
• Connect Arduino to the computer by using usb connector.
• Upload the code
• Note the output using LEDs, Buzzer and serial monitor.

Code
const int trigPin = 2;
const int echoPin = 4;
const int buzzer = 9 ;
const int redled = 8 ;
const int greenled = 11 ;
const int whiteled = 10 ;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode (redled, OUTPUT);
pinMode (greenled, OUTPUT);
pinMode (whiteled, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()

{
long duration, inches, cm;

pinMode (buzzer, OUTPUT);

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

cm = (duration/2) / 29.1; // Divide by 29.1 or multiply by 0.0343

inches = (duration/2) / 74; // Divide by 74 or multiply by 0.0135

if (inches >=10)
{
digitalWrite (greenled, HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite (greenled, LOW);

if ((inches < 10)&&(inches >=5))

{
digitalWrite (whiteled, HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite (whiteled, LOW);
Serial.print ("!!Careful!! ");
}

if (inches < 5)
{
tone(buzzer, 1000,100);
Serial.print ("!!stay away!! ");
digitalWrite (redled, HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite (redled, LOW);
}

Serial.print(inches)
Serial.print("in, ");
Serial.print(cm);
Serial.print("cm, ")
Serial.println();
delay(0);

Results

Conclusion
From this particular experiment we got know that ultrasonic sensor can detect and measure any object
in its range irrespective to the material applied. It can even detect transparent material but limitation is
against any black body object that absorbs sound signals.

Application
Our main application was use of ultrasonic sensor as parking warning device. It will detect nearby
objects during the phase of parking and it will cause convenience for the drivers.

Other applications include:

• Water level Check

• Robotic Sensing
• Vehicle detection for car wash and automotive assembly
• Thru beam detection for high-speed counting