INDUCTOR

INDUCTOR

A passive element
designed to store energy
in its magnetic field.
INDUCTOR

Numerous applications in electronic

and power systems

Power supplies
Transformers
Radios
Televisions
Radars
Electric motors
INDUCTOR

Any conductor of electric

current has inductive
properties and may be
regarded as an inductor.
INDUCTOR
INDUCTOR

To enhance the inductive

effect, a practical inductor
is usually formed into a
cylindrical coil with many
turns of conducting wire.
INDUCTOR

Inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire

INDUCTOR

If current is allowed to
pass through an inductor, the
voltage across the inductor is
directly proportional to the
time rate of change of the
current.
INDUCTOR

Inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire

INDUCTOR

𝑑𝑖
𝑣=𝐿
𝑑𝑡
where:
L is the inductance in henry, H
𝑑𝑖
= is the time rate of change of the current,
𝑑𝑡
A/sec
Note: 1 Henry = volt-second/ampere
INDUCTOR

For an inductor to have

voltage across its terminals,
its current must vary with
time, hence, v = 0 for constant
current through the inductor.
INDUCTOR

Inductance, L is the property

whereby an inductor exhibits
opposition to the change of
current flowing through it.
INDUCTOR

The inductance of an
inductor depends on its
physical dimension and
construction.
INDUCTOR
For a solenoid Inductor

𝑁 2 μ𝐴
𝐿=
𝑙
Where:
N is the number of turns,
l is the length
A is the cross-sectional area
μ is the permeability of the core
MAGNETIC FLUX
Magnetic phenomena are explained
using Magnetic Flux, or just flux,
which relates to magnetic lines of force.
MAGNETIC FLUX

The SI unit of flux is the ~ d ~

vw-it,h unit symbol Wb. The
quantity symbol is Ct, for a
constant
flux and 4 for a time-varying
flux.
INDUCTOR

Commercially available
inductors come in different values
and types.

Typical values ranging from a

few microhenrys (μH), as in
communication systems, to tens of
henrys (H) as in power systems.
INDUCTOR

Inductors may be fixed or

variable and the core may be
made of iron, steel, plastic, or
air.

The terms coil and choke

are also used for inductors.
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Toroidal wound
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Toroidal wound
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Toroidal wound
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Solenoidal wound
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Solenoid
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Solenoid
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

CoilAir Core
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Ferrite Bead Inductors

INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Chip Inductors
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Applications
- Computer power
supplies
- Radio transmitters
- Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI)
filters

Common Mode Chokes

for various noise cancellation and
filtering applications
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Assorted Inductor
INDUCTORS
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Ferrite Core Transformer

INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

Electric stepper motor in

FDD drive
INDUCTORS
Various types of inductors:

150 = 15uH (15 and no zero's)

471 = 470uH (47 and 1 zero)
100 = 10uH (10 and no zeros)
102 = = (10 and two zeros) = 1mH
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BASIC
ELEMENTS
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF INDUCTOR
1. An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc
𝑑𝑖
Note from 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿 that the voltage across
𝑑𝑡
an inductor is zero when the current is
constant.

2. The current through an inductor cannot

change instantaneously
An important property of the inductor is its
opposition to the change in current flowing through it.
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF INDUCTOR
3. Ideal inductor does not dissipate energy
The energy stored in it can be retrieved at a
later time. The inductor takes power from the
circuit when storing energy and delivers power to
the circuit when returning previously stored
energy.
4. Practical, nonideal inductor has a significant
resistive component
The fact that the inductor is made of a conducting
material such as copper, which has some resistance. This
resistance is called the winding resistance 𝑅𝑤 , and it
appears in series with the inductance of the inductor.
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF INDUCTOR

Since an inductor is often made of a

highly conducting wire, it has a very small
resistance. The nonideal inductor also has a
winding capacitance 𝐶𝑤 due to the capacitive
coupling between the conducting coils. 𝐶𝑤 is
very small and can be ignored in most cases,
except at high frequencies.
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
1. In figure shown below, let I = 5 A, 𝑅1 = 6 Ω, 𝑅2 =
4 Ω, L = 2 H, and 𝑖1 (0− ) = 2 A. If the switch
closes at time t = 0, find 𝑖𝐿 (0− ), 𝑖𝐿 (0+ ), and
𝑑𝑖𝐿 (0+ )/dt.
PROBLEMS
3. The current through a 0.1-H inductor
is 𝑖 𝑡 = 10𝑡𝑒 −5𝑡 A. Find the voltage
across the inductor and the energy
stored in it.
4. Under dc conditions, find: (a) i, 𝑣𝑐 ,
and 𝑖𝐿 , (b) the energy stored in the
capacitor and inductor.
PROBLEMS
7. Find the time constant of the circuit shown
below
PROBLEMS
8. How long does it take a 10-µF capacitor
charged to 200V to discharge through a 160-kΩ
resistor, and what is the total energy
dissipated in the resistor?

9. At 𝑡 = 0, the closing of a switch connects in

series a 150-V source, a 1.6-kΩ resistor, and the
parallel combination of a 1-kΩ resistor and an
uncharged 0.2-µF capacitor. Find (a) the initial
capacitor current, (b) the initial and final 1-kΩ
resistor currents, (c) the final capacitor voltage,
and (d) the time required for the capacitor
voltage to reach its final value.

10. Repeat Prob. 9 for a 200-V source and an initial

capacitor voltage of 50 V opposed in polarity to
that of the source.
PROBLEMS
11. In the circuit shown below, find the
indicated voltages and currents at 𝑡 = 0+ ,
immediately after the switch closes. Notice
that the current source is active in the
circuit before the switch closes.
PROBLEMS
12. A 0.1-µF capacitor, initially charged to 230 V,
is discharged through a 3-MΩ resistor. Find
the capacitor voltage 0.2 sec. after the
capacitor starts to discharge.
13. For the circuit described in Prob. 14, how long
does it take the capacitor to discharge to 40
V?
14. Closing a switch connects in series a 300-V
source, a 2.7-MΩ resistor, and a 2-µF
capacitor charged to 50V with its positive
plate toward the positive terminal of the
source. Find the capacitor current 3 sec. after
the switch closes. Also, find the time required
for the capacitor voltage to increase to 250 V.
PROBLEMS
15. A 0.1-µF capacitor, initially charged to 230 V,
is discharged through a 3-MΩ resistor. Find
the capacitor voltage 0.2 sec. after the
capacitor starts to discharge.
16. The switch is closed at 𝑡 = 0 sec. in the figure
shown below. Find v and i for 𝑡 > 0 sec. The
capacitor is initially uncharged.