MERR123 Power System Stability

Lecture Part 1
Introduction

Dr. Franklin Quilumba

Department of Electrical Energy
National Polytechnic School
2017-B
Contents at a glance
Electric Load
Ecuadorian Load at a 69kV Bus
in 2013
Varies with time
Moment-to-moment
fluctuations
Hour-to-hour changes
Daily
Weekly
Seasonal
Base load counts for
almost half of peak load.
3
Ecuadorian Load
Ecuadorian Load at a 69kV Bus (April-June 2013)
P, Q & V data
80

70

60
P
MW / MVAr / kV

50 Q
V
40

30

20

10

0
2013-04-01 05-01 06-01 07-01
Time (Res. 4s)
4
 P, Q & V
70
P
60 Q
V

Ecuadorian
50

MW / MVAr / kV
40

Load 30

20

10

Voltage
70
0
2013-05-05 05-12
V
Time (Res. 4s)
69.5

P&Q
69 40 10
P
Q
kV

68.5

68

MVAr
MW

67.5 20 5

67
2013-05-05 05-12
Time (Res. 4s)

0 0
2013-05-05 05-12
Time (Res. 4s)
 P&V
40 70
P
V

Ecuadorian 30 69

Load

MW

kV
20 68

10 67
2013-05-05 05-12
Time (Res. 4s)
Q&V
7 70
Q
V
6 69.5

5 69
MVAr

kV
4 68.5

3 68

2 67.5

1 67
2013-05-05 05-12 6
Time (Res. 4s)
 P&Q
30 10

P
Q

Ecuadorian

Mvar
MW
20

Load
5

10 0
2013-06-19 06-20
Time
P&V Q&V
30 70 6 69
Q
P V
V 5 68.5

4 68
MVAr
MW

kV

20 68

kV
3 67.5

2 67

10 66 1 66.5
2013-06-19 06-20 2013-06-19 06-20
Time Time
Introduction
Generally, during the power system stability analysis, the
emphasis is mainly placed on modeling power generating units,
while load models are regarded as of secondary importance.
Though the influence of load representation on the stability was
recognized a long time ago.
4600 Observed COI Power (Dittmer Control Center)
Inappropriate representation of
4400
system loads has usually led to the
discrepancies between the
4200

recorded and simulated system 4000

responses. 4600 Simulated COI Power (initial WSCC base case)

On August, 10th, 1996, a serious 4400

power failure occurred in the WSCC 4200

with loss of 30,390 MW affecting 4000

7.49 million customers in Western 0 10 20 30 40 50

Time in Seconds
60 70 80 90

North America. 9
Introduction
The simulation results showed
more damping in the system than
the actual situation
The system lost its stability with
increased oscillations, but the post-
fault simulation showed a very
stable system.
Various models were modified to
match the simulation results:
Pacific HVDC Intertie model
AGC
blocked turbine-governor models
made changes to voltage controls
When the load models were
changed to a combination of the
induction motor models and
various static loads, the simulated
and measured responses showed
very good agreement. 10
 Introduction

“Our analysis has shown that by far

the two most critical modelling
elements in reproducing this
oscillatory disturbance are load
characteristics and generator
excitation controls. Both are
relatively uncertain (particularly
load) and changes to either can
profoundly change the system
response”.

Powertech Labs Inc., “System

Disturbance Stability
Studies for Western Systems
Coordinating Council (WSCC)”, Final
Report, April 1997. 11
General inadequacy of currently used load models
was highlighted in several unsuccessful attempts
to reproduce the behavior observed in recent
blackouts during the corresponding “post-
mortem” simulations and analysis.
What is load?
The term “load” can have several meanings in power
system engineering. Including:
A device connected to a power system, that consumes
power,
The total power (active and/or reactive) consumed by all
devices connected to a power system,
A portion of the system that is not explicitly represented in a
system model, but rather is treated as if it were a single
power-consuming device connected to a bus in the system
model.
The power output of a generator or generating plant.

13
What is load?
The term “load” can have several meanings in power
system engineering. Including:
A device. connected to a power system, that consumes
power,
The total power (active and/or reactive) consumed by all
devices connected to a power system,
A portion of the system that is not explicitly represented in
a system model, but rather is treated as if it were a single
power-consuming device connected to a bus in the system
model.
The power output of a generator or generating plant.

14
What is load? (cont’d)
A portion of the system that is not explicitly represented in a
system model, but rather is treated as if it were a single power-
consuming device connected to a bus in the system model.
It includes some or all of the following:
Substation step-down transformers
Subtransmission feeders
primary distribution feeders
Distribution transformers
Secondary distribution feeders
Shunt capacitors
Voltage regulators
Customer Wiring, transformers, and capacitors

15
What is load? (cont’d)

Not represented
Exactly what is system

included in the Power

“load” Grid
depends on Bus N
what is and is
not
represented in
the system
model.
Power
Grid Load Model

Bus N

16
Load modeling
Load modeling is a difficult problem because power
system loads are aggregates of many different devices.
The heart of the problem is the identification of the
load composition at a given time and the modeling of
the aggregate.
It is necessary to start with the analysis of individual
loads.

17
 Load modeling (cont’d)
The problem is that the “load” on a power system is constantly
changing. The closer you are to the customer, the more
pronounced will be the ever-changing load.

6000 6 1200 0.35

1100 0.3

A Single Residential Customer Load (kW)

A Single Residential Customer Load (kW)

1000 0.25
Residential System Load (kW)

4000 4

RES. System Load (kW)

900 0.2

800 0.15

2000 2
700 0.1

600 0.05

0 0 500 0
00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 00:00 00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 00:00
Date: 20091225 Date: 20120717

18
Load modeling (cont’d)
The approach to modeling loads differs depending on
the time scale being considered and the accuracy of
the solution sought

electromechanical seasonal
dynamics
state dynamics
patterns

consumer
Protection demand diurnal load growth
systems patterns weather
patterns

cycle second minute hour day week month year decade

19
International Survey on Load Modeling

Survey and identify current industry practice for power system

load modeling
A two-part questionnaire:
Short (9Q) to facilitate high response rate and provide a
basic, but comprehensive overview of the international load
modeling approaches and practices
Long (?)
Questionnaire sent to 160 contacts around the world (different
utilities and system operators) between June and December
2010. By September 2011, the responses to short survey were
received from 97 contacts from different continents.
21
Survey questions

# Question
Q1 Types of load models used in static power system studies (e.g. power flow analysis)
Q2 Types of load models used in dynamic power system studies (e.g. stability analysis)
Q3 Load models for different load categories/classes
Q4 Approaches for load model data collection and parameter identification
Q5 Most recent update of load model parameters
Q6 Load simulation tools used for system studies
Q7 Adequacy of available load models for system stability studies
Q8 Extent of use of user-defined load models
Q9 Accounting for or inclusion of small distributed generation in load models

22
Q1: Load models used in steady state
power system studies
 Q2: Load models used in dynamic power
system studies

a) Real power load model

b) Reactive power load model
Q3: Load models for specific load classes
Q4: Load model collection and parameter
identification
Q5: Most recent update of load model
parameters
Q6: Load simulation tools used for system
studies
Q7: Adequacy of available load models for
system stability studies
Q8: Extent of use of user-defined load
models
Q9: Modeling of small distributed
generation
 Prevalent Load Models

a) Real power load model

b) Reactive power load model
Thank You
34