RPM DISPLAY AND SPEED CONTROL OF BLDC MOTOR

A MINI PROJECT – II REPORT

submitted by
G PRADEEP REDDY (120006021)
GUNADEEP MP (120006022)
V D V KALYAN (120006081)

towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering

School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

SASTRA DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
(A University established under section 3 of the UGC act, 1956)
Tirumalaisamudram
Thanjavur-613401
OCTOBER 2019
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “RPM DISPLAY AND SPEED
CONTROL OF BLDC MOTOR” is a bonafide record of the work carried out by

G PRADEEP REDDY (120006021)

GUNADEEP MP (120006022)

V D V KALYAN (120006081)

Students of fourth year B.Tech., Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of B.Tech in Electronics &
Instrumentation Engineering of the SASTRA DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY,
Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur - 613401, during the year 2019-2020.

NAME OF THE INTERNAL GUIDE: Smt. BAGYALAKSHMI G

SIGNATURE

Project Viva-voice held on ________________________

EXAMINER-I EXAMINER-II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we express our gratitude to Prof. Dr. S Vaidhyasubramaniam, Vice Chancellor,

SASTRA Deemed University, who provided all facilities and necessary encouragement

during the course of our study. We extend our sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. R Chandra Mouli,

Registrar, SASTRA Deemed University for providing the opportunity to pursue this project.

It is our privilege to express our sincerest regards to Dr. K Thenmozhi, Dean (SEEE) and

Dr. A Krishnamoorty, Associate Dean (EIE) who motivated us during the project.

We owe a debit of deepest gratitude to our mentor Smt. Bagyalakshmi G (AP-II/EIE/SEEE)

for her continuous guidance and support throughout the process during pursuit of our mini-

project work on “RPM Display and Speed Control of BLDC Motor”. Her deep insight in the

field and valuable suggestions helped us in making progress through our mini-project work

“RPM Display and Speed Control of BLDC Motor”. We wish to thank all our teaching and

non-teaching staff members of the Department of Electronics and Instrumentation

Engineering of SEEE for their support and cooperation.

i
 ABSTRACT

KEY WORDS: RPM display, speed control, Arduino IDE, IR sensor.

The BLDC motors are some of the widely used in devices like computer hard drives,

CD/DVD players and small cooling fans in electronic equipment. these are designed for low

noise operation and high efficiency. These leads to the requirements of more advanced

control methods to meet the real demand. Many control methods are developed for the

control of BLDC motor to obtain a control method that has the best performances under any

conditions is always in demand. conventionally the BLDC motors have been controlled by

potentiometer arrangement. The other methods to control by Arduino and microcontroller is

more efficient and has a wide range of applicability and near optimal performance. This mini

project deals with Arduino based speed control of a BLDC motor and display of the speed

using IR sensor, LCD mechanism.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...……………………………………………………………. (i)

LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………... ….(iv)

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………. (vi)

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………...…. (ii)

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION:
1.1 BLDC motor ................................................................................................................ .……………..1
1.2 IR sensor ........................................................................................................................ .……………..3
1.3 Motor driver .................................................................................................................. .…………….5

iii
CHAPTER 2:
WORKING
2.1 controlling the speed of the BLDC motor .....................................................9
2.2 Code sensing the speed of the motor ................................................................ 10
2.3 Displaying the measured speed in LCD display ....................................... 11

CHAPTER 3:
IR SENSOR INTERFACING
3.1 IR sensor .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Interfacing of IR sensor with Arduino...........................................................12

CHAPTER 4:
CODE FOR MEASUREMENT OF RPM AND DISPLAY
4.1 speed measurement ................................................................................................. 13
4.2 speed to RPM conversion ................................................................................... 13
4.3 display of RPM ......................................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER 5:
RESULT………………………………………………………....………………………….15
CHAPTER 6:
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 17
REFERENCES................................................................................................................. 18

********

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Table name Page no.

1.1 Elements of IR detection system 4

1.2 Pin description of LCD 7

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Figure name Page no.

1.1 BLDC motor 1

1.2 BLDC motor construction 2

1.3 IR sensor 3

1.4 Motor driver working 6

1.5 Circuit diagram 12

vi
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BLDC motor:

Fig 1.1
Definition:
A brushless DC motor consists of a rotor in form of a permanent magnet and stator in

form of polyphase armature windings. It differs from conventional dc motor in such that it

doesn’t contains brushes and the commutation is done using electrically, using a electronic

drive to feed the stator windings.

Basically, a BLDC motor can be constructed in two ways- by placing the rotor outside the

core and the windings in the core and another by placing the windings outside the core. In the

former arrangement, the rotor magnets act as a insulator and reduce the rate of heat

dissipation from the motor and operates at low current. It is typically used in fans. In the

latter arrangement, the motor dissipates more heat, thus causing an increase in its torque. It is

used in hard disk drives.

1
 Fig 1.2

Advantages of Brushless DC Motors:

 Better speed versus torque characteristics


 High dynamic response

 High efficiency

 Long operating life due to a lack of electrical and friction losses

 Noiseless operation

 Higher speed ranges

2
Applications:
The cost of the Brushless DC Motor has declined since its presentation, because of

progressions in materials and design. This decrease in cost, coupled with the numerous focal

points it has over the Brush DC Motor, makes the Brushless DC Motor a popular component

in numerous distinctive applications. Applications that use the BLDC Motor include, yet are

not constrained to:

 Consumer electronics

 Transport

 Heating and ventilation

 Industrial engineering

 Model engineering



1.2 IR sensor:

Fig 1.3

3
Working:
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the

surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.

These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called

as a passive IR sensor.

ELEMENTS OF INFRARED DETECTION SYSTEM:

Infrared Source
Transmission Medium
Optical component
Detector
Signal Processing

Table 1.1

Applications:

 Radiation thermometers

 flame monitors

 moisture analysers

 gas analysers

 remote sensing

 missile guidance

 human body detection

 optical power meters

4
Advantages:
1. Low power requirements, therefore ideal for laptops, telephones, PDAs

2. Low coding/decoding, simple circuitry.

3. Few international regulatory constraints.

4. Relatively high noise immunity.

Disadvantages:
1. Line of sight requirement.

2. Blocked by common objects.

3. Short range.

4. Direct sunlight, rain, fog, dust, pollution can affect transmission.

5. Lower data rate.

1.3 Motor driver:

What Is Motor Driver IC?

A motor driver IC is an integrated circuit chip which is usually used to control motors in

autonomous robots. Motor driver ICs act as an interface between microprocessors in robots

and the motors in the robot. The most commonly used motor driver IC’s are from the L293

series such as L293D, L293NE, etc. These ICs are designed to control 2 DC motors

simultaneously. L293D consist of two H-bridge. H-bridge is the simplest circuit for

controlling a low current rated motor.

5
 Fig 1.4

Why We Need Motor Driver IC?

Motor Driver ICs are primarily used in autonomous robotics only. Also most

microprocessors operate at low voltages and require a small amount of current to operate

while the motors require a relatively higher voltages and current . Thus current cannot be

supplied to the motors from the microprocessor. This is the primary need for the motor

driver IC.

How Motor Driver Operates?

The L293D IC receives signals from the microprocessor and transmits the relative signal to

the motors. It has two voltage pins, one of which is used to draw current for the working of

the L293D and the other is used to apply voltage to the motors. The L293D switches it

output signal according to the input received from the microprocessor.

For Example: If the microprocessor sends a 1(digital high) to the Input Pin of L293D, then

the L293D transmits a 1(digital high) to the motor from its Output Pin. An important thing to

note is that the L293D simply transmits the signal it receives. It does not change the signal in

any case.

6
L293D And Its Working:
The L293D is a 16 pin IC, with eight pins, on each side, dedicated to the controlling of a

motor. There are 2 INPUT pins, 2 OUTPUT pins and 1 ENABLE pin for each motor. L293D

consist of two H-bridge. H-bridge is the simplest circuit for controlling a low current rated

motor.

Pin No. Pin Characteristics

Enable 1-2, when this is HIGH the left part of the IC will work and

1 when it is low the left part won’t work. So, this is the Master Control

pin for the left part of IC

2 INPUT 1, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output

3 OUTPUT 1, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of

Motor

4,5,12,13 GND, ground pins

6 OUTPUT 2, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of

Motor

7 INPUT 2, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output

VC, this is the voltage which will be supplied to the motor. So, if you

8 are driving 12 V DC motors then make sure that this pin is supplied

with 12 V

7
 VSS, this is the power source to the IC. So, this pin should be supplied
16
with 5V.

INPUT 4, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output
15
4

OUTPUT 4, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of

14
Motor

OUTPUT 3, this pin should be connected to one of the terminal of

11
Motor

INPUT 3, when this pin is HIGH the current will flow though output
10
3

Enable 3-4, when this is HIGH the right part of the IC will work and

9 when it is low the right part won’t work. So, this is the Master

Control pin for the right part of IC

Table 1.2

8
 CHAPTER 2

WROKING

2.1 CONTROL OF BLDC MOTOR:

Control unit is implemented by microelectronic has several high-tech choices. This may be

implemented using a micro-controller, a dedicated micro-controller, a hard-wired

microelectronic unit, a PLC or similar other unit.

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) wave can be used to control the speed of the motor. Here

the average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor will change

depending on the ON and OFF time of the pulses controlling the speed of the motor i.e.

The duty cycle of the wave controls its speed. On changing the duty cycle (ON time), we

can change the speed. By interchanging output ports, it will effectively change direction of

the motor.

SPEED CONTROL:
Speed control of BLDC motor is essential for making the motor work at desired rate. Speed

of a brushless dc motor can be controlled by controlling the input dc voltage. The higher

the voltage, more is the speed. When motor works in normal mode or runs below rated

speed, input voltage of armature is changed through PWM model. When motor is operated

above rated speed, the flux is weakened by means of advancing the exiting current. The

speed control can be closed loop or open loop speed control.

Open Loop Speed Control:-

It involves simply controlling the dc voltage applied to motor terminals by chopping the dc

voltage. However this results in some form of current limiting.

9
Closed loop speed control:-

It involves controlling the input supply voltage through the speed feedback from the motor.

Thus the supply voltage is controlled depending on the error signal. The closed loop speed

control consists of three basic components.

1. A PWM circuit to generate the required pwm pulses. It can be either a microcontroller

or a timer IC.

2. A sensing device to sense the actual motor speed. It can be a hall effect sensor,

a infrared sensor or a optical encoder.

3. A motor drive to control the motor operation.

2.2 CODE FOR SENSING THE SPEED OF BLDC MOTOR:

{
// Measure Actual RPM
currentstate = digitalRead(dataIN); // Read IR sensor state
if( prevstate != currentstate) // If there is change in input
{
if( currentstate == HIGH ) // If input changes only from LOW to HIGH
{
duration = ( micros() - prevmillis )*N; // Time difference between revolution in
microsecond
prevmillis = micros(); // store time for next revolution calculation
rpm = (60000000/duration); // rpm = (1/ time millis)*1000*1000*60;
Serial.println(rpm);
}

10
2.3 CODE FOR THE DISPLAY OF RPM:

{
pinMode(dataIN,INPUT);
prevmillis = 0;
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(pwm1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(pwm2, OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("SPEED");
}
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("SPEED");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(rpm);
}

11
 CHAPTER 3
INTERFACING IR SENSOR WITH ARDUINO

Circuit diagram:

Fig 1.5

• The value of resistor R3 can be varied based on the requirement of the brightness of
the display.

12
 CHAPTER 4

CODE:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library by associating any needed LCD interface pin

// with the arduino pin number it is connected to
const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
const int dataIN = 6; //IR sensor INPUT
const int motor = 11; // motor driver PWM
const int acc = 5; // Accuracy of output
const int N = 2; // No. of arms/reference points
int pwm = 0;
#define pwm1 9
#define pwm2 10
unsigned long prevmillis; // To store time
unsigned long duration; // To store time difference
unsigned long lcdrefresh; // To store time for LCD refresh
int motor_speed=0;
int setrpm;
int rpm; // RPM value
boolean motor_dir = 0;
boolean currentstate; // Current state of IR input scan
boolean prevstate; // State of IR sensor in previous scan

void setup()
{
pinMode(dataIN,INPUT);
prevmillis = 0;
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(pwm1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(pwm2, OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("SPEED");
prevstate = LOW;
}

13
void loop()
{
// Measure Actual RPM
currentstate = digitalRead(dataIN); // Read IR sensor state
if( prevstate != currentstate) // If there is change in input
{
if( currentstate == HIGH ) // If input changes only from LOW to HIGH
{
duration = ( micros() - prevmillis )*N; // Time difference between revolution
in microsecond
prevmillis = micros(); // store time for next revolution calculation
rpm = (60000000/duration); // rpm = (1/ time millis)*1000*1000*60;
Serial.println(rpm);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("SPEED");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(rpm);
}
}
if(Serial.available()>0)
{
motor_speed=Serial.parseInt();
}
if(motor_dir)
analogWrite(pwm1, motor_speed);
else
analogWrite(pwm2, motor_speed);
}

14
 CHAPTER 5

RESULT

This project is used to control and measure the BLDC motor speed by using an IR speed

sensor mechanism. There is a need for controlling a DC motor speed in industries that uses

drilling, spinning, lathes, elevators etc therefore this system provides an efficient mechanism

for increasing or decreasing the speed. BLDC are continually supplanting DC motors in

different applications. These applications fluctuate from fans, pumps, controlling haggle to

give some examples. A common BLDC acts as a PM DC motor with straight speed versus

torque attributes where the speed diminishes as the heap increments. A few applications, for

example, a vehicle (Windscreen wiper), require the motor to have a genuinely consistent

speed for various burdens. DC motors, for example, shunt and compound work sensibly well

in these applications, however a BLDC with a CLOSED LOOP CONTROL controller

enhances the execution.

15
16
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

This method of controlling the speed of BLDC motor is very effective and accurate and can

be used for wide range of speeds of the motor, as we are using the pulse width modulation the

speed can controlled from minimum to maximum. BLDC are continually supplanting DC

motors in different applications. These applications fluctuate from fans, pumps, controlling

haggle to give some examples. A common BLDC acts as a PM DC motor with straight speed

versus torque attributes where the speed diminishes as the heap increments. A few

applications, for example, a vehicle (Windscreen wiper), require the motor to have a

genuinely consistent speed for various burdens. DC motors, for example, shunt and

compound work sensibly well in these applications, however a BLDC with a CLOSED

LOOP CONTROL controller enhances the execution.

17
 REFERENCES

1. Shruti Shrivastava, Jageshwar Rawat and Amit Agrawal in International Journal of

Engineering Research, 01Dec.2012 presented, “Controlling DC Motor using

Microcontroller (PIC16F72) with PWM,” Int. Journal of Engineering

Research,Volume No.1, Issue No.2, pp : 45-47, 01 Dec.2012 .

2. AnandSathyan, Nikola Milivojevic, Young-JooLee, Mahesh Krishnamurthy and

AliEmadi,“AnFPGA-Based Novel Digital PWM Control Scheme for BLDC Motor

Drives,”IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, Vol.56, No.8,August2009.

3. Ms. Juli Singh. Analysis of Speed control of BLDC motor drive using sensors

International Journal of Engineering Research Applications (IJERA) , Vol 2, Jun2012.

4. Aswathy Paul, “Speed Control for Four Quadrant Operation of Three Phase BLDC

Motor Using Digital Controller,”IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering, e-ISSN: 2278-1676, ISSN:23203331,Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver.V

(Feb.2014), PP 07-12.

5. Anand Sathyan Ph.D Thesis ―Digital PWM Control of Brush Less DC (BLDC)

Motor Drives, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, December 2008.

6. A.Tashakori, M. Ektesabi, “Comparison of Different PWM Switching Modes of

BLDC Motor as Drive Train of Electric Vehicles”, World Academy of Science,

Engineering and Technology, 67, 2012.

18