Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62 (2006) 783–792

www.elsevier.com/locate/jcsr

Seismic rehabilitation of pre-Northridge steel moment connections: A case

study
Brandon Chi a , Chia-Ming Uang b,∗ , Albert Chen c
a Forell/Elsesser Engineers, 160 Pine Street, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94111, United States
b Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
c Black & Veatch, 800 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90017, United States

Received 5 June 2005; accepted 3 November 2005

Abstract

The effectiveness of using both the welded haunch and rib plates for the seismic rehabilitation of pre-Northridge steel moment connections for
a 13-story office building in Los Angeles was studied. Full-scale cyclic testing of two pre-Northridge moment connections with simulated welding
defects was conducted and used as a benchmark for the rehabilitation scheme. Four rehabilitated moment connections were then tested to validate
the proposed scheme. A correlation study using a nonlinear finite element program (ABAQUS) was also performed. Both the experimental
and analytical results showed that the use of welded haunch and rib plates significantly reduced strain demands at the beam flange groove
welds. Doubler plates that were offset from the column web were effective in resisting shear in the panel zone region. Test results also showed
that the inclination angle of the haunch, which was recommended to be within 30 ± 5 degrees in an AISC Design Guide, can be extended to
50 degrees.
c 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Pre-Northridge moment connection; Brittle fracture; Panel zone; Seismic rehabilitation; Haunch; Rib plate

1. Introduction and 24 ◦ C). As a result of the poor welding, the Federal

The 1994 Northridge earthquake caused widespread damage
of moment connections in steel moment resisting frame
structures in the Los Angeles area. Soon after the Northridge
earthquake, Black & Veatch was contracted by the County
of Los Angeles to perform a damage evaluation for the
Department of Public Works Headquarters Building (the DPW
Building), a 13-story building constructed in 1971 primarily
with perimeter moment frames. The inspection revealed no
damage that was caused by the earthquake ground motions.
However, the inspection identified poor quality welding. Four
core samples were trepanned from bottom flange welds for
examination. Fig. 1 shows not only slag inclusions but also lack
of fusion between the weld metal and base metal [3]. Charpy
V-notch tests also showed that the weld metal composition
was consistent with the high deposition/low notch toughness
E70T-4 electrode (average CVN values of 8 and 24 J at 0
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: cmu@ucsd.edu (C.-M. Uang).
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the County
provided funding for the seismic rehabilitation of this building.
The moment frames and their connection configuration in the
DPW building have some features that differ from the ‘typical’
pre-Northridge moment connections. First, the bay width is
short (4.57 m). Second, built-up sections of A36 steel were
used for the beams and columns. Third, doubler plates that
were offset from the column web were used. Fourth, the beams
were fully welded to the columns; an erection angle was
placed beneath the beam for erection purposes (see Fig. 2).
Furthermore, the steel beams were not connected to concrete
slab with headed shear connectors.
A variety of rehabilitation ideas have been proposed and
verified through experimental testing and analytical studies
after the 1994 Northridge earthquake. One scheme is to
strengthen the connection with the addition of a haunch at the
bottom of the beam. The effectiveness of the use of welded
haunch moment connections has been previously shown by
experimental testing with and without a slab [11–13,4]. For
the DPW building to stay operational during the rehabilitation

0143-974X/$ - see front matter 

c 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.11.001
784 B. Chi et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62 (2006) 783–792
Fig. 1. Macrosection of existing weld joints at sixth floor.
Fig. 2. Details of pre-Northridge moment connections.
process, the addition of a beam top haunch or gouging
out the existing weld at the beam top flanges as per the
recommendation of FEMA 351 [9] was ruled out as a method
for reinforcing the existing beam top flange groove weld.
Although the presence of a composite slab may help prevent
the fracture of the existing top flange weld [4,13], the beam
strain near the groove weld was found to approach 20–30 times
the yield strain [14]. A pair of rib plates was thus added to the
underside of the beam top flange due to the concern for weld
fracture.
The design of the haunch moment connections was based
on the AISC Steel Design Guide Series 12 [7]. Based on test
data available at the time, the Design Guide recommends that
the inclined angle of the haunch, measured from the horizontal,
be 30 ± 5 degrees. With this angle, it was found that column
strengthening would be required because the beam span is
very short and the weak column–strong beam condition already
exists in the building. To avoid expensive column strengthening,
a larger inclination angle (52 degrees) was used so that a

Mpc∗ /
M ∗ ratio of about one is achieved, where
M ∗ =
pb pc
moments in the column above and below the joint projected
to the intersection of the beam and column centerlines, and

Mpb∗ = sum of the moments determined by projecting the
nominal beam flexural strengths at the plastic hinge location to
the column centerline [1].
2. Experimental program
Six two-sided moment connection specimens were tested.
All test specimens were interior sub-assemblages consisting
of a single column with one beam attached to each flange.
The specimens were designated as LAC-1 through LAC-
6. LAC-1 and LAC-2 were specimens simulating the pre-
Northridge moment connections on the third and ninth
floors, respectively; the other four were rehabilitated moment
connections. Specimens LAC-3 and LAC-5 were retrofits of
Specimen LAC-1, while Specimens LAC-4 and LAC-6 were
retrofits of Specimen LAC-2. Table 1 shows the sectional
dimensions for both the built-up members and the retrofit
pieces. A36 steel was specified for all steel plates in the existing
connection. All plates for retrofit were specified as A572 Gr. 50
steel. The steel material characteristics are summarized in
Table 2.
Fig. 2 shows the pre-Northridge moment connection details.
Note that a pair of 13 mm thick doubler plates was offset from
the column web by 50 mm and no continuity plates were used.
The beam flanges and web were groove welded to the column
flange with simulated pre-Northridge field welding practices. A
3 mm strip of full weld width was masked off and coated with
two layers of boron nitride paint to form an artificial defect in
the groove weld of the beam-to-column connection [10]. An
E70T-4 electrode was used to make the beam flange groove
welds, while E70T-7 electrode was used to make the beam web
groove weld. The L4 × 3 steel backing was left in place for
the bottom flange groove welds. No shear plates were used for
the construction of the DPW building because the beam was
supported at both ends by the clip angle. To fabricate the test
specimens with the beams cantilevering out from the column,
however, the fabricator decided to use a shear plate with three
erection bolts in the beam web to facilitate construction. These
bolts were de-tensioned for groove welding and removed after
welding was completed.
 B. Chi et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62 (2006) 783–792 785

Table 1
Built-up beam, column, and haunch dimensions

Specimen No. Component d bf tf tw

Beam 762 mm (30 in.) 203 mm (8 in.) 31.8 mm (1–1/4 in.) 11.1 mm (7/16 in.)
LAC-1
Column 432 mm (17 in.) 229 mm (9 in.) 76.2 mm (3 in.) 25.4 mm (1 in.)
Beam 762 mm (30 in.) 203 mm (8 in.) 19.1 mm (3/4 in.) 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
LAC-2
Column 432 mm (17 in.) 229 mm (9 in.) 44.5 mm (1–3/4 in.) 19.1 mm (3/4 in.)
Beam 762 mm (30 in.) 203 mm (8 in.) 31 mm (1–1/4 in.) 11.1 mm (7/16 in.)
Column 432 mm (17 in.) 229 mm (9 in.) 76.2 mm (3 in.) 25.4 mm (1 in.)
LAC-3 LAC-5 Haunch – – 47.6 mm (1–7/8 in.) 12.7 mm (1/2 in.)
Rib plate – – – 19.1 mm (3/4 in.)
Stiffener – – – 19.1 mm (3/4 in.)
Beam 762 mm (30 in.) 203 mm (8 in.) 19.1 mm (3/4 in.) 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
Column 432 mm (17 in.) 229 mm (9 in.) 44.5 mm (1–3/4 in.) 19.1 mm (3/4 in.)
LAC-4 LAC-6 Haunch – – 34.9 mm (1–3/8 in.) 12.7 mm (1/2 in.)
Rib plate – – – 12.7 mm (1/2 in.)
Stiffener – – – 15.9 mm (5/8 in.)
d = section depth, b f = flange width, t f = flange thickness, tw = web thickness.

to both Beams 1 and 2. Testing was controlled by the interstory

drift angle, which was defined as the displacement imposed at
the tip of the beam divided by the beam span to the centerline
of the column. The SAC loading protocol [5] was imposed on
all the test specimens. The positive drift cycle is defined as
Beam 1 moving up while Beam 2 is moving down. Each test
specimen was instrumented with a combination of strain gages,
strain rosettes, and linear displacement transducers. Refer
to [2] for a complete listing of gage, rosette, and transducer
locations.

3. Experimental results

3.1. Pre-Northridge moment connections

The performance of both specimens (LAC-1 and LAC-2)

Fig. 3. Details of rehabilitated moment connections.
Fig. 3 shows the details of the rehabilitated moment
connections. The rehabilitation consisted of using a welded
haunch under each beam and two rib plates beneath the top
beam flange. The haunch was composed of a flange plate and a
web plate. A pair of beam web stiffeners was provided at the
end of the haunch. The rib plates lined up with the doubler
plates. The steel backing at the top flange was left in place.
Fig. 4 shows the test setup. The prescribed beam tip
displacement of equal amount but opposite in sign was imposed
was similar. Whitewash flaking was observed in the doubler
plates at 0.75% drift. During the 1% drift cycles, fracture of
groove weld in the bottom flange of one beam occurred. Fig. 5
shows the groove weld fracture of Beam 1 bottom flange (as
well as whitewash in the doubler plates) for LAC-1. Weld
fracture also occurred in the beam top flange of LAC-2.
Plots of normalized beam moment versus interstory drift
ratio are shown in Fig. 6; the normalized moment is computed
as the beam moment at the column face normalized by the
actual plastic moment. Significant drop in strength during the
1% and 2% drift cycles occurred due to the fracture of the
groove welds. Fig. 7 compares the panel zone shear strains that
were measured by a pair of diagonally placed displacement
transducers mounted on the column web and one doubler plate,
respectively. Similar levels of strains experienced by these
two components indicate that the offset doubler plates were
effective in resisting shear in the panel zone region.
3.2. Rehabilitated moment connections
No groove weld fracture was observed for all rehabilitated
test specimens. Minor flaking on the doubler plates was first
observed at 0.5% drift. Flaking of whitewash was evident at the
786 B. Chi et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62 (2006) 783–792

Table 2
Steel material characteristics
Specimen no. Components Yield strength (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Elongationa (%)
Flange 282 (312) 476 (466) 34.0 (28.7)
Beam
Web 302 (310) 441 (439) 39.0 (24.0)
LAC-1
Flange 297 (295) 516 (503) 31.0 (24.5)
Column
Web 299 (297) 447 (454) 42.0 (26.0)
Doubler – 334 (343) 479 (467) 34.0 (21.0)
Flange 257 (292) 430 (440) 38.0 (25.8)
Beam
Web 343 (325) 486 (472) 39.0 (18.0)
LAC-2
Flange 300 (284) 523 (506) 32.0 (31.0)
Column
Web 257 (292) 430 (440) 38.0 (25.8)
Doubler – 334 (343) 479 (467) 34.0 (21.0)
Flange 282 (312) 476 (466) 34.0 (28.7)
Beam
Web 302 (310) 441 (439) 39.0 (24.0)
Flange 297 (295) 516 (503) 31.0 (24.5)
Column
Web 299 (297) 447 (454) 42.0 (26.0)
LAC-3
Doubler – 334 (343) 479 (467) 34.0 (21.0)
Flange 364 (401) 571 (599) 29.0 (23.2)
Haunch
Web (420) (570) (20.3)
Rib plate – (410) (513) (27.5)
Stiffener – (410) (521) (26)
Flange 257 (292) 430 (440) 38.0 (25.8)
Beam
Web 343 (325) 486 (472) 39.0 (18.0)
Flange 300 (284) 523 (506) 32.0 (31.0)
Column
Web 257 (292) 430 (440) 38.0 (25.8)
LAC-4
Doubler – 334 (343) 479 (467) 34.0 (21.0)
Flange 359 (410) 572 (590) 26.0 (22.5)
Haunch
Web (420) (570) (20.3)
Rib plate – (420) (570) (20.3)
Stiffener – (373) (559) (24.5)
Flange (308) (470) (28.5)
Beam
Web 302 (313) 441 (461) 39.0 (22.0)
Flange 297 (292) 516 (472) 31.0 (31.5)
Column
Web 307 (305) 477 (467) 34.0 (27.0)
LAC-5
Doubler – 334 (343) 479 (467) 34.0 (21.0)
Flange 364 (401) 571 (599) 29.0 (23.2)
Haunch
Web (420) (570) (20.3)
Rib plate – (410) (513) (27.5)
Stiffener – (410) (521) (26.0)
Flange 310 (304) 480 (476) 34.0 (28.5)
Beam
Web 260 (299) 436 (427) 36.0 (23.5)
Flange 300 (285) 523 (457) 32.0 (24.5)
Column
Web 310 (304) 480 (476) 34.0 (28.5)
LAC-6
Doubler – 334 (343) 479 (467) 34.0 (21.0)
Flange 359 (410) 572 (590) 26.0 (22.5)
Haunch
Web (420) (570) (20.3)
Rib plate – (420) (570) (20.3)
Stiffener – (373) (559) (24.5)
Values in ( ) are from Certified Mill Test Reports.
a Based on 51 mm gage length.

beam flanges just outside the haunch region during the 0.75% the haunch region during the 1% drift cycles. At 2% drift,
drift cycles; minor flaking of column flanges above the beams flaking in the column flanges and web above the panel zone
was also noticed. Flaking of the beam web occurred just outside became prominent.
 B. Chi et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62 (2006) 783–792 787

Fig. 4. Test setup.

Kinking of the column due to yielding in both the panel

zone and column was obvious at 3% drift for Specimens LAC-
3 and LAC-5. Significant beam web local buckling was also
observed. Beam web local buckling was accompanied by the
formation of a tension field due to short beam span. Fig. 8
depicts the yielding and buckling pattern of LAC-4. Fig. 9
shows the response plots for the rehabilitated specimens. The
temporary load drop near zero displacement in the figure was
due to the change of direction of the tension field.

4. Performance comparison

4.1. Interstory Drift Angle

Fig. 10 summarizes the Interstory Drift Angles for all
specimens; the acceptance criteria in accordance with Section
9.2a of the 2002 AISC Seismic Provisions was used to
determine the Interstory Drift Angle. Brittle fracture of groove
welded joints occurred in both pre-Northridge specimens
(LAC-1 and LAC-2). The mean Interstory Drift Angle was
1.3%. The welded haunch together with the rib plates was
effective in preventing weld fracture in all four rehabilitated
specimens; all these specimens exhibited a ductile failure mode
with yielding and buckling. The mean Interstory Drift Angle of
the rehabilitated moment connections was 4.4%.
4.2. Beam flange tensile strains
The effectiveness of the haunch and rib plate in reducing
the tensile strain in the beam flanges (and hence the groove
Fig. 5. Specimen LAC-1 beam bottom flange groove weld fracture.
welds) can be observed from the measured strains (see Table 3).
Compared to the bottom flanges, the top flanges of pre-
Northridge specimens (LAC-1 and LAC-2) were able to sustain
much higher strains before brittle fracture occurred. The
average tensile strain capacity of the bottom flange, which was
limited by weld fracture, was only 1.9ε y , where ε y = yield
strain. But the corresponding capacity for the top flange was
20.1ε y , although the variations were high.
The tensile strains in the top flanges of the rehabilitated
specimens were low. This indicates that the haunch and rib
plates were very effective in reducing the strain demand. The
average strain demand for the rehabilitated specimens was
about 1.25ε y .
788 B. Chi et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62 (2006) 783–792

(a) Specimen LAC-1.

(b) Specimen LAC-2.

Fig. 6. Hysteretic response of pre-Northridge moment connection specimens.

(a) Column web. (b) Doubler plate.

Fig. 7. Comparison of panel zone shear strains in column web and doubler plate.

5. Analytical study

Both the pre-Northridge and rehabilitated specimens

Fig. 8. Yielding and buckling pattern of Specimen LAC-4 at 3% drift.
were modeled using the finite element analysis program
ABAQUS [8]. Quadrilateral four-node shell elements (element
type S4R in ABAQUS) with six degrees of freedom per node
were used to model the specimens. Welded joints were not
explicitly modeled. Material properties used for the models
were taken from tensile coupon tests. The plasticity model used
in the analyses was based on a von Mises yield surface and an
associated flow rule. The plastic hardening was defined using a
nonlinear kinematic hardening law.
Fig. 11 shows the correlation of global response for
Specimens LAC-3 and LAC-4. Both the initial stiffness
and post-yield result correlated reasonably well with the
 B. Chi et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62 (2006) 783–792 789

(a) Specimen LAC-3.

(b) Specimen LAC-5.

(c) Specimen LAC-4.

(d) Specimen LAC-6.

Fig. 9. Hysteretic response of retrofitted specimens.

790 B. Chi et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62 (2006) 783–792

(a) 3rd-floor specimens. (b) 9th-floor specimens.

Fig. 10. Comparison of interstory drift angle.

Table 3
Comparison of maximum beam flange tensile strains

Specimen no. Beam ID Top flange Bottom flange

ε (mm/mm) ε/ε y ε (mm/mm) ε/ε y
Beam 1 0.0107 6.84 0.0033 2.12
LAC-1
Beam 2 0.0673 43.1 0.0018 1.18
Beam 1 0.0400 27.4 0.0019 1.33
LAC-2
Beam 2 0.0046 3.15 0.0041 2.83
Beam 1 0.0019 1.21 0.0009 0.58
LAC-3
Beam 2 0.0038 2.45 0.0006 0.39
Beam 1 0.0019 1.28 0.0012 0.80
LAC-4
Beam 2 0.0016 1.10 0.0005 0.32
Beam 1 0.0019 1.24 0.0005 0.31
LAC-5
Beam 2 0.0016 1.03 0.0003 0.22
Beam 1 0.0013 0.92 0.0011 0.78
LAC-6
Beam 2 0.0011 0.78 0.0008 0.58
ε y = yield strain based on measured yield strength.

(a) LAC-3 Beam 1. (b) LAC-4 Beam 1.

Fig. 11. Correlation of global response.

response envelope of the test results. The predicted deformation The analysis was able to simulate both local buckling and
configuration for Specimen LAC-4 is shown in Fig. 12. lateral–torsional buckling in the beams.
 B. Chi et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62 (2006) 783–792
Fig. 12. Predicted deformed configuration of Specimen LAC-4.
Two stress and strain indices [6] were computed from
the ABAQUS results to assess the performance of the pre-
Northridge and rehabilitated connections.
Pressure index: This index is defined as the ratio of the
hydrostatic stress, σm , to the yield stress, σ y , of the material:
σm
PRESS Index = . (1)
σy
The hydrostatic stress, σm , is defined as follows:
1
σm = − trace(σii )
3 imens (two pre-Northridge and four rehabilitated specimens)
where σii are the Cauchy stress components (i ranges from
1 to 3). The pressure index and the hydrostatic stress are
(a) 3rd-floor specimens.
Fig. 13. Comparison of PEEQ Index at 1.5% drift.
791
negative in value under tensile forces. Large principal stresses
are usually accompanied by high hydrostatic stresses. High
principal stresses can result in a large stress intensity factor at
crack tips, which will increase the potential for brittle facture.
PEEQ Index: This index is defined as the ratio between the
equivalent plastic strain, PEEQ, and the yield strain, ε y :
PEEQ
PEEQ Index = (3)
εy
where the equivalent plastic strain is defined as:


2 p p
PEEQ = ε ε (4)
3 ij ij
p
where εi j is the plastic strain components in the i and j
directions. The PEEQ index can be used as a measure of local
ductility.
Fig. 13 shows the PEEQ comparison across the beam top
flange width at the groove weld location. The pre-Northridge
connection had a maximum PEEQ Index close to 14. With the
addition of the haunch only (designated as Specimen NR), the
maximum PEEQ for LAC-3NR is reduced to approximately
8. The maximum PEEQ Index further reduces to a value of
approximately 5 when the rib plates are also added.
Fig. 14 shows the comparison of PRESS Index. The effect
of the rib plate is more pronounced for the specimens with
a thin beam flange (LAC-2 and LAC-4). For the rehabilitated
specimen without rib plates, the PRESS Index distribution
across the beam flange width is similar to that of the pre-
Northridge connection. With the introduction of the flange rib
plates, however, significant reduction in PRESS Index can be
seen at locations where the rib plate and offset doubler plate are
located.
6. Conclusions
(2) A total of six full-scale, two-sided moment connection spec-
were cyclically tested. The pre-Northridge specimens featured
built-up beams and columns; no continuity plates were used, but
(b) 9th-floor specimens.
792 B. Chi et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62 (2006) 783–792
(a) 3rd-floor specimens.
Fig. 14. Comparison of PRESS Index at 1.5% drift.
a pair of doubler plates offset from the column web was adopted
in the original design. The rehabilitation included welding a
haunch beneath the beam and a pair of rib plates beneath the
beam top flange. Based on the experimental results and the
associated analytical study, the following conclusions can be
made.
1. As expected, brittle fracture of the beam flange to column
flange E70T-4 groove welds was the failure mode for
the pre-Northridge specimens. The average Interstory Drift
Angle was 1.3%. Beam bottom flange groove welded joints
fractured at low strains.
2. Even with the existing steel backing in place, brittle fracture
of the beam-to-column E70T-4 groove welds was prevented
with the proposed rehabilitation scheme. The Interstory Drift
Angle for all rehabilitated specimens exceeded 4%.
3. Based on an experimental research program sponsored by
NIST, an AISC seismic design guide [7] recommends that
the inclination angle of the haunch be limited to 30 ±
5 degrees [14]. This study shows that the AISC design
procedure is also applicable for an inclination angle up to
50 degrees.
4. Doubler plates that were offset from the column web were
effective in resisting shear with the column web panel zone.
5. Finite element analysis showed that both the haunch and rib
plates were effective in reducing the plastic strain demand in
the existing (i.e., pre-Northridge) groove welded joint of the
beam top flange; the reduction was on the order of 2.6 and
4.3 for the specimens tested.
Acknowledgments
The work presented in this paper was funded by the
Los Angeles County as part of the structural rehabilitation
for the Public Works Headquarters Building of the Los
Angeles County DPW. Mr. J. Ungerer of Rutherford &
Chekene Consulting Engineers served as the consultant for this
rehabilitation project.
(b) 9th-floor specimens.
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