Introduction/Motivation

(In advance, make copies of the Introduction to Environmental Engineering

Worksheet and prepare to show the class the attached 13-slide Introduction to
Environmental Engineering Presentation, a PowerPoint file.)
Today's presentation is a quick introduction to the types of problems environmental
engineers solve. When you think of environmental engineering, you think about the
environment, right? And when you think about the environment what comes to mind?
(Listen to student responses. Expect students to say: the Earth or some body of water
or the atmosphere.) Today's presentation focuses on land and air quality. These are
terms environmental engineers use when classifying their areas of study. We'll focus on
water quality later. By the end of this presentation, you should be able to identify
sources of air and land pollution, understand how pollution negatively affects the
environment, and have learned some ways to reduce pollution.
(Continue on to present students with the information found in the Lesson Background
section.)

Lesson Background and Concepts for Teachers

(Hand out copies of the worksheet for students to complete during the PowerPoint
presentation. The slides are "animated," so clicking the mouse or space bar brings up
the next item.)
Slide 1: Introduction to Environmental Engineering
Slide 2: What is environmental engineering? Review the definition with students: The
application of science and engineering knowledge and concepts to care for and/or
restore our natural environment and/or solve environmental problems.
Slide 3: Who does it affect? Environmental engineers are concerned with the negative
impacts of human activity on the environment from the micro- to macro-scale, so this
includes organisms from bacteria to insects to humans and, consequently, the entire
planet.
Slide 4: What are environmental issues? As mentioned earlier, these are the broad
areas that environmental engineers are concerned with keeping healthful. (Water quality
will be discussed in a presentation in a later lesson in this unit.)
Slide 5: Air quality: Why is air quality so important? Clean air is essential to our
lives! Poor air quality can lead to smog, acid rain, respiratory and other illnesses, and
global warming. Smog is severe heavy air pollution that can lead to respiratory
problems and other illnesses in humans. We'll discuss acid rain and global warming in
more detail in a bit.
Slide 6: From where do air pollutants come? Ask students if they know the image on
the right (caption: Air pollution in China). It is the Bird's Nest Stadium in Beijing, China,
home of the 2008 Summer Olympics. China has a huge problem with air pollution due
to high levels of industrial pollution and a large number of vehicles on the roads. Some
Olympics participants reported respiratory problems because of the air pollution.
Looking at the image, you can see how air appears when it is heavily polluted.
The three images on the left represent common air pollution sources: industrial
processing and vehicle exhaust. These smoke stacks show one big source of air
pollution: factories that use burning and/or chemical processing to produce products.
When this happens, exhaust and fumes leave by smoke stacks like these and enter the
atmosphere, polluting the air. Even though most industries are required by the
government to limit how much pollution they release into the atmosphere, air pollutants
are still being released through thousands of plants like this all over the world.
Ask students to think about how many cars and trucks they see on the roads. A
combustion reaction occurs when vehicles burn gasoline for fuel. It is not a very efficient
process and the products of this reaction include harmful air pollutants that are released
into the air through exhaust fumes. This same process also occurs in "off-road" vehicles
such as airplanes, trains and tractors.
Slide 7: Air Quality: Review the definition of air pollutant: a known substance in the air
that can cause harm to humans and the environment. This slide describes common air
pollutant chemicals that arise from the sources mentioned in the previous slide.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) include nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Nitrogen
dioxide is the primary nitrogen oxide component released from vehicle exhaust.
Sulfur oxides (SOx), particularly sulfur dioxide (SO2), are released from industrial plants.
A lot of coal and petroleum contain sulfur, so when burned, they produce sulfur dioxide.
Once the sulfur dioxide reaches the clouds in the atmosphere, it combines with water
vapor to produce acidic rain, which has a lower pH than normal rain water.
The poisonous gas carbon monoxide results from incomplete combustion of gasoline
and other fuels. Many homes now have carbon monoxide detectors. (Depending on
students' familiarity with chemistry, write on the board an example of a combustion
reaction to show how carbon monoxide forms from incomplete combustion.) Carbon
dioxide is a key air pollutant that directly relates to global climate change; it is a
greenhouse gas generated from the combustion of fuels by people.
Slide 8: Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming: Ask students who have been in a
greenhouse to describe the temperature they felt while inside. Explain how the Sun's
heat is captured inside the glass greenhouse walls and roof. This "greenhouse effect"
takes place in our planet's atmosphere when the presence of so many air pollutants,
such as carbon dioxide, traps the heat from the Sun within our atmosphere, heating up
the air around the Earth.
Review the definitions with students. Global warming is an increase in the average air
temperature of the Earth. The greenhouse effect is when heat from Sun gets trapped
inside the glass of a greenhouse and heats up its air.
Regardless of its causes, global warming is happening in our lifetimes, as evidenced by
measurements that show the Earth's average air temperature increasing each year. An
increase in Earth's air temperature results in the melting of polar ice caps, altering
agricultural conditions for producing crops, and ecological and climate conditions that
affect animals and plants.
Slide 9: How do we reduce air pollutants? A list of possible ways to reduce the
amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere is provided. People can carpool, walk,
bike, or use some type of public transportation to reduce the number of vehicles used.
Recently, car manufacturers started making hybrid cars, which burn less gasoline than
typical cars use. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency limits companies and
vehicles on the amount of emissions they are permitted to release.
The development and use of alternative fuels is another environmental engineering
topic. Ask students what is happening with the amount of oil in the world. (Answer:
Since oil is a non-renewable resource, it will eventually run out.) Two promising options
for alternative fuels are hydrogen and algae fuel. A hydrogen car would consume
hydrogen instead of gasoline and produce water vapor instead of carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide. Algae uses photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and
biomass, so driving cars could have the effect of reducing the amount of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere.
Another environmental engineering topic is geologic carbon sequestration (GCS). GCS
is a way to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by
capturing carbon dioxide from industrial plants and pumping it deep underground into
aquifers (underground storage of groundwater) where it can be trapped by the capstone
and other rock formations for long periods of time.
Environmental engineers are working on the details to make this option work, such as
what happens if the sequestration leaks and surfaces to groundwater level, or will
injecting carbon dioxide underground cause any harmful mineral components to
dissolve?
Slide 10: Land Quality: Review a few definitions that are important when discussing
land quality: land pollution, natural resources, renewable resources and non-renewable
resources.
Slide 11: Examples: Renewable resources include sunshine, water and trees (wood).
For example, we generate electricity by capturing sunlight and building dams. A
renewable resource can become a non-renewable resource if it is used up faster than it
can be replaced. For example, if forests are cut down for wood, but not re-grown fast
enough, then trees would be considered a non-renewable resource.
Non-renewable resources primarily include oil and natural gas, which are used as
energy sources. While the reserves of these fossil fuels are being used up, engineers
are looking for alternative fuels to replace them. Oil spills can be disastrous to plants,
animals and people's livelihoods (fishing, tourist business, water quality). Looking at the
photograph of a coal train reminds us of how many processes and industries rely on
coal-fired energy for production while the amount of mineable coal is becoming scarce.
Slide 12: What problems arise from land pollution? Acid mine drainage is the
outflow of acidic water from abandoned mines. This water is so acidic that it turns yellow
and kills any marine and plant life nearby. It ends up poisoning the land and getting into
our water supplies.
This man is handling chemicals to be applied to crops, maybe to the growing of corn,
soybeans or cotton. Pesticides are dangerous chemicals with the purpose to kill insects,
and herbicides are harmful chemicals with the purpose to kill weeds. Fertilizers are
additional chemicals added to the mix. If these chemicals are overused, they can ruin
crops and soils. When it rains, the sprayed chemicals on plant material can runoff from
the fields into groundwater and nearby bodies of water. We know that if ingested in
large amounts, the chemicals in pesticides can cause birth defects in humans.
Landfills exist all over the world. All the trash that humans produce winds up in landfills
to slowly decay over time. The decaying materials release methane (CH4) gas, which is
another greenhouse gas (much worse than carbon dioxide) and also destroy the soil.
Slide 13: How do we reduce land pollution? Students can help reduce land pollution
by reducing what they use, recycling, re-using existing items, and choosing to use
biodegradable items (paper over plastic) to help cut back on volume of materials going
to landfills. Also, raising and purchasing foods that have been grown in a non-damaging
manner (such as organic food) is better for the health of people and our planet. Refer to
the associated activity Thinking Green! to have students follow the steps of the
engineering design process to create ideas for services or technologies to help solve
environmental issues.

Associated Activities

 Thinking Green! - Student groups loosely follow the steps of the engineering
design process to create ideas for services or technologies to help solve
environmental issues. First they brainstorm relevant environmental issues, then
select one issue and design a solution. To conclude, students present their ideas
in the form of advertisements for peer feedback and critique.

Vocabulary/Definitions
air pollutant: A known substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the
environment.
environmental engineering: The application of science and engineering knowledge and
concepts to care for and/or restore our natural environment and/or solve environmental
problems.
global warming: An increase in the average air temperature of the Earth.
greenhouse effect: When heat from the Sun gets trapped inside the glass of a
greenhouse and heats up its air. This analogy is used to describe a phenomenon seen
with our planet. Similar to how a greenhouse works by trapping radiation that comes
through glass to heat the greenhouse, the greenhouse effect refers to radiation from the
Sun that is trapped in the Earth's atmosphere and warms the surface of the Earth.
land pollution: Destruction of the Earth's surface caused by human activities and the
misuse of natural resources.
natural resources: Land and raw materials that exist naturally in the environment
undisturbed by humans.
non-renewable resource: A natural resource that cannot be produced, re-grown or
reused.
renewable resources: A natural resource that can be replaced by a natural process.

Assessment
Worksheet: Have students complete the Introduction to Environmental Engineering
Worksheet by writing definitions and answering questions while the teacher presents
the attached PowerPoint presentation. Collect, review and grade the worksheets to
assess student engagement and comprehension of the presented material.

Lesson Extension Activities

Follow this lesson by conducting the "Greenhouse Gas Exposed" lab available at
ECOHEALTH. In this activity, students directly measure the effect of increased
greenhouse gases, specifically carbon dioxide, on air temperature. By performing a
simple reaction of baking soda and vinegar, they generate carbon dioxide and monitor
the increase in air temperature with time, compared to "unpolluted" air. This lab makes
global warming more tangible because students can easily see the effect of greenhouse
gases. See:
http://ecohealth101.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=180%3Ateach
ers-lp-greenhouse-article&catid=130&Itemid=272

References
Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Last updated September 27, 2012. Climate Change, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed December 27, 2012.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/index.html
Major Air Pollutants. 2007. Fact Monster. Information Please Database. Pearson
Education, Inc. Accessed December 27, 2012.
http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0004695.html
Natural resource (definition, adapted). Last updated November 1, 2012. Wikipedia, The
Free Encyclopedia. Accessed November 1, 2012.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource