HANDOUTS IN EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY 1

TOPIC 6: VISUALS

WHAT ARE VISUALS?

Picture, photograph, or piece of film used to give a particular effect or to explain something.
(Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and Thesaurus)

Picture, diagram, or piece of film that is used to show or explain something. Remember you
want your visuals to reinforce your message, not detract from what you are saying. (Collins English
Dictionary)

TWO FORMS OF VISUALS:

 Non-Projected Visuals
 Projected Visuals

A. NON-PROJECTED VISUALS
 Translate abstract ideas into a more realistic format
 Allow instructions to move down from the level of verbal symbols into a more concrete level
 Make instructions more engaging and realistic
 Easy to use because they do not require any equipment
 Inexpensive
 Can be used in many ways at all levels of instruction and disciplines
 Use to stimulate creative expression
 Used in testing and evaluation

REAL OBJECTS STILL PICTURES DRAWINGS

CHARTS GRAPHS POSTERS CARTOONS

TYPES OF NON-PROJECTED VISUALS

1. REAL OBJECTS - Solid, physical objects that can be brought into a classroom to be examined.

2. STILL PICTURES - Still pictures are photographic (or photograph-like representations of people,
places and things).

3. DRAWINGS - Drawing is a graphic art which characterized by an emphasis on form or shape rather
than mass and colors. In fine arts, it is defined as the linear realization of visual objects, concepts,
emotions and fantasies, including symbols and even abstract form. (Encyclopedia of Art)
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TYPES OF DRAWING

3.1. SCHEMATIC DRAWING

Concise, graphical symbolism whereby the engineer communicates to others the

functional relationship of the parts in a component and, in turn, of the components in a system

(Robert W. Mann, 2014).

3.2. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Isometric drawing is a way of presenting designs/drawings in three dimensions. In

order for it to appear three dimensional. A 30-degree angle is applied to its sides.
(V. Ryan, www.technologystudent.com)

3.3. EXPLODED VIEW DRAWING

Exploded view drawing is a diagram, picture or technical drawing of an object, that

shows the relationship or order of assembly of various parts.

3.4. CUTAWAY DRAWING

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 Cutaway drawing is a representation (drawing or model) of something in which
the outside is omitted to reveal the inner parts. (www.vocabulary .com)

4. CHARTS - Charts are visual representation of abstract relationships such as chronologies,

quantities and hierarchies.

ORGANIZATIONAL CLASSIFICATION TIME LINE

CHART CHART

TABULAR CHART FLOW CHART

TYPES OF CHARTS

4.1. ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS - Shows the structure or chain of command in the

company
4.2. CLASSIFICATION CHARTS - Similar to organizational charts but are used chiefly to
classify or categorize events, objects or species.
4.3. TIME LINES - illustrate chronological relationships between events
4.4. TABULAR CHARTS OR TABLES - contains numerical information
4.5. FLOW CHARTS - Show a sequence, a procedure, or as the name implies, the flow of
the process. There must be a START and an END.

5. GRAPHS - Graphs provide visual representation of numerical data. They also illustrate
relationships among units of data and trends in the data. Data can be interpreted more quickly
in graph form than in tabular form. Graphs are also more visually interesting than tables.

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 BAR GRAPH PICTORIAL GRAPH

PIE GRAPH LINE GRAPH

TYPES OF GRAPHS

5.1. BAR GRAPHS - Easy to read and can be used with elementary age students.

5.2. PICTORIAL GRAPHS - Alternate form of the bar graph in which numerical units are
represented by a simple drawing. Pictorial are more interesting and appeal to a wide
audience, especially young students.

5.3. CIRCLE OR PIE GRAPHS - Easy to interpret. Divided in segments, each representing a
part of percentage of the whole.

5.4. LINE GRAPHS - most precise and complex of all graphs.

6. POSTERS - Posters incorporate visual combination of images, lines,

colors and words. They are intended to catch and hold viewers’
attentions at least long enough to communicate a brief message. To be
effective, posters must be colorful and dynamic. Posters should nor be
left on display for too long.

7. CARTOONS - Cartoons (line drawing that are rough caricatures of real

people and events) are perhaps the most popular and familiar visual
format. Humor and Satire are the mainstays of the cartoonist’s skills.

According to Prasanth Venpaka on his article about Non-projected visuals on the site Edutechno
friend published on 2015, Non-projected Visuals are divided into 4 categories such as Graphic Aids,
Display Boards, Three-dimensional Aids, and Audio Aids. (Audio aids are not part of visuals)

1. Graphic Aids
 Graphs  Cartoons  Pictures and
 Diagrams  Comics Photographs
 Posters  Flash cards  Charts
 Maps

2. Display Boards
 Blackboards – simplest and oldest visual aids

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  Roll-up chalk board – made up of thick rexin cloth
 Pegboard- have holes in the entire surface and is used to suspend flat or 3D objects
 Hook and loop board- surface is made up of a special nylon fabric consists of
thousands of tiny but strong loops.
 Flannel board- have a fiber surface to which similar materials will adhere. Only flat,
light weight materials can be used in flannel board.
 Magnetic board- can be used to show the relative movement of elements of a
visual. A sheet of iron together with pieces of magnets can be used.
 Plastigraph board- glass plate or rigid plastic sheet
 Bulletin board- a board foe exhibiting bulletins, an information giving device
 Marker board- large sheet of white plastic board, uses felt tip pens or markers

3. Three-dimensional Aids
 Models – concrete representation of objects, their size being adjusted to make it
handy and conveniently observable.
 Objects – real things collected on from their natural settings
 Specimen – typical object or a part of an object, that has been removed for
convenient observation
 Mock-ups – operating model usually of a process, design to be worked out directly
the learner for specific training or analyses. (imitation of real process)
 Diorama – 3d scene in depth, incorporating a group of model objects and figures in
a natural setting.
 Puppets – have been used to stimulate reality, to entertain and to pass on
knowledge.

B. PROJECTED VISUALS

Projected visuals are defined as media formats in which still pictures are enlarged and displayed
on a screen. They have long been popular as a medium of instruction as well as entertainment.

INTEGRATION:

Projected visuals are suitable for all use at all grade levels and for instruction in all
curriculum areas.

 Following are some typical subjects among the myriad possibilities for visual
presentations:

Provides a tour Present a preoperational explanation

Make a visual history Illustrate the uses of products
Illustrate lectures Teach a step by step process
Document student Simulate field trip
activities/community problems Promote public understanding

 TYPES OF PROJECTED VISUALS

1. DOCUMENT CAMERAS

Document camera is a video camera mounted on a copy stand,

pointed downward at documents, flat pictures, or graphics and small
objects (like coins). The image may be projected onto a large screen
within the room or it may be transmitted to distant sites via television.

ADVANTAGES
 No projection required.
- on-the-spot projection of readily available classroom materials
 All students have equal view.
- equal opportunity to view the same materials easily
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  Allows group viewing of student work.
- group viewing and discussion of student work
LIMITATIONS
 Bulky hardware.
- Requires monitor or video projector
 Monitor or projection required.
- You cannot use it without a monitor or video projector
 Additional lighting.
- Need additional lighting for good image

INTEGRATION
 All subjects  Industry  Religion
 Art  Language Arts  Science
 Business  Medicine  Social Studies
 Home  Military
Economics  Music

2. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

Overhead projection has become the most widely used audiovisual device in North America
classrooms and training sites. It is done using an overhead projector –a device like a box with a large
stage on the top surface.

A projector is capable of projecting enlarged images of written or pictorial material onto a

screen or wall.

 Types of Projector

Transmissive type – light passes through the transparency

Reflective type – the light from the lamp is reflected off the mirrorlike stage. (lighter and compact)

Acetate – transparent film whose regular size is 8x10 inch

Overlays – are sheets of transparent film

ADVANTAGES

Brightness Availability of materials

Eye contact Self-prepared materials
Ease of use Advance preparation
Abundance of materials Impact attitudes
Manipulable Organization and discussion
LIMITATIONS

 Not programmed
- Could not be programmed to display visual sequences by itself, nor is an audio
accompaniment provided.
 Not self-instructional
- It is designed for large-group study
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  Production process required
- Materials have to be made into transparencies by means of some production
process.
 Keystone effect
- distortion

INTEGRATION

 Art  Geography  Music

 Consumer  Language Arts  Mathematics
Science  Laboratory Skills  Science
 Drama  Literature

 CREATING OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCIES

 Direct Drawing method
 Electronic Film process (Xerography)
 Overhead created by computer

 TYPES OF GRAPHICS SOFTWARE AVAILABLE:

 Presentation Programs – special software that simplifies creation of slide or transparencies of
graphics that combine text, data and visuals.
 Drawing and Paint Programs – allow the user to draw geometric shapes and figures
 Photo-enhancement Programs – allow the manipulation of color and use of special effects to
alter photographic and styles
 Desktop Publishing Programs – combines features of many other methods to create
sophisticated products such as newsletters and books.

 TECHNICAL PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF TRASPARENCIES

 Laser Printers
 Ink-jet Printers
 Thermal Transfer Printers
 Pen Plotters
 Impact Printers

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Sequencing Disorganization

Automatic Cameras Jamming

Automatic projection Susceptible to damage

Collection building

Individualized instruction

3. SLIDES

The term slide refers to a small-format photographic

transparency individually mounted for one-at-a-time projection.

Photographic slides are interesting media for lessons, especially

for topics that involve places, sceneries and people.

 Teacher and Student produced slides

 Producing “Slide Shows” by Digital Photography
 Producing Slides by Copying Visuals
 Producing Slides with Computers

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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Portability Easily disorganized

Remote Controlled Not effective in fully-lighted environment
Ease and Availability Jamming
Costly
Outdated

3. DIGITAL IMAGES

It is possible to store images in a digital form and show them on a computer or television
monitor or project them before a group. Available storage media includes CD-ROM, photo CD, DVD-
ROM and computer disks. (now we already have USB Flash drive)

CD-ROM DVD-ROM
PHOTO CD DIGITAL CAMERA USB

 CD-ROM (Compact Disc – Read only memory)

- Has the capacity to handle not only quality sound but also large quantities of
text and visuals.
 Photo CD (Photographic Compact Disc)
- Utilized digital technology to store photographic images. You can only show the
photographs on CD using a special photo CD player.
 DVD-ROM (Digital Videodisc – Read only memory)
- It is also a digital storage but with greater capacity. DVD is an ideal medium for
text, visuals, animation, motion video, and audio formats that have large
storage requirements.
 Digital Camera
- Directly connected to a computer to place the image onto the computer. Others
store digital images directly onto a computer disk or a small digital “flash
memory” card or “smart card”.

 USB (Universal Serial Bus) FLASH DRIVE

- A flash drive is a small, ultra-portable storage device which, unlike traditional
hard drive, has no moving parts. It is connected to computers and other devices
via built-in USB type-A plug, making it a kind of combination of USB device and
cable. (www.lifeware.com)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Random access Expensive to produce

Durability Requires player and projection

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 Storage Capacity Format becoming outdated
High quality visuals
Portable
Less storage space

4. DIGITAL IMAGE PROJECTION

Digital images can be shown to individual using a computer monitor. Designed for use with
presentation graphics software, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projection panels project computer images
on screen. Power point is also a presentation package that has become very popular. You can include
sounds and animation in your presentation.

ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS

Image choices Lack of brightness

Vast Capacity Legibility

Interactivity Expense

Main Text:

Heinich R. et. al., 2002, Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning, 7ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey

Other ONLINE Sources:

https://www.visual-arts-cork.com/drawing.htm

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2320/universal-serial-bus-usb

https://www.accessscience.com/content/schematic-drawing/605500

http://www.technologystudent.com/prddes1/drawtec2.html

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/cutaway%drawing

http://edutechnoffriend.blogspot.com/2015/06/non-projected-aids.html?m=1

Disclaimer:

This material is made for information-sharing and education purpose only. Copyright is owned and
reserved for the authors of the original materials which were used as sources of this hand-out. “Fair
Use” is observed and the group members have no copyright claim on the content of this material.
Discretion is advised for the utilization and re-distribution of this hand-out.

Prepared by: Agustin, Abbegael Z.

Bitar, Karol Chaina Krizel A.
Bordaje, Nikki L.
Del Rosario, Kin Alfred B.
BSED 3D

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