AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA

By :
Name : Mellya Rizki Pitriani
Student ID : B1B017031
Entourage : VII
Group :3
Assistant : Solikhul Amin

ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS II LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Amphibians are cold-blooded animals that live in 2 habitats, namely waters and
land. Amphibians have high skin moisture so that the skin is relatively smooth. The
word amphibian comes from the word "amphi" which means double and "bios" which
means life. Amphibians are defined as animals that can live in two habitats, there are
5,359 types of amphibians which are divided into nations namely Caudata, Anura and
Gymnophiona. Anura orders generally have a life cycle that undergoes metamorphosis
(Rinaldy, 2013).
The amphibian class is now only represented by about 6,150 species of
salamanders (Ordo Urodela), frogs (Ordo Anura), and ciliary (Ordo Apoda). There are
only about 550 species of urodella. Some species are fully aquatic, but others live on
land all their lives or when they mature. Most salamanders living on land walk with a
body twisting left and right, a trait inherited from early land tetrapods (Campbell et al.,
2008).
Reptiles are derived from the word reptum which means reptiles. Reptiles are
reptiles whose bodies are covered with dry skin or scales and breathe using the lungs.
Most of these classes are tetrapod animals except for the snake race. This class has a
characteristic that is the body of a reptile class member covered by scales or has scales
and has clawed toes except snakes (Rinaldy, 2013). The three largest and most diverse
living reptile ordo are Chelonia (turtles), Squama (lizards and snakes), and Crocodila
(crocodiles and alligators). Turtles developed during the mezoic era and have only
changed little since then (Kurniawan, 2013).

B. Objectives

The objective of this laboratory activity are :

1. Students learn and observe some members of Classis Amphibia and Reptilia.
2. Students learn some basic characteristics for Classis Amphibia and Reptilia
identification and classification.
 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Amphibians are cold-blooded animals that cannot regulate their own body
temperature. Amphibians lay eggs in moist or runny clay. Amphibian habitats include
forests, ponds, rice fields and lakes. Most amphibians have wet and soft skin so that
oxygen can easily enter the skin. Most adult amphibians breathe using the skin and also
through the lungs. Amphibian skin moisture is maintained by special glands under the
skin. Many amphibians maintain their skin's moisture by always being near water. Most
amphibians are born and grow in fresh water and then as adults move to dry land and
return to water to breed. Most amphibians lay soft eggs. The egg can be in the form of
strands or lumps that are very small like jelly (Rinaldy, 2013).
The Amphibian classis divided into three ordo, namely, the Ordo Urodela
(which has a tail), the Anura Ordo (which has no tail), and the Ordo Apoda (which has
no legs). The Ordo Caudata (Urodela) is an amphibian order that has a tail. This type
has a long body, has limbs. Some Caudata species breathe with gills and some breathe
using lungs. Salamanders who don't have lungs breathe using the skin and lining the
mouth. His body is divided between head, body and tail. On the head there are small
eyes. There is a type of salamander that is never an adult, that is the axolot. So this
salamander never develops beyond the larval stage. The habitat of a salamander is near
a river, river or pond. Salamanders generally eat insects. The Ordo Anura is an
amphibian without a tail when mature. But in its life cycle, the Ordo Anura or better
known as the frog has a tail when in the tadpole phase. This order is often found with
his body as if he was squatting. His body is divided into 3 parts, namely the head, body,
and limbs (tetrapod). His skin tends to get wet because it has mucous glands under his
skin. The most striking feature is the texture of the skin, where the frog's skin is
smoother than a frog and the frog's body shape is more slender than a frog. Frogs and
toads use their hind legs to jump. In the middle of the jump, the frog's hind legs are fully
stretched, its front legs are held back, and both eyes are closed for protection. When
landing, his body is curved and his front legs act as brakes (Rinaldy, 2013).
Metamorphosis is a highly vulnerable developmental stage when mortality can be high
and susceptibility to infection can be elevated. Mortality at the metamorphic stage is
naturally variable among species and it is also possible that species differed in intrinsic
sensitivity (Gervasi et al., 2017).
Frogs include Ordo Anura that have differences with frogs from a leaner body
shape and longer legs. Toads and frogs have Jacobson's organ senses in the palate as a
sense of taste and smell of the outside world. Toads and frogs use hind legs to jump.
Frogs or toads undergo a perfect metamorphosis phase in their life cycle. Habitat in its
life cycle. Habits of frogs and toads are in rivers, ponds, rice fields or tropical forests.
Frogs and toads are insects. The Ordo Gymnophiona (Apoda) is an amphibian that has
no limbs and some types of functional motion are reduced. Worm-like body, segmented,
and reduced tail. This animal has eyes closed by skin. This group shows 2 forms in its
life cycle. In the larval phase live in water and breathe with gills. In the adult phase the
gills are reduced, and are usually found in the soil or in the aquatic environment. Habitat
gymnophiona (saesilia), i.e. the banks of a river or ditch or under a pile of stones. Food
from is insects and worms (Rinaldy, 2013).
Reptiles have special characteristics, namely the body wrapped in dry skin that
gore (not slippery), usually with scales or carapace, some have glands on the surface of
the skin, two pairs of extremity members, each of whom has five fingers with matching
nails to run, grab and climb trees. The reptilian group is still alive in water, its legs
resemble the shape of a paddle even in snakes have no legs at all. The reptile skeleton is
fully reinforced, the skull has one occipital condylus, the heart is imperfect, consists of
four chambers, namely two atria and one ventriculus, a pair of archus aorticus,
berrytrosit with oval biconvex shape and breathing always with the lungs. In general,
reptiles are oviparous animals, where descendants grow in egg shells. Some need
incubating and some don't. But the type of sea snake has viviparous properties. The
offspring immediately came out in the form of snake cubs (Pope, 1956).
The Classis Reptile is divided into 4 ordo, namely testudinata / chelonia (for
example: turtles, turtles, and rhyncocephalia guinea pigs (for example: tuatara),
squamata (for example: serpentes, lacertilia, and amphisbaena) and crocodiles (for
example: crocodiles, alligators, ginger) , and caiman) The first ordo of the reptile class,
namely the Ordo Testudinata, has a flat round body shape and is generally relatively
large, has a hard shell, wrapped in a shield, a convex dorsal shield called the carapace,
and a flat ventral shield called a plastron. the shield was joined to the lower lateral part,
wrapped in skin with a thick layer of horny substance, it did not have teeth, but the
horn-skinned jaws instead included oviparous animals eggs laid in sand or earth holes
extremities as a means of movement both on land and in water (Brotowidjoyo, 1998).
The second ordo of the reptile class is the Ordo Rhynchocephalia. The
characteristic of this order is that the skull is diapsid (has two basins in the temporal
region). The gostralia bones (stomach bones) develop well. The cloacal cleft across the
roof of the head is the parietal eye with a lens and retina. has 1 family, namely
sphenodobtidae. Examples of species in this family are Sphenodon punctatus
(Radiopoetro, 1996). The third ordo of the reptile class, Ordo Squamata , is divided into
3 sub-orders, namely lacertilia / sauria sub-order, serpentes / ophidia sub-order,
amphisbaenia sub-order. The general characteristics of members of the Ordo Squamata
include his body covered by scales made of horn. These scales undergo periodic
changes called molting. Before peeling off, the stratum germinativum forms a new layer
of cultivars under the old layer. In suborder ophidia, the skin / scales are peeled off
completely, whereas in Suborder Lacertilia, the scales are partially peeled off. The
shape and arrangement of these scales is very important as a basis for classification
because the pattern tends to remain. In the ventral scales the snakes widen in the
transverse direction, whereas in gecko scales reduce to a bulge or tubercle. Squamata
members have quadratic bones, have extremities except in the suborder ophidia,
suborder amphisbaenia, and several species of the order lacertilia. Breovial breeding
ovoviviparally or oviparally by internal vertilization. Squamata distribution is very
broad, almost everywhere in the world except the Arctic, Antarctica, Ireland, New
Zealand, and several islands in Oceania (Zug, 1993). Squamate reptiles (lizards and
snakes) are an important and diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates, with >9,000
species. Squamates are an especially significant group for humans because venomous
squamates cause tens of thousands of deaths every year and yet their venom toxins are a
crucial resource for diverse medicines. Squamates are also widely used as model
systems for research in ecology and evolutionary biology, given their diverse ecologies,
body forms, reproductive modes (viviparous and oviparous), sexual systems, and other
characteristics (Tod et al., 2015).
The third ordo is the Crocodilia includes the largest reptiles among other
reptiles. The skin contains scales made from horn. In the back area of the scales, they
are arranged in a row in a horizontal direction and undergo reinforcement to form a
dermal shield. Dorsal scales, rounded lateral portions and ventral in rectangular shape.
Pyramid-shaped head, hard and strong, equipped with pointed teeth tecodont type teeth.
A small eye is located on the head that protrudes toward the dorso-lateral. Vertical
pupils are equipped with eye membranes, covered by folds of skin that wrap around the
bone so that the hole only looks like a gap. The nostrils are located on the dorsal side of
the tip of the snout and are equipped with a cover of muscles that can contract
automatically when the crocodile dives. Long and strong tail. The legs are relatively
short but strong enough. The rear limbs are longer, 4 fingers and webbed. 5-limbed
front limbs without membranes (Iskandar, 2000).
 III. METHODOLOGY

A. Materials

The instruments used in this laboratory acitivity are specimen tray, forceps,
magnifying glass, light microscope, stereo microscope, camera, animal identification
book, gloves, surgical mask, and stationary.
The material used in this laboratory activity are some specimens of Amphibia
and Reptilia.

B. Methods

The method used in this laboratory activity are:

1. The morphological characters of the specimens are observed, draw, and
described by students.
2. The specimens are identified with identification keys/literature by students.
3. The simple identification key are mad based on the observed characters by
students.
4. The discussion and conclusion based on the data can be constructed by students.
 REFERENCES

Brotowidjoyo, M. D., 1998. Zoologi Dasar. Jakarta : Erlangga.

Campbell, N. A., Jane, B. R, Lis, A.U., Michael, L. C., Steven, A.W., Peter, V. M.,
Robert, B. J., 2008. Biologi Edisi Kedelapan Jilid 2. Erlangga: Jakarta.
Gervasi, S. S., Patrick, R. S., Jessica, H., Catherine, L. S., Gisselle, Y. X., Deanna, H.
O., Betsy, A. B., Virginia, W., John, I. H., Rick, A. R., Andrew, R. B., 2017.
Linking Ecology and Epidemiology to Understand Predictors of Multi-Host
Responses to an Emerging Pathogen, the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus. PLOS
ONE, 12(1), pp. 1-23.
Iskandar, D. T., 2000. Buaya dan Kura-kura Indonesia. Puslitbang Biologi LIPI. Bogor.
Indonesia
Jasin, M., 1984. Sistematika Hewan Invertebrata dan Vertebrata. Surabaya: Sinar
Wijaya.
Kurniawan, A., 2013. Kelas Reptil. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Pope, CH. 1956. The Reptil World. London: Routledge and Kegal Paul Ltd.
Putranto, Dicky I., Pramana, Y., Felicia, Z. 2013. Keanekaragaman Reptil Impor Di
Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta.
Radiopoetro, 1996. Biologi. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Rinaldy, 2013. Amfibi dan Reptil. Bandung. Unikom
Tod W. R., Ted M. T., Daniel G. M., Brice P. N., Perry L. W. Jr., Jack W. S., Jr., John
J. W., 2015. Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile
Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa. PLOS ONE,
10(3), pp. 1-22.
Zug, G. R., 1993. Herpetology : an Introductory Biology of Ampibians and Reptils.
London: Academic Press.