AUSTRALASIA’S LEADING SECURITY RESOURCE FOR BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT

SECURITY
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CONTENTS CONTENTS

COVER STORY
054 Identity Theft
Identity theft has been described as the “cybercrime of the millennium”, the “greatest
threat to business after terrorism” and an “unprecedented modern epidemic.” It is
claimed to be something that involves over 30% of online credit card transactions, costs
upwards of US$52 billion each year and is associated with terrorism, people smuggling,
sex slavery, drug dealing and other offences. Who is behind this epidemic? Who is at risk
and what can we do to protect ourselves?

054
FEATURES
044 Preventing Suicide Bombings
In the wake of the Riyadh terror attack on May 11, 2003 and the London attacks earlier this year, the homeland security community should take a closer
look at, and re-evaluate the dangers of suicide terrorism. Israeli Counter Terrorism expert Tal Hanon reviews the reasons that terrorist organizations
choose various methods of suicide attacks, the way the perpetrators are recruited and trained, their profile and the ways in which law-enforcement
personnel can cope with them.

072 Security Gadgets of Tomorrow

Security technology is evolving at a rapid rate resulting in some interesting new developments. From non-lethal weapons to new scanning technologies,
robot security guards and intelligent detection systems, we look at some of the weird and wonderful new technology changing the face of private
security.

082 Dealing With Product Contamination

Product contamination can cost companies millions. It not only damages or destroys the brands and companies affected but can also inflict horrible
damage on the lives of the victims involved. Andy Chambers of Pinkerton’s Investigations looks at a real life case of product contamination and explains
some of the lessons learned while dealing with this terrifying problem.

108 2005 in Review

Given the wide diversity of events currently taking place in the security industry, and the financial and time constraints suffered by most security
professionals, it is unrealistic to expect that everyone can attend every show. Therefore, in an effort to keep our readers informed, we have put together a
brief overview of some of the larger security shows which have taken place over the few months.

044 072 082 108

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INDUSTRY NEWS
DISTORTION ADDS SECURITY TO
BIOMETRICS
Researchers have developed ways to alter
stored biometric images in a defined,
repeatable way, so that hackers who
manage to crack a biometric database
would be able to steal only the distortion
- not the true, original face or fingerprint,
The Associated Press reports.
In using biometrics, a computer generally
reduces an image to a template of
“minutia points” - notable features such
as a loop in a fingerprint or the position
of an eye. Those points are converted
to a numeric string by a mathematical
algorithm, then stored for later analysis.
But those mathematical templates, if
stolen, can be dangerous.
Although it is considered impossible
to take an image’s minutia points and
re-create the original, it is possible to
concoct an image that shares those points
and use it to trick a biometric system.
This chicanery requires either hacking
into a biometric-equipped network or
using a low-tech scam such as making a
fake finger out of something like latex or
gummy bears.
The solution, developed by IBM, is to
make biometric readers distort the
image before it is scanned. For example,
a face might be made to appear lumpy,
or squished up around the eyes. Then a
template of the distorted image would
be stored. When someone returned to
the scanner, the real-life image would
be transformed according to the same
patterns, creating a match with the
tweaked image in the database.
The original image isn’t stored anywhere.
And even if hackers could obtain the
altered biometric, it would be of limited
use as long as individual organisations
maintained their own formulas for
transforming images before scanning.
Therein lies the real advantage of the
method. While a standard biometric can’t
be torn up and reissued like a credit
card or password - since it’s based on
unchanging aspects of a person’s physical
appearance - distortion makes that
possible. A bank or an office building that
had its biometrics compromised
cont...
016
SECURITY…. ARE WE SERIOUS?
Food for thought from BSCAA
Prior to the bombing of Darwin by the Japanese in 1942,
Australia lived in a vacuum, believing most emphatically that
the country could never be attacked – armed hostilities were
for others, far away.
It was 60 years ago this year that World War II ended in the
Pacific. The thousands of young men and women who lost
their lives or were severely maimed have become but a blur
– except perhaps on Anzac Day. For younger generations, that
tragic event did not ever occur.
As a nation we have again adopted our laid back,
complacent, “can’t happen to me” approach to life. Bali,
London, September 11 and the daily bombings in the Middle
East seem but blips on our superseded radar.
For a few weeks after September 11, 2001, we saw an increase
in security awareness: a brief escalation of preparedness and
activity. Aviation and maritime security programs, both of
which are heavily legislated, received greater focus – and
that continues today – but what of the wider threat to the
community. What of the protection of large, attractive and
usually well populated public precincts? What of the many
significant high-rise commercial buildings? What of the
critical infrastructure? And so we go on!
Governments have become more serious, but has the private
sector outside of aviation and maritime? It would seem not.
There is some evidence to suggest that, if anything, the
private sector, in order to prune costs, has scaled down its
security preparedness while, not unexpectedly, anticipating
governments will further increase expenditure in this critical
area. One is reminded of the good old Australian adage,
“she’ll be right mate” or, “it’s someone else’s problem, not
mine.”
This then poses the question does it take a big BANG to jolt
us into reality? Surely it makes more sense to be proactive, to
use historical facts and trends to circumvent a disaster with
what are potentially horrendous consequences.
While the security industry is unquestionably serious about
its professional standing and sees the need for greater
awareness, skills development and improved competencies,
it is, for the most part, standing alone. It receives little, if
any support from government. Indeed one has to question
the various state regulator’s agenda – which seems to be
geared more towards hindrance than support. While efforts
to raise the bar in respect to licencing standards have been
widely welcomed by the industry, there remains a lack of
appreciation and understanding of the issues which face the
industry in performing its critical task of protecting people
and assets.
Whenever standards are raised, be they in licencing, skills
development or competency development, there is a cost - a
significant cost. Yet the regulators push ahead, seeming to
disregard these costs, a situation compounded by the attitude
of end users.
For the industry to raise its professional standing without
undue or unreasonable reliance on government handouts,
it must convince end users that quality comes at a price.
Unfortunately, this message has not penetrated the market
with the result that consumers, with few exceptions, still
focus on the cheapest price. There is little, if any, attempt to
drill down on the ability of security providers to ensure they
can deliver a quality service through highly skilled operatives.
They [end users] also fail to ensure providers remunerate
their people legally, invest in the development of their people,
have adequate risk transfer arrangements and so on. This
places the industry in a ‘dog eat dog’ situation to compete
for business and leaves little room (funds) for professional
development. This is hardly conducive to attainment of the
principle objective of security – to protect!
It is the current user psyche that presents what is the greatest
impediment to professionalising the security industry. Until
we change this, the industry will never be able to stand as
tall as it should and be a credible extension of the National
Security Program. In short, the industry is willing, the users
are not!
Changing the psyche is complex and requires a coordinated
and collaborative focus by stakeholders such as government,
law enforcement agencies, intelligence gathering
organisations and regulators. Unfortunately, this seems a
long way off due mainly to professional patch jealousies
and mistrust. Until we achieve this unity of purpose we
will continue the hard fight for survival and professional
recognition will be difficult to secure.
As a nation, we have not heeded the warning signs of
terrorism, naively believing it can’t happen to us, just as we
did in 1942 and if we continue down this path, the results will
likely be repeated.
The security industry has an opportunity to lead the way
out of this state of denial. The industry must push itself to
the forefront of community awareness. It must lift its public
profile, but more importantly, its influence.
We must get serious!
BSCAA - Building Service Contractors Association of
Australia, an approved security industry association under
the NSW Security Industry Act, has a membership of over
200 security businesses in NSW.
INDUSTRY NEWS
could register new ones simply by changing
the way it transforms images.
IBM calls the technology “cancelable
biometrics.” The AP reports the method
has been discussed in research circles for
several years, and at least one biometrics
vendor, iris-scanner Iridian Technologies
Inc., says it offers a cancelable system.
Iridian alters the computer-generated
template rather than the original image,
but the effect is the same.
SECURITY ON TRACK FOR GAMES
As planning for the 2006 Commonwealth
Games security continues, Chief
Commissioner Christine Nixon said she
was confident Victoria would be well
prepared for the international event. Ms
Nixon met with Federal Attorney General
Phillip Ruddock and Commonwealth Games
Minister Justin Madden last month to
discuss the progress of security plans. “As
head of security for the games, I believe
everything that can be done is being done
to ensure a safe and successful event next
year,” Ms Nixon said. “Victoria Police has
been preparing for the Games for a number
of years, working closely with a range of
state and federal agencies to provide a
high standard of security.” Ms Nixon said
police were taking their responsibilities
for the games very seriously. “All security
resources, including specialist response
units, are fully prepared and Victoria Police
will ensure their capabilities meet our strict
requirements,” she said. “The key agencies
involved in preparing for the games have
well rehearsed and comprehensively tested
plans that are constantly assessed and
reviewed.”
Aspects of Victoria Police’s security
arrangements include:
• Strongly coordinated partnerships
between state and commonwealth,
through the National Counter-Terrorism
Committee.
• Establishment of a Victoria Police
Commonwealth Games Planning Office
(CGPO) that has been working on all
aspects of the games for the past two-and-
a-half years.
• All Victoria Police members available
during the games.
cont...
018
Judge nodds off
A judge in Australia under investigation for nodding off
during trials has retired on medical grounds, a government
minister said.
Judge Ian Dodd, 57 - dubbed Judge Nodd by jurors - has
retired five months after a newspaper reported he had
dozed off during at least nine cases in the New South Wales
state District Court in Sydney.
A rape victim had called for Dodd to be fired because
she said he had snored as she testified during the trial of
her assailant in November, 2003. He was dubbed Judge
Nodd when he fell asleep every day of a seven-day trial in
December 2003, The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported.
Man shoots to silence alarm
A man annoyed by a noisy car alarm fired at least three
bullets into a Toyota Camry, silencing the alarm but getting
arrested in the process.
David Owen Rye, 48, was booked for investigation of
reckless discharge of a firearm and felony vandalism, Sgt.
John Adamczyk said. He allegedly told officers he grabbed
his handgun and went out to stop the alarm.
The car’s owner was visiting a friend when he heard the
gunfire at about 10 p.m.
Patient visited by three wives
Some people bring flowers, others bring balloons. When
a British man’s three wives showed up to visit him at
the hospital, they brought an unexpected curtain call to
his years as a double bigamist. The 59-year-old company
director from Kettering in central England turned himself
into police on May 12 saying he was married to three
women at the same time, and confessed to bigamy, an
illegal offence in Britain.
Man invents crime so wife will leave
A man made up a story about killing a hitchhiker and
burying the body in the woods in an effort to persuade his
wife to leave him, authorities said.
Teddy Claire Akin, 28, of Ocala, was charged Tuesday with
“This article was contributed by Crimenet, the on-line database of criminal records.
For more information on Crimenet or to get access to its criminal records database, please visit www.crimenet.org”
making a false report and petit theft. He was being held
without bail.
Akin’s wife, Felicia, called the Marion County Sheriff’s Office
Monday to report that her husband had told her that he
killed a hitchhiker, authorities said.
Akin told investigators he had picked up the hitchhiker, who
wanted a ride to Tampa. He said he hit the man in the neck,
causing him to gasp and make a gurgling sound, when the
two got into an argument over how far Akin would drive
him, authorities said.
Akin said he dumped the body in a forest near a gun range
and kept the man’s wallet, which contained the license of
Utah resident Dennis Legrande Allen, authorities said.
Deputies searching the area Akin described with dogs and
an air unit failed to find a body Monday evening, Capt.
Thomas Bibb said.
Akin eventually told investigators that he was going
through a divorce and had hoped the murder story would
make his wife leave him, said Sue Livoti, a sheriff’s office
spokeswoman.
Insurance for speeding tickets
Tired of parking fines and speeding tickets? A Swedish
company offers insurance against both, claiming to be the
first in the field. Swedish drivers who register with the Bisso
company at the Web site www.bisso.se and pay an annual
fee of 850 crowns (62.76 pounds) are covered against three
speeding tickets a year, as long as they are not more than 30
km an hour (19 miles an hour) above the limit.
Young musician to sue teacher
A 16-year-old pianist from New Jersey is suing his music
teacher for allegedly confronting him on stage during a
Carnegie Hall competition and slamming the keyboard cover
on his fingers as they argued over what piece he would play.
Woman sues for burned butt
A Kansas woman, who claims her buttocks were burned
by cleaning fluid when she sat on a toilet seat at a Lake
Saint Louis Denny’s restaurant, has sued the chain and the
franchise owner. According to the suit, the woman did not
see the chemical cleaner on the seat but felt it burn when
she sat down.
INDUSTRY NEWS
• Investigation and response units on call
24-hours a day, seven days a week.
• Highly visible police presence throughout
the city and regional venues, as well as on
the public transport system and at airports.
• Specialised units such as Special
The 2005 Master Locksmiths Association
Operations Group, Bomb Response Unit,
of Australasia’s Annual International
Dog Squad, Mounted Branch and bike
Conference and Exhibition
patrols to be fully utilised throughout the
14 - 16 October 2005, Marriott Resort,
games period.
Surfers Paradise, QLD.
• Experienced police members stationed
The largest show of its kind in Australia, The 2005 Master
as venue commanders and deputy
Locksmiths Association of Australasia’s Annual International
commanders.
Conference and Exhibition features the latest in physical
• Additional emergency response and
security solutions.
critical issue management training.
Following on from the success of last year’s event, it is
• Discussion and practical exercises in the
expected that this year’s exhibition will once again feature
lead up to the games.
• Senior intelligence investigators working
Australian Police Summit 2005 both locksmithing and security industry stands and include a
5-6 October 2005 wide range of courses and seminars.
with federal and international agencies in
Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, Events scheduled for this event include the Master
supplying timely information on security
Melbourne Locksmiths Association of Australasia’s Annual General
environment.
Following the huge success of the Australian Police Summit Meeting, a cocktail party, an informal dinner, a gala dinner,
• Interstate and international liaison
2005 Sydney in February this year, the event is taking a and a variety of social events.
program for the Queens Baton Relay.
second show to Melbourne on 5-6 October 2005. This event is open to both members and non-members of
Ms Nixon said police members were
APS05, now in its third year, was first held in Sydney in the MLAA and is the ideal opportunity for Security Managers,
committed to delivering a safe environment
2003, then in Melbourne in 2004 and returned to Sydney Facility Managers, Security Consultants, Risk Managers,
for people to enjoy the games.
in 2005. Now, police have a second chance in 2005 to Insurance Agents and anyone else who works with physical
“Every Victoria Police member is working
see this fantastic event, with a brand new line up of top security to see the latest in physical and electronic access
hard to keep people safe and help make
Australian and international speakers, a new conference control systems.
2006 a year to remember for all the
format, new exhibitors and a new emphasis on providing a For further information, contact the MLAA on 03 9645 9995.
right reasons,” she said. “This is a great
quality education service to Australia’s police, emergency and
opportunity for Victoria as the host city
security professionals. Kidnapping and Hostage Taking:
of the games to come together as a
APS05 Melbourne, like APS05 Sydney, will comprise of Essential information for government,
community to celebrate this event.”
a professional development conference combined with a engineers and business personnel
TYPE QUIETLY....FOR BETTER CORPORATE
police equipment and technology expo, and is aimed at the travelling overseas
police officer in the front line as well as those on their way 7 October 2005, Australian Federal Police College,
SECURITY
to or already at the top. Canberra, 9:00-4:30
Sounds from typing on computer
The conference in Melbourne will target specifically the Incidents of kidnapping are on the rise globally as
keyboards are distinctive enough to be
needs of different levels of police and law enforcement government officials, business executives, engineers and
decoded, allowing security breaches
professionals, with all delegates coming together at the ordinary travellers are abducted by criminals for financial
caused by “acoustic snooping,” University
open and close of each day for an inspiring and exciting gain or terrorists with political agendas. Not only does
of California, Berkeley researchers report.
presentation from industry leaders. it result in tragic consequences for the victims and their
The researchers tell Reuters they were
Best of all, the event is FREE to attend for all police and families, it also creates complex and costly recovery issues for
able to feed sound recordings of typing
law enforcement professionals. The event is also closed to the employer as well as reducing employee morale and client
on keyboards into a computer and use an
the general public and the media. confidence. Assessing the real risk is difficult as governments
algorithm to recover up to 96 percent of
Speakers are currently being sourced from across the and businesses often do not publicly acknowledge incidents.
the keyboard characters entered by typists.
police, security and emergency services industries, as well as This makes providing adequate advice and protection to
“It’s a form of acoustical spying that
from overseas law enforcement and security agencies. employees even more challenging. The aim of this seminar
should raise red flags among computer
Australia’s police, emergency and security professionals is to provide you with understanding of the potential threats
security and privacy experts,” says Doug
are getting excited about APS05 Melbourne. associated with kidnapping and travel today, while providing
Tygar, a Berkeley professor of computer
For more information, please contact Marisa Miller, practical advice on precautions to help minimise risk and
science and information management.
Marketing and Event Coordinator APS05 Melbourne, effective response tactics should an incident occur.
“If we were able to figure this out, it’s
Key Media Pty Ltd, 02 8437 4723 or email marisa.miller@key Inquiries: Athol Yates 02 6161 5143, info@homelandsecurity.
likely that people with less honorable
media.com.au Website: www.policesummit.com org.au www.homelandsecurity.org.au/events
cont...

020
INDUSTRY NEWS
intentions can - or have - as well.”
The research builds on earlier work by
International Business Machines Corp.
researchers who were able to recover 80
percent of text from keyboard recordings.
That research relied on the same typist using
the same keyboard and an algorithm trained
with known text and corresponding sound
samples. By contrast, the algorithm in the
Berkeley study adapts to typing patterns of
multiple typists and overcomes background
noise such as music or ringing cell-phones.
Also, no special recording equipment was
required; keystroke noise could be recorded
using off-the-shelf gear.
XTEK GOES PUBLIC
XTEK Ltd is Australia’s longest-established
Homeland Security company and the
first to be listed on the Australian Stock
Exchange following a $14 million float in
August-September.
Established in 1979, XTEK supplies
a comprehensive range of security
products and services to the Australian
Defence Force, the police and security
services, other government agencies
and the private sector. It has also begun
developing new products through a
research and development facility based
in Adelaide and headed by Dr Alex Krstic,
formerly a senior research scientist of
the Defence Science and Technology
Organisation.
From its initial role as an agency supplying
specialised equipment, XTEK has evolved
to become a provider of fully integrated
security services, including training
and through-life technical support. For
Sydney Olympic Games, XTEK imported,
installed, trained the users, and provided
the technical support for, all the metal
detectors at every venue – the largest roll-
out of such equipment achieved anywhere
in the world.
‘Our next step is to move towards
becoming a global company,’ says chief
executive officer Nigel French. ‘We
recognise it as a big ambition but, on
the basis of our experience and the
production of an impressive suite of new,
Australian-developed products, it is well
within our grasp.’
022
The role of intelligence & threat
assessment in security risk
management
27-28 October 2005, Australian Federal Police
College, Canberra, 9:00-4:30
In the evaluation of security risks, a thorough assessment
of the range of security threats which might impact on
the organisation, asset, principal or activity is essential.
Whilst security risk assessment deals with the probability
of identified security risks and their consequences, the
threat assessment evaluates the intent and capability
of a threat source. The objective of this workshop is
provide participants with an understanding of the
important role that information and the intelligence
cycle play in the development of a threat assessment
as an important component of an overall security risk
assessment. Workshop aim The aim of this workshop
is to provide participants with a clear understanding
of the purposes of the threat assessment and security
risk assessment and the differences between them. The
workshop will provide a clear methodology to conduct
a threat assessment and how to integrate it into the
security risk assessment process.
Inquiries: Athol Yates 02 6161 5143, info@homelandsecu
rity.org.au www.homelandsecurity.org.au/events
Building and integrating large
scale CCTV for security and counter-
terrorism
28 October 2005, Sydney, 9:00-4:30
Implementing a successful security awareness program
is an essential step in enhancing security within any
organisation. The mindset and behaviour of CCTV
has considerable possibilities in determining criminal
actions, prosecuting criminal behaviour and increasing
the public’s perception of a safe environment.
Increasingly important is for isolated CCTV systems to
be integrated to allow real time and seamless coverage
over large areas.
However, this is often not achieved because most
systems are of limited benefit due to poor design,
technology, maintenance, operation and integrating
legacy. New systems are often difficult and expensive,
and there is too great a knowledge gap between senior
managers responsible for CCTV procurement and
management.
The aims of this course are to provide participants
with an understanding of the technology, challenges and
processes to plan and upgrade existing networks; and
to consider the threat of terrorism in planning for CCTV
networks. See brochure.
Inquiries: Athol Yates 02 6161 5143, info@homelandsecu
rity.org.au www.homelandsecurity.org.au/events
“Intelligence 2005” 14th Annual Conference
of the Australian Institute of Professional
Intelligence Officers (AIPIO)
“INTELLIGENCE, Truth and Accountability”
2 to 4 November 2005, Four Seasons Hotel, Sydney,
Australia
The Australian Institute of Professional Intelligence Officers
(AIPIO) provides a focal point for Australia’s leading intelligence
professionals.
The Intelligence 2005 Conference will bring together intelligence
professionals from around the region and the world.
This year’s conference will build on the success of previous
conferences with the theme titled “Intelligence, Truth and
Accountability,” and will explore the broad range of issues on how
intelligence professional are all faced with increasingly dynamic
environments, increasing sources and amounts of information and
we are continually being challenged to get it right.
This will enable delegates to explore how this can be achieved
from a range of perspectives:
• in the field;
• collaboratively;
• supported by processes;
• frameworks; and
• employing new technologies.
With maximum input from the intelligence profession, AIPIO
has planned for a multi-streamed series of sessions and workshops
designed to deliver an excellent range of experiences.
The keynote speakers will include:
Mr Julian Bennett, Director, UK Police Information Technology
Organisation, Mr Ron Bonighton, Deputy Secretary Intelligence &
Security, Department of Defence, Mr Ian Carnell, Inspector-General of
Intelligence and Security and Dr Simon Longstaff, Executive Director,
St James Ethics Centre.
This year’s conference will be a great venue to establish new
contacts, network and share insights into today’s fresh topics, trends
and innovations in intelligence. Intelligence 2005 will also include
an extensive trade exhibition and professional demonstrations.
Please mark these dates in your diary now.
Online registration and all conference details are available from
www.aipio.asn.au
ID Management 2006
7 & 8 March 2006, Sydney Convention & Exhibition
Centre
Join users and suppliers of ID management solutions to
discuss latest trends & developments, large scale deployments,
partnerships & alliances, developing standards, new apps and
business opportunities. Speakers include:
* Murray Harrison, Australian Customs Service
* Justin Magraith, Department of Education & Training WA
* Terry Hartmann, Biometrics Institute
* Richard Thieme, Thiemeworks (USA)
Contact Craig Macfarlane, Tel +61 2 9922 5844,
craigm@acevents.com.au or visit www.acevents.com.au/idm2006
 #/--/.
##46##46##46

4%2-3
53%$).

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-YLES,ARDEN


6 6LADO$AMJANOVSKI
“...as the systems used continue to grow
in sophistication and complexity, so does
the jargon used to describe their function.”
O
ver the last decade, CCTV
has become an integral part of
the security apparatus of most
businesses and organisations.
However, as the systems
used continue to grow in sophistication and
complexity, so does the jargon used to describe
their function. These days, the science of
CCTV is not too dissimilar to medicine
or law in that at its core exists a complex
system of terms and jargon creating a virtual
language understood by a limited handful
of highly specialised technicians. However,
in the security industry, there exists a much
wider group of professionals ranging from
security guards and consultants through
to security and business managers who, in
order to ensure that they have in place the
best possible security, must possess at least
a limited understanding of this specialised
language. After all, how can one hope
to provide advice or achieve a particular
result from a particular system if they do
not understand the equipment they are
working with? Therefore, in the interests of
professional development, we will, over the
next few issues, present a list of the most
commonly used terms in CCTV along with
their explanations to assist those people in
the industry who may not necessarily have a
technical background. This list comes from
from the book “CCTV - Networking and
Digital Technology” by Vlado Damjanovski
© 2005, and is reprinted with permission of
the author.
1080i. One of the resolution specs used in
the HDTV. 1080i stands for resolution of 1920
× 1080 pixels, and the little “i” means that the
video is being interlaced. Other common
HDTV resolutions are 720i and 720p.
1080p. Same as above but with progressive
scanning.
16:9. A standard TV aspect ratio is 4:3,
whereas a widescreen TV aspect ratio is 16:
9. 16:9 fans argue that most movies are shot in
a widescreen aspect ratio, therefore, viewing
them on a widescreen TV is much better. A
lot of DVDs that were shot in widescreen
format are available in both 16:9 and 4:3, but
you will see the entire recorded picture with
16:9 but probably just a portion of the screen
with 4:3. This is known as pan & scan, where
the area on your TV changes to whichever
part of the recording has the most action in it.
Widescreen movies should show letterboxed
on normal 4:3 TVs.
4:3. A standard TV aspect ratio is 4:3. If
you look at a standard TV, you will see that
it is almost a square. 4:3 simply means 4 units
wide by 3 units tall. Original TV programming
shows fine on a 4:3 TV as decades ago, the
television industry used the academy standard
for TVs.
720i. One of the resolution specs used in
the HDTV. 720i stands for resolution of 1280
× 720 pixels, and the magic little “i” means
that the video is in interlaced format. Other
common HDTV resolutions are 1080i and
720p.
720p. One of the resolution specs used in
the HDTV. 720p stands for resolution of 1280
× 720 pixels, and the magic little “p” means
that the video is in progressive format. Other
common HDTV resolutions are 1080i and
720i.
802.11. A range of IEEE standards covering
the usage of wireless internetworking.
Aberration. A term from optics that refers
to anything affecting the fidelity of the image
in regards to the original scene.
AC. Alternating current.
Activity detection. Refers to a method
built into some multiplexers for detecting
movement within the camera’s field of view
(connected to the multiplexer), which is then
used to improve camera recording update
rate.
AC/DC. Alternating current/direct
current.
A/D (AD). Usually refers to analogue-to-
digital conversion.
ADC. Analogue-to-digital conversion. This
is usually the very first stage of an electronic
device that processes signals into digital
format. The signal can be video, audio, control
output and the like.
AGC. Automatic gain control. A section
in an electronic circuit that has feedback and
regulates a certain voltage level to fall within
predetermined margins.
ALC. Automatic light control. A part of the
electronics of an automatic iris lens that has a
function similar to backlight compensation in
photography.
Aliasing. An occurrence of sampled data
interference. This can occur in CCD image
projection of high spatial frequencies and is
also known as Moiré patterning. It can be
minimised by a technique known as optical
low-pass filtering.
Alphanumeric video generator (also text
inserter). A device for providing additional
information, normally superimposed on the
picture being displayed; this can range from one
or two characters to full-screen alphanumeric
text. Such generators use the incoming video
signal sync pulses as a reference point for the
text insertion position, which means if the
video signal is of poor quality, the text stability
will also be of poor quality.
025
CCTV CCTV CCTV

Amplitude. The maximum value of a
varying waveform.
Analogue signal. Representation of data
by continuously varying quantities.
An analogue electrical signal has a different
value of volts or amperes for electrical
representation of the original excitement
(sound, light) within the dynamic range of
the system.
ANSI. American National Standards
Institute.
Anti-aliasing. A procedure employed
to eliminate or reduce (by smoothing and
filtering) the aliasing effects.
Aperture. The opening of a lens that
controls the amount of light reaching the
surface of the pickup device. The size of the
aperture is controlled by the iris adjustment.
By increasing the F-stop number (F/1.4, F/
1.8, F/2.8, etc.), less light is permitted to pass
to the pickup device.
Apostilb. A photometric unit for measuring
luminance where, instead of candelas, lumens
are used to measure the luminous flux of a
source.
Archive. Long-term off-line storage. In
digital systems, pictures are generally archived
onto some form of hard disk, magnetic tape,
floppy disk, or DAT cartridge.
ARP. Address Resolution Protocol.
Artifacts. Undesirable elements or defects
in a video picture. These may occur naturally
in the video process and must be eliminated
in order to achieve a high-quality picture. The
most common are cross-colour and cross-
luminance.
ASCII. American Standard Code for
Information Interchange. A 128-character set
that includes the upper-case and lower-case
English alphabet, numerals, special symbols,
and 32 control codes. A 7-bit binary number
represents each character. Therefore, one
ASCII-encoded character can be stored in one
byte of computer memory.
Aspect ratio. This is the ratio between the
width and height of a television or cinema
picture display. The present aspect ratio of
the television screen is 4:3, which means
four units wide by three units high. Such
an aspect ratio was elected in the early days
of television, when the majority of movies
were of the same format. The new, high-
definition television format proposes a 16:9
aspect ratio.
Aspherical lens. A lens that has an
aspherical surface. It is harder and more
expensive to manufacture, but it offers certain
advantages over a normal spherical lens.
Astigmatism. The uneven foreground and
background blur that is in an image.
Asynchronous. Lacking synchronisation. In
video, a signal is asynchronous when its timing
differs from that of the system reference signal.
A foreign video signal is asynchronous before a
local frame synchroniser treats it.
ATM. Asynchronous transfer mode.
A transporting and switching method in which
information does not occur periodically with
respect to some reference such as a frame
pattern.
ATSC. Advanced Television System
Committee (think of it as a modern NTSC).
An American committee involved in creating
the high definition television standards.
Attenuation. The decrease in magnitude
of a wave, or a signal, as it travels through a
medium or an electric system. It is measured
in decibels (dB).
Attenuator. A circuit that provides
reduction of the amplitude of an electrical
signal without introducing appreciable phase
or frequency distortion.
Auto iris (AI). An automatic method of
varying the size of a lens aperture in response
to changes in scene illumination.
AWG. American wire gauge. A wire
diameter specification based on the American
standard. The smaller the AWG number, the
larger the wire diameter.
Back-focus. A procedure of adjusting the
physical position of the CCD-chip/lens to
achieve the correct focus for all focal length
settings (especially critical with zoom lenses).
Back porch. 1. The portion of a video
signal that occurs during blanking from the
end of horizontal sync to the beginning of
active video. 2. The blanking signal portion
that lies between the trailing edge of a
horizontal sync pulse and the trailing edge

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026
CCTV CCTV CCTV
of the corresponding blanking pulse. Colour
burst is located on the back porch.
Balanced signal. In CCTV this refers to
a type of video signal transmission through
a twisted pair cable. It is called balanced
because the signal travels through both wires,
thus being equally exposed to the external
interference; thus, by the time the signal gets
to the receiving end, the noise will be cancelled
out at the input of a differential buffer stage.
Balun. This is a device used to match or
transform an unbalanced coaxial cable to a
balanced twisted pair system.
Bandwidth. The complete range of
frequencies over which a circuit or electronic
system can function with minimal signal loss,
usually measured to the point of less than 3
dB. In PAL systems the bandwidth limits the
maximum visible frequency to 5.5 MHz, in
NTSC to 4.2 MHz. The ITU 601 luminance
channel sampling frequency of 13.5 MHz was
chosen to permit faithful digital representation
of the PAL and NTSC luminance bandwidths
without aliasing.
Baseband. The frequency band occupied by
the aggregate of the signals used to modulate
a carrier before they combine with the carrier
in the modulation process. In CCTV the
majority of signals are in the baseband.
Baud. Data rate, named after Maurice
Emile Baud, which generally is equal to 1 bit/s.
Baud is equivalent to bits per second in cases
where each signal event represents exactly 1
028
bit. Typically, the baud settings of two devices
must match if the devices are to communicate
with one another.
BER. Bit error rate. The ratio of received
bits that are in error relative to the total
number of bits received, used as a measure
of noise-induced distortion in a digital bit
stream. BER is expressed as a power of 10.
For example, a 1 bit error in 1 million bits is
a BER of 10–6.
Betamax. Sony’s domestic video recording
format, a competitor of VHS.
B-frame. Bidirectionally predictive coded
frame (or picture). This terminology is used
in MPEG video compression. The B pictures
are predicted from the closest two I (intra) or
P (predicted) pictures, one in the past and one
in the future. They are called bi-directional
because they refer to using the past and future
images.
Bias. Current or voltage applied to a
circuit to set a reference operating level for
proper circuit performance, such as the high-
frequency bias current applied to an audio
recording head to improve linear performance
and reduce distortion.
Binary. A base 2 numbering system
using the two digits 0 and 1 (as opposed
to 10 digits [0–9] in the decimal system).
In computer systems, the binary digits are
represented by two different voltages or
currents, one corresponding to zero and
another corresponding to one. All computer
rograms are executed in binary form.
Bipolar. A signal containing both positive-
going and negative-going amplitude. May also
contain a zero amplitude state.
B-ISDN. Broadband Integrated Services
Digital Network. An improved ISDN,
composed of an intelligent combination
of more ISDN channels into one that can
transmit more data per second.
Bit. A contraction of binary digit.
Elementary digital information that can only
be 0 or 1. The smallest part of information in
a binary notation system. A bit is a single 1 or
0. A group of bits, such as 8 bits or 16 bits,
compose a byte. The number of bits in a byte
depends on the processing system being used.
Typical byte sizes are 8, 16, and 32.
Bitmap (BMP). A pixel-by-pixel description
of an image. Each pixel is a separate element.
Also a computer uncompressed image file
format.
Bit rate. B/s = Bytes per second, b/s =
bits per second. The digital equivalent of
bandwidth, bit rate is measured in bits per
second. If expressed in bytes per second,
multiplied with 8 gives bits per second. It
is used to express the data rate at which the
compressed bitstream is transmitted. The
higher the bit rate, the more information that
can be carried.
Blackburst (colour-black). A composite
colour video signal. The signal has composite
sync, reference burst, and a black video signal,
CCTV CCTV CCTV
which is usually at a level of 7.5 IRE (50 mV)
above the blanking level.
Black level. A part of the video signal, close
to the sync level, but slightly above it (usually
20 mV–50 mV) in order to be distinguished
from the blanking level. It electronically
represents the black part of an image, whereas
the white part is equivalent to 0.7 V from the
sync level.
Blanking level. The beginning of the video
signal information in the signal’s waveform.
It resides at a reference point taken as 0 V,
which is 300 mV above the lowest part of
the sync pulses. Also known as pedestal, the
level of a video signal that separates the range
that contains the picture information from
the range that contains the synchronising
information.
Blooming. The defocusing of regions of a
picture where brightness is excessive.
Bluetooth. A wireless data standard, used
in a variety of electronic devices for close
proximity interconnection (see Chapter 11).
BNC. Bayonet-Neil-Concelman connector.
030
It is the most popular connector in CCTV
and broadcast TV for transmitting a basic
bandwidth video signal over an RG-59 type
coaxial cable.
B-picture. Bidirectionally predictive
coded picture. This terminology is used in
MPEG video compression. The B pictures are
predicted from the closest two I (intra) or P
(predicted) pictures, one in the past and one
in the future. They are called bi-directional
because they refer to using the past and future
images.
Braid. A group of textile or metallic
filaments interwoven to form a tubular
structure that may be applied over one or more
wires or flattened to form a strap.
Bridge (network). A more “intelligent”
data communications device that connects
and enables data packet forwarding between
homogeneous networks.
Brightness. In NTSC and PAL video
signals, the brightness information at any
particular instant in a picture is conveyed
by the corresponding instantaneous DC
level of active video. Brightness control is
an adjustment of setup (black level, black
reference).
Burst (colour burst). Seven to nine cycles
(NTSC) or ten cycles (PAL) of subcarrier
placed near the end of horizontal blanking
to serve as the phase (colour) reference for
the modulated colour subcarrier. Burst serves
as the reference for establishing the picture
colour.
Bus. In computer architecture, a path
over which information travels internally
among various components of a system and is
available to each of the components.
Byte. A digital word made of 8 bits (zeros
and ones).
Be sure to check out future issues of Security
Solutions Magazine for further commonly
used CCTV terms. n
“CCTV - Networking and Digital Technology” ©
2005, by Vlado Damjanovski -
ISBN 0-7506-7800-3 - is available from
www.cctvlabs.com.
ALARMS ALARMS
Iain Simpson
I
n Part 1, we discussed the essential building
blocks of an alarm system and the variety of
detection devices and communication links
that are commonly used. The following is the
second of a two part series providing a general
guide to alarm systems and the principles that should
be applied when designing an alarm system.
How to protect Alarm Systems
A well-designed and installed security alarm system
can provide a suitable deterrent to outside attack.
However, the typical alarm system can have a
number of vulnerabilities, which have historically
been exploited by inside personnel to disable or
defeat the functions of the alarm system.
An attack originating from outside the
protected area may allow only a few moments
for the intruder(s) to damage the alarm system
before communications to the off site monitoring
company have been completed. An insider, on the
other hand, may have days, weeks or months to
plan and execute an attack, disabling or bypassing
detection devices, control panels, communication
links or audible/visual annunciators. In a well-
planned burglary operation, it may only take the
disabling of one door contact or space detector to
allow the intruder to gain entry without detection.
One common way for alarm systems to be
compromised is the placement of another magnet
032
onto the switch half of an exposed magnetic
contact. When the door is opened, the rogue
magnet keeps the reed switch in the same position
as if the door was closed. Exposed door contacts
may also be quickly disabled by the placement of
a wire jumper across the normally closed contact
points. Attention to detail in the design phase of
a security project can minimise the risk of such
breaches more cost effectively than attempting to
rectify the problem after the fact.
Common sense, quality workmanship, using
licensed/accredited security professionals and
compliance with the AS2201 Standard (and its
five parts), will go a long way in providing the
client with a reliable alarm system solution. As
part of the Private Security Act 2004, it is now a
legislative requirement in Victoria that all security
advisers must be registered and security equipment
installers licensed with the Victoria Police,
Licensing Services Division.
Further to this, knowing what detection devices
are available, their function and limitations can
greatly increase the level of protection provided to
premises by proper application.
Some tips are:
• Always utilise security panels which have
sufficient zones/inputs to cater for individual
monitoring of each detection point.
• Always use security panels which provide dual
end-of-line (EOL) monitoring of detection
zones/inputs to enable 24 hour tamper
monitoring.
• Ensure end-of-line resistors are placed in the
detection device at the end of the line and not
in the panel.
• Consider off site monitoring and the use of a
communications back-up (such as GSM or radio
monitoring) to ensure communications to the
off site monitoring company in the event of a
failure with the primary communication link.
• Ensure the main control panel is located within
the protected area and is not readily accessible.
• Always use multi-stranded cables.
• Always wire detectors back individually to the
control panel. There are some exceptions, as is
the case with systems that use communication
BUS technology where all detection devices
connect to the same multi-pair cable.
Detection Device Selection for
Intruder Detection
Detection devices are used in the actual detection
of an intruder and each has a specific purpose.
Knowing which device to use should be left up
to an experienced security professional. They can
be divided into three general categories: perimeter
protection, space or area protection and object
protection.
Perimeter protection
Perimeter protection is usually the first line of
defence against an intruder. The most common
openings equipped with detection devices
for perimeter protection are doors, windows,
skylights, vents and the like.
The main advantage of perimeter detection
is its simple design; however, the disadvantage
is that it only protects the opening. If an
intruder breaks in through the roof or wall or
stays behind after the premises have closed, the
protection is useless.
The devices most commonly used for
perimeter detection are:
a) Reed switches These are installed on a door
or window in such a way that opening the door or
window causes the magnet to move away from the
switch contact which activates an alarm.
b) Glass break detectors These detectors
are either attached directly to the glass or to
the ceiling beside the glass area to be protected.
The action of the glass breaking (physically or
acoustically) will trigger the detector. There
are numerous glass break devices available and
they commonly protect all glass types up to a
standard thickness of 0.64mm including plate,
wired, tempered and laminated.
Other less common forms of perimeter
protection include:
a) Lace and panelling Where the surfaces
of the door panels are protected against entry by
installing a close lacelike pattern of metallic foil
or fine wire on the surface. It is difficult to gain
entry without first breaking the foil or wire, thus
activating the alarm. A panel of wood is usually
placed over the lacing to protect it.
b) Window screen These devices are similar
to regular wired window screens except that a
fine, insulated wire forms part of the screen and
when an intruder cuts the screen to gain entry,
the alarm circuit is triggered.
c) Metallic Foil or Window Tape This
method was widely used to detect glass breakage
in showroom windows; however, there are more
reliable and less obvious detection methods
available. When the glass cracks and breaks the
foil, it increases the alarm circuit resistance or
interrupts the circuit to activate the alarm.
d) Wooden Frame These devices are made
of wooden dowels assembled in a cage-like
fashion no more than approximately 100mm
from each other. A very fine wire runs in the
wooden dowels and frame and is designed to
break whenever an intruder attempts to gain
entry.
Space or Area protection
These devices are used to protect interior spaces of
a building and protect against intrusion whether or
not perimeter protection has been violated. They
are particularly effective for detecting an intruder
who has stayed behind after the premises has closed
or attempts to enter the premises through the roof
or by breaking through a wall.
It is recommended that space protection devices
form part of the complete alarm system and be
supplemented with perimeter protection.
The major advantage of space protection
devices is that they provide a highly sensitive,
discreet means of detection. The disadvantage is
that improper application and installation by the
security professional can result in frequent, false
alarms.
With space detection, it is not necessary to cover
every centimetre of the premises being protected.
The best placement is typically within rooms and
areas on the ground floor perimeter of a building,
in a high traffic area and in areas where there are
high value items.
The worst thing a security professional can do
is to attempt to protect too large an area using a
single device (e.g. trying to cover more than one
room with a detector or trying to compensate
for placement or environment by over-adjusting
sensitivity). By using a little common sense and
checking for all possible hazards (such as making
sure that the detection devices have adequate
power going to each device and that the battery
backup power supply is working and charging
correctly), the risk of failure is minimised.
The security professional must be mindful of
any pets that may be present when the system is
armed and to brief customers on any potential
problems they may create such as leaving fans or
heaters on and not to open windows.
Before leaving an installation, all devices should
be walk-tested to confirm adequate coverage
has been achieved. Once this is complete, the
indicator lights for each device should be disabled
(if possible), to prevent a potential intruder from
identifying the exact coverage pattern of the
device.
Another very important consideration when an
alarm system is being set up is the zoning of the
devices. It is not good practice to connect more
than two space protection devices to one zone if it
is at all possible. The majority of false alarms are
caused by interior devices. Evenly spreading the
interior protective circuits as much as possible gives
service personnel a better chance of solving a false
alarm problem.
The common types of space protection are:
a) Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Detectors A
PIR detector works best when placed to detect
the infrared energy from a human body moving
across the detector’s field of view, not directly
towards it. The field of view of an infrared unit
must have a point of reference within its detection
range to ensure its proper operation and stability.
An infrared device should never be set up to look
out into mid air.
Some potential problems that can be experienced
with this type of detector include:
• Turbulence and drafts if the air is blowing
directly on the unit or causes a rapid change in
temperature of objects in the field of view.
• Forms of stray motion can cause problems (i.e.
curtains blowing, hanging objects or displays,
small animals).
• Changing temperatures may cause false alarm
problems (i.e. hot spots in machinery, sunlight).
The temperature of the background infrared
level may also affect the unit’s sensitivity, as
PIRs become less sensitive as the temperature
increases.
• Lightning or bright lights, such as halogen
headlights, can also produce false alarm
conditions. The pattern of protection may also
be affected by reflection off smooth surfaces.
b) Microwave The microwave must be
mounted on a firm surface such as brick or main
support beams. One should never mount two
microwave units with identical frequencies in
the same room or area where the patterns may
overlap. This could cause interference (crosstalk)
between the units, causing false alarm problems.
Fluorescent lights may also be a problem because
the radiated ionisation from the lights may be
considered by the detector as motion.
Some potential problems that can be experienced
with this type of detector include:
• Vibrations or movement of mounting surface
can be a major problem.
• Reflection of pattern or movement of metal
objects in the protected area, such as moving fan
blades or doors.
• Penetration of thin walls or glass is a potential
problem if moving large metal objects, such as
trains or cars, are present outside the protected
area.
• Radiofrequency interference (RFI), radar, or
alternating current (AC) line transients in severe
cases can generate false alarms.
• Water movement in plastic storm drains can be
a potential interference if located close to the
unit.
033
ALARMS ALARMS ALARMS

c) Dual-technology detectors This type of
detector, commonly referred to as dual-techs, are
made up as a combination of two types of space
protection technology. The principle is that both
sensing elements of the detector must be activated
simultaneously in order to cause an alarm condition.
Dual-tech detectors are commonly a combination
of passive infrared and microwave. By using a
dual-technology device a security installer is able
to provide space protection in areas that may have
presented potential false alarm problems if a single
technology device was used. Dual-techs are not
the solution to all false alarm problems and unless
careful consideration is used in installing a device,
the false alarm problems may persist.
d) Photoelectric beams These devices
transmit a beam across a protected area. When
an intruder interrupts the beam, the beam circuit
triggers an alarm. Photoelectric devices use a
pulsed infrared beam that is invisible to the naked
eye. Some units have a range of over 300 metres
and can be used outdoors.
Less common space detectors include:
a) Ultrasonics An ultrasonic detector is
comprised of a transmitter, which sends out a signal
that is bounced back to the receiver by stationary
objects in the protected area. If an intruder moves
towards, or away from the unit, there is a change in
the reflected frequency and thus signals an alarm.
b) Pressure mats These mats are basically
mechanical switches. Pressure mats are most
frequently used as a backup system to perimeter
protection. They can be hidden under the carpet
in front of a likely target or in hallways where an
intruder would travel.
c) Sound sensors Sound sensors detect
intrusion by picking up the noise created by a
burglar during an attempt to break in to a protected
area. These sensors consist of a microphone and
an electronic amplifier/processor. When the
sound level increases beyond the limit normally
encountered, the unit signals an alarm. Some units
have a pulse-counting and a time-interval feature
to increase device stability.
Object/Spot Detection
Object/spot detection is used to detect the activity
or presence of an intruder at a single location.
Such a detection method is the final stage of an
in depth system of protection. The objects which
are most frequently protected include safes, filing
cabinets, desks, art objects, models, statues, and
expensive equipment. The types of object/spot
protection available are:
a) Capacitance/proximity detectors The
object being protected becomes an antenna,
electronically linked to the alarm control. When
an intruder approaches or touches the object-
antenna, an electrostatic field is unbalanced and
the alarm is initiated. Only metal objects can be
protected in this manner.
b) Vibration detectors These devices utilise
a highly sensitive microphone. The device is
attached directly to the object to be protected.
Factors that can inhibit alarm system
performance
The successful operation of an alarm system largely
depends on proper installation and maintenance
by the security professional and the correct use of
the system by the client.
There are many factors that increase the
likelihood of false alarms, the most common of
which are highlighted below:
• Poor system design
• Poor installation
• Poorly designed and manufactured equipment
• Faulty equipment
• User error – mainly arming/disarming
• The operation of control equipment (i.e. the
user interface) is too complex for the user
• Poor false alarm management by users
• Poor processes once an alarm is raised
Any change to the building’s layout or usage
can seriously affect the system’s performance and
may result in false alarms or worse still, no alarms
at all. Factors that can contribute to false or no
alarms include:
• Building modifications (e.g. extensions)
• The introduction, deletion or relocation of the
contents within a room(s)
• The area or room usage changes
The security professional must carefully
consider what the client is trying to protect
when deciding on which alarm systems to
install. A risk assessment will seek to identify and
quantify the potential threats so that appropriate
countermeasures can be implemented. The
security professional must also know the layout
and usage of the building before appropriate
measures can be specified. n

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they will prevail, and there is nothing you can do
to stop them. This is not necessarily true, as this
article will illustrate below.
Can we compose a profile for Suicide
Bombers?
Israel security professionals have attempted to
create a profile of a suicide bomber of HAMAS, the
Palestinian Islamic terrorist organisation, who is
typically: male and unmarried; 18 - 27 years of age;
high school graduate; unemployed; a graduate of
Islamic fundamentalist education centres; someone
arrested by Israel in the past for terrorist-related
activity; and someone who expressed their desire to
avenge the death or injury of a relative.
However, looking at the profiles of the 9/ 11
perpetrators we see a different picture. Most were
students; many had studied in the West, of middle
class background, with more opportunities than
their countrymen. The majority were Saudi, with
a few Yemenis and the leader, Muhammad Atta,
was an Egyptian urban planner who had excelled
at his studies in Germany. Women have also been
used as suicide bombers around the world by the
Palestinian Fatah group, Chechen terrorists and
the LTTE in Sri Lanka.
Therefore, looking for a very narrow profile of
a possible suicide bomber in the U.S and other
western countries is not recommended, as it very
much depends on the origin of terrorist cell, its
affiliation and the recruitment possibilities in the
target country. Richard Reid, the shoe bomber,
is an example of a terrorist’s successful attempt to
bypass the classic profile.
It is fair, however, to suggest that the motivation
for committing a suicide attack is first and foremost
religious fanaticism combined with nationalist
extremism, but not necessarily despair on a
personal level.
How are Suicide Attackers Recruited
and Trained?
Different fundamentalist organisations use
different methods but we can recognise the main
phases:
Identification – The recruiter searches for a
disciple who regularly attends mosque activities.
The potential candidates are usually given special
attention by the Imam (leader of the mosque). This
stage may take months, during which the candidate
is monitored closely.
Recruitment – After a long period of closely
observing the candidate, and after concluding that
he is suitable for the mission, a person of authority
informs him that he has been chosen, and details
what rewards await a martyr or ‘Shahid’ (that is,
eternal life in paradise, the privilege to see Allah,
God, face to face, 72 virgins who will pleasure and
serve him, and the promise that dozens of his close
relatives will join him in paradise). The candidate is
told that his family will be taken care of financially
and will be accorded great honour and respect.
There are hardly any refusals.
Mental Preparation – This stage will
include religious and in some cases nationalistic
indoctrination in the precepts of Jihad (“Holy
War”), invoking the “Fatwa” (official Islamic ruling)
urging Jihad against America published in 1998 by
Osama Bin Laden and other Jihad leaders from
Egypt, Pakistan, and Bangladesh: “... the ruling
to kill the Americans and their allies—civilians and
military—is an individual duty for every Muslim
who can do it in any country in which it is possible
to do it.” In some cases it is known that candidates
were driven to a cemetery and left to lie in an open
grave for several hours, to condition them to the
idea of death and not to fear it.
Tactical training — How to infiltrate public
places, move in a crowd, execute an operational
plan, including detonation of the explosive device.
Last preparations – Purification of the body,
shaving of their beard, prayer, writing a will, and
recording a farewell video with their weapons and
the explosive device. In some cases narcotics are
used to relax the suicide bomber, so that he will
not draw attention to himself.
Pre-Attack phase — The suicide bomber will
be driven to the target area of which he has already
studied photos, and possibly even visited, is bid
farewell and dispatched to the target.
Attack — He will approach the target, avoiding
law enforcement personnel, if necessary, bypassing
security, or force his way through to his precise
target where he will press the switch and activate
his explosives.
The Explosive Device
Explosive devices used by suicide bombers are very
simple, even primitive. The activation device is
usually a simple lamp switch or similar connected
to a battery and a detonator.
The explosives themselves vary. The
Palestinians used TNT—based explosives stolen
from old mine fields, until the Israelis succeeded
in denying this source to them. They then started
to produce a home-made explosive called T.A.T.P
(acetone based explosive) which looks like a white
powder and is highly volatile—so sensitive that it
will explode from heat, friction or even just falling
on the floor. That sensitivity has driven them to
Urea-based explosives: a simple to use fertilizer-
based material.
Timothy McVeigh, who carried out the
Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 killing 168
people and completely destroying the building,
used another explosive-based on ammonium-
nitrate.
The weight of the explosive charge ranges from
11-29 lbs. for a vest or a bag, commonly packed
with nails, ball bearings and other metal fragments
around the explosives in order to maximize
casualties.
Car bomb explosives charges range typically
from 110-1,200 lb. and more as was the case in the
recent suicide attack in Riyadh, SaudiArabia.
045
FEATURE FEATURE FEATURE

As for the effect, with only 11 lb of TNT, a
Hamas suicide bomber in Israel killed 22 and
injured 56 people on a bus in Tel-Aviv, the effect in
a closed space being several times stronger.
Causing fatal accidents, [overlooked before
9/11] where hijackers crashed two airliners into
the two towers of the World Trade Centre and
another into the Pentagon, is now considered the
best explosive device there is, as jetliners laden with
thousands of gallons of highly flammable fuel are
essentially flying bombs.
It is also conceivable that suicide attackers
may attempt to cause dangerous substances to
be released, ignited or detonated by crashing an
aircraft, boat or other vehicle into high-risk or
hazardous material storage facilities.
Coping with Suicide Attacks
Coping with a suicide attack is a complicated
matter. It is best to prevent it before it is launched
and an explosives-strapped man is on the loose.
Israeli security services have developed several
methods and means in response, and are thus
able to prevent and intercept over 85% of suicide
attack attempts, by any measure a highly successful
rate, yet those that get through are devastating
nonetheless.
The U.S. law enforcement community can take
advantage of Israeli experience and expertise in
preparing itself to face the suicide attack threat.
However, that expertise must be tailored to the
unique environment of each locality in order to be
implemented successfully.
Generally speaking efforts to combat suicide
terrorism must be made at three levels:
The Strategic Level
The U.S. government decided after 9/11 to adopt
the offensive approach, ‘draining the swamp,’
toppling the Taliban regime that hosted Al-
Qaeda, and Saddam Hussein’s regime, which had
supported various terrorist groups, in particular
funding Palestinian suicide bombers directly.
Over the last few years, special operations have
taken place in Yemen and the Horn of Africa as
well as other terrorist enclaves worldwide. These
operations produce documentation and prisoners
that are extremely valuable to intelligence agencies.
This strategy is forcing the terror organisations to
move from place to place and invest resources
in defense and escape routes. It also minimises
their ability to train, prepare and execute major
operations. The U.S. has also aggressively targeted
the funding mechanism of terrorist groups, vital to
their weapons purchasing, training and operational
needs.
The Intelligence Level
The intelligence capability of the local police
department to deal with terror threats is a weak
point in the U.S. homeland security structure, and
whether one likes it or not, no one else can collect,
as they can, the basic information which will lead to
the capture of terrorist cells in their jurisdiction.
Once a terrorist cell has covertly entered a
country and gone underground in a locale, it is
difficult for federal agencies to uncover them, as
the country and population is simply too large to
monitor properly. Local departments are more
likely to notice suspicious activity due to their
intimate knowledge of their area and citizens.
Local police officers must be trained regarding
the threat, in particular, the identification
of suspicious activities and patterns used by
terrorist cells in preparation for attacks. Police
intelligence functions should include training on
terrorist-related intelligence gathering methods,
especially the monitoring of ‘risk groups’ and the
components used to prepare bombs. This is not
the place to review these methods but to cite just
a few examples. Timothy McVeigh purchased all
the components for his bomb on the free market,
openly, as did the 1993 WTC bombers. It is also
necessary to survey regularly vital assets that are
potential targets for terrorists, and thus detect
suspicious activity, which may indicate preparations
for an attack.
The Operational Level
Local police departments must ensure that every
police officer is properly prepared for his or her
role in combating suicide attacks, as they are the
last line of defence. It is imperative that officers
receive proper lessons and training that familiarise
them with the threat of suicide terrorism and its
modus operandi.
Fire/rescue, emergency management services
and municipal emergency services must also learn
to identify terrorists, suicide bombers and bomb-

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046
FEATURE FEATURE FEATURE

making equipment, and the proper integrated
response. Accordingly, the entire first responder
community must be coordinated to act effectively
upon receiving federal alerts, specific or general, of
possible attacks.
The police and fire departments need to guide
and supervise the private sector in reinforcing
critical infrastructure assets under their
responsibility and establishing communication
channels to their security officers.
The importance of proper preparation is
illustrated by the following example. Recently,
an Israeli border patrolman noticed an unusually
large pile of matches near the trash on a street
he was patrolling. He knew from his training
that the heads of matches are commonly used as
crude but effective ingredients in the preparation
of improvised explosive devices by Palestinian
terrorists, and his suspicion was immediately
aroused. The nearby house was searched and
indeed a bomb-making operation was uncovered.
Possibly, several terrorist attacks were thwarted. A
first-responder not trained to identify telltale signs
of terrorist preparations would have passed by such
seemingly innocuous evidence without a thought.
Conclusion
The suicide attacks in Saudi Arabia and Morocco
during May of 2003 —among others — have
demonstrated that the attacks of 9/11 were not
just a one-time occurrence but rather a pattern
experienced by those targeted by Islamic terror
groups worldwide, a pattern from which there is
no reason to presume the continental U.S. will be
exempt.
The Israeli experience shows there is much to
do in preparing for and preventing these attacks,
or mitigating their effects if they occur. Local
and state authorities must acquire the necessary
training and guidance since they have the best
prospects of preventing such attacks due to their
familiarity with their jurisdiction. As President
Bush stated, “State and local levels of government
have primary responsibility for funding, preparing,
and operating the emergency services that would
respond in the event of terrorist attack. Local units
are the first to respond and the last to leave the
scene. All disasters are ultimately local events.”
(Strategy for Homeland Security - July 16, 2002)
Decision-makers should be aware of these
threats and their gravity and allocate additional
funds for educating and training the first-responder
community, especially the police dept, in addition
to utilising federal grants for this purpose.
To conclude, training means investing in the
most important assets we have in law enforcement
and counter-terrorism, namely the human
element. Training should include getting to
know the threat, developing and adopting the
method to cope with it, and training and testing
your capabilities in simulations and drills. Local
intelligence officers should be the spearhead of
their department and enhance their abilities to
monitor suspicious behaviour in risk groups, and
the connection between criminal and potential
terrorist activity. n
Originally edited by IACSP member Jonathan Friedman. Further
amendments by John Bigelow. This article originally appeared in the
Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security Int’l / Vol.9, No.3
Tal Hanan, CEO, DEMOMAN INTERNATIONAL LTD.
Direct: +972-505-901-655 Fax: +972-3-901-4639
Web: www.demoman.co.il www.suicide-terrorism.com
E-Mail: tal@demoman.co.il

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groups such as those on recruiting, training and
IT systems.
• Awareness by all staff of the interdependencies
between collection and assessment agencies in
terms of technology and information quality.
One of the most striking similarities across
the AIC is the cautiousness of all AIC agencies.
Caution in this sense is born out of a desire
to minimise risks to their work and personnel
and means that the agencies are restrained and
guarded in their actions. Agencies are generally
risk minimisers and do not want to commit to a
path of action without considering all options. It is
important to note that cautiousness is not the same
as conservativeness as many within the agencies
are innovative and are continually applying new
approaches to their work.
This cautiousness is reflected in the relative
speed and type of change that occurs across the
AIC, and those with whom the agencies will deal.
This caution can be manifested in many forms,
including the following:
• A bias towards over-classification, and slowness
to declassify documents. While elements of
the AIC have recognised the need for proper
classification, this awareness does not extend to
all staff. Defence, in particular, appreciates the
implications of classifications of information for
industry and hence tries to minimise the over
classification of project-related data. Although
there are provisions for the declassification of
documents, due to time pressures and other
factors, documents may not be declassified as
quickly as they would be in an ideal world.
• A conservative approach to product standards.
The AIC often requires very high standards of
security, proof positive and redundancy in their
software and equipment. This can lead to agencies
specifying stringent standards, which lock out
some suppliers.
• Intelligence personnel deal in relationships
where trust is paramount. AIC personnel are
most comfortable dealing with those who are
a known quantity and are trusted. This means
some AIC officers seek advice from former and
current intelligence officers as a way of identifying
appropriate organisations and individuals for the
supply of goods and services.
• Delivering on the UKUSA intelligence sharing
alliance. Defence is very much concerned
with fulfilling its intelligence sharing alliance
commitments and this can lead to a subtle bias
in a number of areas. For instance, personnel in
a collection agency may subconsciously consider
the UKUSA national intelligence collection
requirements as synonymous with Australia’s
priorities.
Another example is that AIC personnel involved
in capability development and procurement may
favour systems that replicate the US approach
even when there is no compelling interoperability
requirement. A final example is that there may be
a desire to demonstrate to US intelligence heads
that Australia can make a significant contribution
to the UKUSA, which leads decision makers to
favour activities of importance to both the alliance
and Australia.
• A status divide between operational/analytical
personnel and enabling staff. Operational and
analytical officers consciously or unconsciously
consider themselves the organisation’s elite. This
has resulted in limited career paths for enabling
personnel, such as engineers, as well as less
interest and investment in enabling technologies
and business process efficiency improvements.
Variation in the technical literacy of upper
management across AIC agencies also means
there are considerable differences across agencies
in their level of expertise in project scoping
and procurement skills. In some areas, such as
DSD, the AIC is an expert client and can make
decisions quickly. Part of the reason for this is
that these areas have technical competence and
high technical staff retention rates meaning that
the subtleties of new project requirements can be
defined. Other contributing factors to the level of
procurement skills are the degree of understanding
of the capability development process, the need to
plan for expansion and modification of systems
including interoperability, backwards and forward
compatibility, and regular access to significant
project funding.
The AIC will continue to evolve over the next
few years as the implementation of the 2004
Report of the Inquiry into Australian Intelligence
Agencies (known as the Flood Inquiry) occur. Flood
identified foreign intelligence agency strengths
and weaknesses, and made 23 recommendations,
with all but one minor one being accepted by the
Australian Government. However, this acceptance
does not mean that all recommendations will be
implemented exactly as envisaged in the report.
This is because like any high-level report produced
at a particular point in time, the environment has
changed since the report was written and all the
consequences of the recommendations could not
have been explored at the time.
For example, while Flood recommended
that DIO “cease publishing intelligence not
directly serving requirements for strategic-level
military-related analysis”, DIO’s work for non-
Defence customers could actually increase. This
is because DIO has certain specialities which
are not duplicated elsewhere, such as counter-
proliferation, and work in these areas are absolutely
pivotal to supporting a whole-of government effort
to counter terrorism.
However, in general, the Flood Inquiry provides
a good indication of the future direction of the
AIC.
Implications for the private sector
There are considerable differences between
agencies, which means that companies should
treat each agency as a unique client. Applying
the tools and techniques used in winning work
in other AIC agencies, let alone in Defence or
the AFP, will not generate success unless they are
substantially tailored for each agency. For example,
when dealing with some agencies, the wording
of a contract’s statement of requirements needs
interpretational flexibility, as their needs may not
have been properly articulated.
The characteristic of cautiousness means that
companies need to focus on developing personal
relationships with AIC staff. As AIC officers seek
out people whom they feel most comfortable with,
their preference is to deal with ex-AIC personnel.
Without these relationships, a track record of
working with another AIC agency or Defence,
will often be of little help. This is because AIC
personnel may not be aware of work in another
agency due to the compartmentalised nature of
each community. Ironically, in some cases a track
record is actually detrimental. This is because of
the remnants of an old culture of contrariness
characterised by, “we won’t buy that if they have
it”, which can also be fostered by an attitude of
superiority or rivalry within an agency. Fortunately
this is disappearing except in certain areas with
long-standing staff and institutional memory.
Companies need to work with or engage ex-AIC
staff, and encourage them to keep their contacts
with the AIC current. Some companies, which
have had considerable success with the AIC, have a
number of former AIC personnel as directors or are
made up of large numbers of ex-AIC staff. These
companies are often seen as extensions of the AIC
itself rather than as suppliers to it. These and
other companies already in contract with the AIC
obviously have a significant advantage in winning
more AIC projects, especially if the project involves
modification of their previous work.
The AIC’s bias towards UKUSA interoperability
and compatibility means that companies need to
051
BUSINESS BUSINESS
emphasise these issues. Conversely, companies with
links to other countries, such as Singapore, which
is known as a big collector of intelligence, need to
address concerns that these present a security risk.
The operational bias, and its converse, that there
is a lesser emphasis on enabling functions, has
several implications. Firstly, it means that getting
senior operational support for projects is often
essential. Secondly, the influence and budgetary
control of technical staff can be limited. Thirdly,
implementing optimal solutions can be challenging
especially in the analytical agencies, as there may be
an unwillingness to change the way that business
processes are currently carried out. Finally, it
means that a project’s statement of requirements
(SORs) may not have gotten the appropriate
attention it deserves, leading to deficient SORs.5
Breaking into the market
If an organisation does not already have existing
relationships with AIC agencies, the first step
to entering the market is to identify potential
opportunities. Unlike Defence, which has a
Defence Capability Plan (DCP), there is no such
consolidated procurement document for the
052
AIC. Getting information on projects is difficult,
for some are not even widely known within the
agency itself. One of the reasons for the limited
availability of information on some projects is
that to reveal them could jeopardise operational
security. This is because stating a requirement
indicates that a capability deficiency exists or that
there is an intention to develop a new capability.
A comprehensive list of projects is contained in
the annual reports of the agencies but these are
classified documents.
An option for breaking into the market is to
team up with a prime contractor who is already
connected to one or more AIC agencies. However,
this option has limited usefulness because the small
size of many AIC projects means that it is not
financially viable to create a prime/sub-contractor
partnership with its additional coordination costs.
Another option is to pursue opportunities that
raise awareness of an organisation’s capabilities
with AIC personnel. This could involve sponsoring
intelligence events such as the AIPIO Annual
Conference or analytical projects carried out by
think tanks, such as the new Kokoda Foundation, or
running workshops such as ESRI’s recent seminar
called GIS Solutions for Defence. Additionally, it
could involve locating people who are AIC trusted
suppliers of information and informing them of a
company’s competence.
In addition, organisations can use well-
connected industry associations such as the
Defence Industry Unit in Australian Business
Limited or the Australian Electrical and Electronic
Manufacturers’ Association. There is also the
option of approaching an agency directly and
informing it of the company’s capability. The
challenge with this is that it is difficult to identify
the right person to meet and those you do meet
are often quite legitimately not forthcoming
about their needs and plans. One of the benefits
of increased cooperation at the senior levels of
AIC agencies over the last few years is increased
awareness of the other agencies’ needs. This means
that there is now more likelihood that agency
heads will provide you with advice on which other
agencies you should contact. The next article will
provide advice on how to break into the market,
how to determine if market entry is a sound
business decision and finally, will be a summary of
the business opportunities available. n
 IDENTITY

"RUCE!RNOLD


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 IDENTITY THEFT
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#/6%234/29

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“The first,overarching objective of the
government’s proposed reforms is to create
a national workplace relations system.”
I
n May 2005 John Howard announced
that his government proposed to
develop a raft of significant changes
to the existing regime of Australian
workplace relations laws. Not
surprisingly, the union movement immediately
swung into public relations overdrive
– launching a cache of radio, television and
newspaper advertisements that sought to
portray the changes as a threat to job security
and employee rights.
Quite astonishingly, these advertisements
were launched even before details of the
proposed changes were released to the public
for consumption and debate. Thereafter, the
government countered with a media blitz of
its own which was designed to counter what it
saw as the spread of misinformation about its
proposed changes.
So what are these changes? What does the
government propose to do to drag what it sees
as a broken down nineteenth century jalopy
onto the economic and social superhighway of
the twenty first century?
The first, overarching objective of the
government’s proposed reforms is to create a
national workplace relations system. Currently,
power to make laws governing workplaces
and industrial matters is split between the
federal and state governments. It is expected
that the Federal Government will ask the
states to do the same thing that Victoria
did in 1996 – that is, to hand over all of
their workplace relations powers to the
Commonwealth so as to allow one centralised
government authority to make laws on
industrial relations matters for the whole
country. If the states refused to do this (which
is a real possibility given that all states are
currently governed by the ALP whilst the
Federal Government is a Liberal/National
Party Coalition) then the Federal Government
is likely to use the power given to it by the
Constitution to make laws for corporations –
thereby effectively creating a unified industrial
relations system.
Once a national workplace relations
system is achieved, the government will be
in a position to make exclusive laws for the
vast majority of the Australian workforce. One
of the objectives of this is to create a system
that is less costly for small businesses to work
within, with less red tape than currently
exists.
One of the first steps in this process will
be alterations to the unfair dismissal laws.
Under the proposed changes, businesses
with less than 100 employees (the vast
majority of the security industry) will be
immune from claims against them for unfair
dismissal. However, these employees will
still be able to bring a claim for unlawful
termination of their employment where they
allege that their employment was terminated
on discriminatory grounds such as sex, race
or religion or for reasons such as temporary
absence from work due to illness. Also, claims
for breach of contract will remain for those
workers who are on individual contracts of
employment.
As an element of the changes to unfair
dismissal laws, all employers (irrespective
of the number of employees under their
umbrella), will be immune from a claim for
unfair dismissal by an employee with less than
six months’ service.
Thus, the demarcation between “small
business” and “large business” is being
enhanded. Those businesses that employ
100 employees or less will be exempt from
unfair dismissal laws entirely whereas those
with more than 100 employees can only
be subject to a claim for unfair dismissal
where the employee bringing the claim
has been employed by that employer for at
least six months. Currently, the relevant
period before which an employee can
make a claim for unfair dismissal is three
months. The proposed changes will extend
that out to six months for large businesses
whilst removing claims against small
businesses entirely.
Employee groups are likely to argue
that denying unfair dismissal rights to
employees of small businesses unfairly
discriminates against them as a class
of employees. However, as referred to
above, those employees will still be able to
bring a claim against their employer in
the event that their dismissal is based
upon any one of a number of prohibited
grounds. Nevertheless, a dismissal which
is unfair because there was no reasonable
pre-dismissal procedure followed by the
employer cannot be challenged. Also, if a
dismissal was unreasonable (yet it fell short
of being wholly unlawfully discriminatory)
the employee will have no grounds of redress
available.
At this point, there is no certainty as
to whether the legislation will include
provisions preventing larger organisations
from dividing up their workforces so as to
fall beneath the “less than 100 workers”
exemption. The government will need to
be careful to ensure that, for example, a
company such as BHP or National Australia
Bank or any other organisation that employs
thousands of workers throughout Australia
does not reorganise its corporate structure
067
JUST LAW JUST LAW
into numerous sub-structure companies each
of which employs 100 or less workers. This
type of arrangement would make a mockery
of the intention and spirit of the legislation
– to lift the burdens on small business which
discourage them from employing extra
workers.
One of the strongest counter arguments
“Employers who offer reduced or diminished
conditions of employment to their workers will find it
very difficult to attract or retain productive employees.”
to employee groups and unions who believe
that the new unfair dismissal laws will allow
unscrupulous employers to start hiring and
firing employees at will is the sheer adverse
economic cost of doing so. There is an
enormous financial impost on businesses
who have significant labour turnover. The
cost of hiring employees is considerable,
irrespective of whether the business is a
large or a small one. However, given that
small businesses have fewer employees than
large businesses and that small businesses
generally run on much tighter balance sheets
than large businesses, it makes absolutely no
economic sense for small businesses to incur
the significant expense of engaging and then
firing employees unnecessarily. Generally, it
is in employer’s best interests to be careful
068
when making decisions about dismissal, to
ensure that good staff are attracted, retained
and productive.
Another significant change to the existing
industrial relations regime will be the
establishment of the four basic minimum
legislative conditions of employment. These
four conditions are annual leave, personal-
carer’s leave, parental leave and ordinary hours
of work. These will become known as the
“Pay and Conditions Standard”. This will be
used as the standard against which workplace
agreements and contracts of employment will
be tested so as to ensure that workers are not
disadvantaged on those grounds when they
enter into those agreements.
The government also plans to establish
the Australian Fair Pay Commission to set
minimum wages. This will result in the
Australian Industrial Relations Commission
being stripped of its powers to set minimum
wages and determine casual loadings.
Employee groups and unions are likely
to argue that by removing the existing
“no disadvantage test” for workplace
agreements and contracts (which, generally,
held that workplace agreements were legally
acceptable so long as the employee was
not disadvantage overall against that which
he/she would have been entitled to on
an award) the agreements could include
conditions which are less beneficial to
employees than those that exist in the
relevant award. The reason why employee
groups are likely to be concerned about this
is that the contracts will be measured against
five benchmark standards rather than the 20
plus legislative standards that exist in current
awards.
These appear to be legitimate concerns
from employee groups. However, the
government is likely to argue that whilst
new contracts of employment might
reduce conditions below current award
standards, the employment market is likely
to penalise those employers that do so.
Employers who offer reduced or diminished
conditions of employment to their workers
will find it very difficult to attract or retain
productive employees. Indeed, employees
who are treated less favourably by one
employer than they would be if they changed
jobs and began working for a different
employer are likely to be less motivated and
therefore less productive than a worker who
is more appropriately rewarded by a fairer
employer.
Whilst this article has touched on some of the
changes that the Federal Government proposes
JUST LAW JUST LAW

to make to Australia’s industrial relations
system, there are likely to be other reforms
that have not been discussed here. Further,
at the time of writing, the draft legislation
had not yet been released. Whichever
way the legislation goes, it is expected
that many employers and employer
organisations are likely to welcome the changes.
they might have been reluctant to do so.
However, this is appropriately balanced
against existing civil law rights available
to employees to seek redress for breach
of contract or unlawful termination of
employment where they believe their rights
have been infringed.
On balance, the proposed reforms appear
to be an appropriate and logical progression
toward the modernisation of the Australian
industrial relations system. However, for
employers and employees alike, it is suggested
that any final judgement ought to be
reserved until the full details of the changes
are made public in the form of the draft
legislation. n

“..it is appropriate to await the release of the

proposed legisaltion before leaping to
conclusions one way or another.”
At the same time unions and employee
organisations are likely to be far less enthusiastic
about the amendments. It is possible that the
final package of reforms may look different to
those that have been discussed here and
in other public forums. Again, like most
legislative reforms, it is appropriate to
await the release of the proposed legislation
before leaping to conclusions one way or
another.
However, as far as the proposed reforms
are concerned they appear to provide some
comfort to small businesses concerned about
the ever increasing cost of employing staff.
The relaxation of the unfair dismissal laws,
for example, will provide small business
people with a little more freedom to engage
additional employees where, previously

070
FEATURE FEATURE FEATURE
COOL
GADGETS
F OR TOM O RR O W
H
ow often have you watched
those scenes in the James Bond
movies when “Q” is running
through the latest inventory
of spy gadgets and thought to
yourself, how cool would it be to have your very
own wrist watch with a built in laser or X-Ray
glasses. Well, wonder no more. As technology
continues to advance, it would seem that there
Phil Hare
is an entire army of “Q”-like inventors devising
new and interesting ways to help security and
law enforcement personnel gain an edge over
the ‘bad guys’. What follows is a brief glimpse
072
into some of the new, weird and often amazing
cutting edge technology currently being
developed by some of the world’s leading law
enforcement and military technology suppliers.
It is nothing short of astounding.
Let’s begin with a recent development by the
UK based company, Cambridge Consultants.
Named the Prism 200, this amazing system
is based on second generation, through-wall
radar technology. Providing 3D feedback on
the location and movement of people inside
buildings, the system is being reengineered as
a standalone, handheld unit, which can be held
against a wall and activated with a single button
press - providing images of internal activity
within 2 seconds.
The system identifies an individual person as
a cluster of targets of the same colour to give
a clear representation of the movement of each
person in the space being monitored. However,
much more is possible, including the ability to
focus on living/moving targets to give a tracking
history of individuals and to build up a picture of
the static objects in the room.
In this new version of the Prism 200 radar,
Cambridge Consultants eliminated the need

for an external controller and man-machine
interface. This was achieved by integrating a
VideoCore processor which combines high-
performance digital signal processing capabilities
with a versatile display driver. The results are
presented instantly on the unit’s built-in 6.4-
inch colour display or, alternatively, transmitted
to a remote laptop.
Building on the success of the first-generation
Prism 100 radar, the new radar will offer features
that enhance the efficiency and safety of military
and emergency service personnel in situations
such as hostage taking, search and rescue.
Held against a wall or mounted on a tripod up to
2 metres away, Prism 200 transmits low frequency
ultra-wideband (UWB) radar pulses that pass
through building materials over 40 cm thick, to
detect activity over a range of up to 15 metres.
A unique feature of the new intelligent radar
core is an array of antennas which gives it a large
field of vision - at least 140 degrees in both vertical
and horizontal planes - combined with 3D object
location and motion tracking. Operators can use
the 3D capability to decide whether people are
standing, sitting or lying, or whether the object
detected is human or an animal.
Prism 200 will be able to provide plan and
elevation views. The onboard signal processing
may also be customised to suit a wide range of
target applications. Programmable parameters
include range, scan rate and target permanence,
and the display can be adapted for optimised
presentation of the data for specific uses.
Cambridge Consultants is now at an advanced
stage of development with the radar core, and
is designing a tough weatherproof case to house
the system. The finished product is expected
to weigh around 3 kg/7 pounds, including a
lithium-ion battery pack that will store enough
power for around two hours of continuous use.
Featuring a slimline shape with hand grips,
the unit will be easily portable by a soldier or
emergency service worker. And, it can be put
into use almost instantly; all that’s required to
start monitoring is a single push of a button,
with the embedded system displaying results
within 2 seconds.
“This radar will deliver the kind of high-level
location information that could really tip the
balance in favour of operatives in a broad range
of dangerous or time-critical situations,” notes a
Cambridge Consultants spokesman.
Scheduled for commercial release in early
2006, the Prism 200 through-wall radar will be
offered as a packaged and ready-to-use product.
Now if that is not cool enough, what
about a new stun pistol. That’s right, a pistol
specifically designed to incapacitate non-
compliant offenders. US-based R&D firm
Law Enforcement Associates Corporation
has recently announced that several law
enforcement agencies have begun evaluation of
their new MP1 Stun Pistol (TM). The agencies
participating in the evaluations included Orange
County California Sheriff’s Department, the
California Highway Patrol, the Chattanooga
Tennessee Police Department and Gwinnett
County, Georgia. Combined, these agencies
employ well over 1000 line officers.
The MP1 stun pistol with FMT technology
(TM) operates to effectively disable violent
suspects at less than 1/4 the power of competitive
stun pistols and will sell for less than 1/3 the
advertised price of the competitive stun pistols.
Law Enforcement Associates Corporation
has also announced that it has filed a patent
application for the world’s first infrared
battlefield surveillance shells. The infrared
surveillance shells will allow the military to
observe enemy troop and equipment movements
at night on otherwise unlit battlefields and areas
073
FEATURE FEATURE FEATURE
of operation.
The infrared shells can be used by Special
Forces and other troops to pin point military
targets for aerial assaults without remaining
to train lasers on the targets. The infrared
surveillance shells allow troops, police and attack
helicopters with infrared viewing equipment
(night vision) to view locations of enemy
personnel, weapons, vehicles, unlit buildings
and surrounding areas. The shell illumination
is undetectable to enemy troops and/or hostage
“The StunStrike could dramatically alter the
nature of law enforcement and other peace
keeping operations requiring the use of force.”
takers without night vision or other special
infrared viewing equipment.
A typical application for law enforcement
would be in the event of a hostage situation.
Infrared shells could be shot into a house
through window openings, thus allowing law
enforcement personnel with night vision to be
able to see what is happening inside a darkened
house without the hostage taker being made
aware that he/she has been illuminated.
Law Enforcement Associates Corporation has
also filed patents on a radio surveillance shell
that can be used clandestinely to listen in on
possible hostage situations.
Of course, with less than lethal technology
074
becoming all the rage in the US, Law
Enforcement Associates Corporation is not
the only body researching possible less than
lethal systems. According to Gizmodo, an on-
line technology magazine, Xtreme Alternative
Defense Systems (XADS) Ltd., has been tapped
by the U. S. Marine Corps to develop a directed
energy weapon for use in riot control and other
situations requiring less-than-lethal force.
The proposed ‘StunStrike’ prototype will
temporarily disable an enemy combatant
without using any form of projectile or other
means of direct contact. Pictures are unavailable
of the SunStrike but XADS has a working model
Personal Defense Laser Pointer on the market
to dazzle targets.
Pete Bitar, the weapon’s inventor and
President of XADS, said that unlike a taser
device, the StunStrike system does not require
wires to transmit a non-lethal electric jolt.
“This gives the military, police forces, or private
security companies enormous flexibility,” he
said. “It could dramatically alter the nature of
law enforcement, war, peacekeeping operations
and other conflicts requiring the deployment
and use of physical force.”
Force Protection Systems Director George
G. Gibbs of the U. S. Marine Corps Systems
Command echoed Bitar’s remarks. “The
Marine Corps continues to look to the future for
new and innovative ideas. The Phaser (or Stun)
was certainly invented by the Star Trek Series,
but StunStrike invented by XADS is the closest
thing there is to bringing that fiction to reality.
Once proven, this will be a tremendous asset for
the Department of Defence,” he said.
The $750,000 contract to develop a family
of prototypes for XADS’s StunStrike system
comes on the heels of an earlier US $100,000
Department of Defence contract to show the
feasibility of the innovative new weapon. This
original small business innovation research
(SBIR) contract was also matched by a $100,000
grant from the State of Indiana’s 21st Century
Research and Technology Fund, bringing to
$950,000 the amount XADS has been awarded
in R&D funds. The state grant will be used to
commercialise the StunStrike product line by
helping pay expenses beyond the parameters of
the SBIR contract.
The development of StunStrike technology
will allow military and law enforcement
personnel to engage multiple hostiles at the same
time with less-than-lethal force. Using industry
parlance, hostage situations can be diffused
without risk of collateral damage or fatalities.
Riot control can be handled with authority, but
without causing harm to either police or rioters.
The system can also be re-tuned to disable
FEATURE FEATURE FEATURE

vehicle ignition systems, stopping cars or trucks
without destroying them.
Lt. Mike Reed, in charge of the S.W.A.T. team
for the City of Anderson Police Department,
said, “The StunStrike is potentially a great
less-lethal alternative to the weapons currently
available to police departments and S.W.A.T.
teams. We have been talking to XADS about a
longer term relationship to become a test and
training site. This could also be, economically
speaking, a great opportunity for Anderson
aggressor with eye-safe lasers. The products
under the Photonic Disruptor series include:
The PDLP - Personal defense laser pointer,
a high powered, green beam laser pointer. As
a presentational aid, the PDLP offers an acute
range with a protracted reach of up to 200
metres. Because of the intensity and built-in
adjustability of this beam, the PDLP can also be
utilised as a potent deterrent against a potential
attacker by delivering a disorienting effect from
an extended distance. The PDLP is a practical
at night. The systems will work in daylight, but
to a lesser degree.
What will they think of next? How about
security robots! That’s right, according to
Reuters new service, robots could soon begin
patrolling Japanese offices, shopping malls
and banks to keep them safe from intruders.
Equipped with a camera and sensors, the
“Guardrobo D1,” developed by Japanese security
firm Sohgo Security Services Co., is designed to
patrol along pre-programmed paths and keep an
eye out for signs of trouble.

“...robots could soon begin patrolling Japanese The 3 ft., 7-in. tall robot will alert human
guards via radio and by sending camera footage
offices, shopping malls and banks to keep if it detects intruders, fires or even water leaks.

them safe from intruders.”
and the department. We’re hoping XADS can
develop the weapon to its full potential.”
Bitar, who moved to Anderson from
Portland, Oregon, nine years ago, began
designing the device in 2002 and has a pending
patent on its unique technology. StunStrike
prototypes are currently under construction
and nearing completion. Three product lines
are anticipated, of varying size, application, and
range. Two of them will be ready for testing
later in 2004, with the third to be completed
and tested in 2005.
XADS is also developing its own line of
laser dazzlers, known as Photonic Disruptors,
designed to flash-blind and disorient an
and convenient tool for the individual with
personal safety in mind and is the only photonic
disruptor currently available from the XADS
WEBSITE now.
PD/G - Photonic disruptor/green; a long-
range, much more powerful green laser system
for military and law-enforcement applications,
with effective ranges of up to 2000 metres.
BluDazzle - The first blue beam dazzler
available for military and law enforcement
applications; it is a medium range (500 metres)
weapon with the ability to defeat green laser
filters.
Dazzlers offer a lower cost alternative to
lethal force in some circumstances, particularly
“In the near future, it is certain that securing
young and capable manpower will become even
more difficult, and the security industry will feel
the full brunt of the impact,” the company said
in a statement.
Sohgo Security is negotiating with several
clients, and after an initial trial run hopes to
begin offering a robot-assisted security system
within a year. n
Of course, the products mentioned in this article
represent but a small portion of the many amazing
new developments taking place daily. For more
information on these and other developments visit:
http://www.gizmag.com.au/military
http://www.cambridgeconsultants.com/news_
pr150.shtml
http://www.xtremeads.com/stunstrike.htm

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A
ccording to KPMG’s 2004 Fraud
Survey, Australian companies
lost a staggering $456 million to
fraud between 2002-2004.
Nearly 30,000 incidents
were reported by some 500 organisations, and
only 44% of victims were able to recover lost
funds.
To the uninitiated, these statistics may
be, at best, mildly interesting; partly due
to the wishful ‘it will never happen to me’
mentality that is the blissful state that precedes
a company’s first experience with fraud.
However, realistically, it is not a matter of if,
but when, your worst nightmare is realised
by the discovery that a trusted employee has
been committing fraud against your business.
After the initial disbelief, the victim’s thoughts
typically turn to anger, a thirst for justice, and
a feeling of not being in control or knowing
how to control the outcomes by even the most
capable of business people.
To the victim, the discovery of dishonesty
by a trusted employee is not just business, it’s
personal: a betrayal that stirs up the rawest of
emotions.
When the fraud involves theft of substantial
company assets, it can also be crippling for the
victim’s business and in some cases threaten its
viability.
To the investigator, called in, ideally to
deliver outcomes, establish the facts, advise on
employment relationship actions, recover of
assets, and facilitate a criminal prosecution: the
victim’s expectations can be onerous.
These varied and intertwined components
and the sequence and timing of how each
is addressed, are what make internal fraud
investigations complex.
Getting the ‘fit’ right regarding the available
investigation and prosecution options and
the individual circumstances of the case,
determines the success of the investigation. Of
course, success is measured by an individual’s
perspective.
The following case studies demonstrate
how two different situations were investigated,
assets recovered and offenders prosecuted
using both civil and criminal processes.
Importantly, in the first instance in both
of these investigations, the victims’ desired
outcomes were clarified, and were the drivers
in determining the course of the investigation
and the avenues used. The components of
employment relationship actions, civil action,
criminal prosecution, and recovery of assets or
restitution, need to be considered separately
as there is no one resource that can deliver
outcomes on all.
Careful consideration at the initial action
stage is crucial to the outcome; it cannot
be assumed, for example, that a criminal
prosecution will result in recovery of assets,
as this is not the primary role of the criminal
justice system.
Case study 1
In February 2003 James Lawson, previous
Company Director and General Manager of
transport firm, Deniliquin Freighters Pty.
Ltd., was suspected of claiming fraudulent
reimbursements for expenses he claimed were
paid for by his personal credit card. An initial
investigation by Shane Ringin of Pro Active
Strategies Pty Ltd, confirmed management
suspicions.
Lawson was interviewed regarding the
matters known, to which he made admissions,
and his employment was terminated on this
basis.
This step removed his access to company
funds and IT systems, and enabled a more
comprehensive investigation to be conducted
into the other areas of fraud suspected. The
investigation uncovered widespread fraud
involving in excess of $600,000 of company
funds. In addition to the false expense claims,
Lawson had also falsified payroll records and
established shelf companies to facilitate the
diversion of company funds via false invoicing.
Investigations indicated that the suspect
had substantial personal assets which were
suspected of being linked to the fraud, so,
preventing these assets from being disposed of
was the first priority.
Civil recovery affidavits were prepared by
investigators and within a matter of days an
application was made by Andrew Tragardh
of Tragardh Lawyers, to the NSW Supreme
Court to issue a Mareva Injunction against
Lawson. A Mareva Injunction is an injunction
granted under the inherent and statutory
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to restrain
a defendant from dealing with assets, where
the assets may be the subject of a claim and
judgment by the plaintiff.
Subsequently, the court granted the
application, which prevented the ex-employee
from disposing of any of his assets, which
included his personal residence, motor
079
LOSS PREVENTION
vehicles, furniture, artworks, jewellery, bank
accounts, and share portfolios. This was an
important and timely step, as at the conclusion
of the case these assets were transferred to the
ownership of the victim company, totalling
close to $500,000. as part restitution for funds
stolen by Lawson.
“Anton Pillar orders are essentially
a civil search warrant, initially granted
in the absence of the defendant.”
The matter was then reported to the NSW
police for investigation with documentation
to support a prosecution, and Lawson was
charged with 9 counts of theft totalling
$615,000. In July 2004 Lawson pleaded
guilty at the Moama District Court, with all 9
charges being proven. Lawson was sentenced
to two years imprisonment for each of three
counts of theft, obtaining money by deception,
with a non-parole period of 18 months. On the
remaining six counts of obtaining money by
deception he was sentenced to a fixed term of
12 months imprisonment, with all sentences to
be served concurrently.
To the victim, this finding and sentence
certainly provided a sense of justice, however,
the most important and urgent outcome from
the outset remained the recovery or restitution
of company assets. This priority determined
080
the sequence of the investigation, with the civil
action taking precedence over criminal action.
Case study 2
Michael’s Camera Video Digital in Melbourne
provided training courses for customers who
purchased digital and video cameras, which
provided a significant marketing advantage in
a competitive market.
In Jan 2001, the manager of the Media
School resigned from Michael’s and took up
a position with a nearby competitor, which
we shall refer to as Company X (not their
real name). Almost immediately Company
X advertised that they were offering courses
with camera purchases. It was suspected
that the ex Media School manager had
taken the Michael’s training systems and the
intellectual property contained within it to the
competitor.
An investigation indicated that this was
the case, finding that Company X was using
training documents identical to Michael’s,
re-branded as Company X. It was established
that the victim’s desired outcomes were to
stop the use of its intellectual property by the
competitor, to recover the material, and gain
compensation for loss, and as a result, civil
action was undertaken.
Tragardh Lawyers prepared Anton Pillar
orders on 2 commercial premises, Company
X, their training centre and the private address
of the ex Media School manager of Michael’s.
Anton Pillar orders are essentially a civil search
warrant, initially granted in the absence of the
defendant, in this case, Company X. They are
orders which require the defendant to allow
the plaintiff, in this case Michael’s Camera
Video Digital, to enter the defendant’s
premises for the purposes of searching for and,
if necessary, seizing, documents or property
which are the subject of proposed or pending
proceedings.
The orders were executed simultaneously
with the support of computer forensic
specialists, and intellectual property of Michael’s
was recovered. Subsequent negotiations
resulted in the recovery and destruction of
Company X training materials, provision of
a public apology in daily newspapers, and a
substantial settlement to cover legal costs and
damages to Michael’s. Company X subsequently
closed their Melbourne business.
It is difficult to foresee actual outcomes at
the beginning of a complex fraud investigation.
However, if the victim is assisted in taking
control and focusing on the outcomes that are
most important to them, some of the sting of
the betrayal can be alleviated. n
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LEGAL Q&A LEGAL Q&A
Dear Justin,
I work as a contract security officer for a factory.
A few months ago, a new recruitment company was
engaged to supply casual labour for the factory.
Since then, a number of incidents have occurred.
On one occasion, it was alleged that one worker
threw a screwdriver at another staff member. On
a separate occasion, it was alleged that a member
of staff walked up to another employee who was
talking on his mobile phone and punched him in
the face. On yet another occasion, it was alleged
that one of the staff pulled a knife on another
worker and threatened him.
The problem I am experiencing is that everyone
expects me to take the matter to management,
only I have never actually witnessed any of these
altercations. Furthermore, most of the factory
workers are terrified of the thugs involved in
these alleged incidents and refuse to make a
formal statement or repeat to management the
information they have given me. Therefore, all
I would be repeating to management would be
unsubstantiated hearsay, which serves no purpose
other than to make me look bad.
I feel my hands are tied in this matter yet, I
am concerned that if one of the alleged offenders
attacks another worker and causes serious injuries,
I will get into trouble as I have been made aware of
the violent behaviour in the past and done nothing
about it. Yet, without anyone willing to go on the
record, and without having witnessed these attacks,
what can I do?
In reality, you have no alternative but
to report the allegations to management.
Although they are based on comments made
to you “second hand”, your legal responsibility
is absolutely clear – you are required to take
all reasonable steps within your power to
protect the interests of factory management.
Of course, this includes ensuring the safety
088
of employees – even if that means protecting
them from themselves.
The nature of your legal responsibility
extends from the purpose of your engagement
by the factory owner. As a security contractor
you are holding yourself out as being able to
provide a certain service – to ensure that the
premises that you are patrolling are kept free
from all foreseeable dangers. This includes
protecting people from factors which might
jeopardise their personal safety.
As has been previously discussed in this
column in some depth, employers have a legal
responsibility to ensure that they provide their
employees with a safe and secure workplace.
This not only obligates employers to ensure
that all machinery, plant and equipment are in
good, safe and proper working order, but it also
requires them to ensure that all of the other
elements of the workplace do not pose a risk to
those that work within it. Risks of this type can
come from the actions of other employees.
Where an employee is put in danger whilst
at work, it makes no difference from where
that danger originates. It will always fall to
an employer to identify that risk and eradicate
it. If the employer is made aware of that risk
and does nothing to remove it, then the law
will hold the employer liable for any damage
caused by it. Thus a risk posed by an employee
to a fellow employee is, in the eyes of the law,
no different to a risk posed to an employee by a
dangerous piece of damaged machinery.
Let’s assume for the moment that any one
of the employees described by you is seriously
injured as a result of the actions of one of
the “thug” employees. The injured worker
will undoubtedly seek compensation from
the factory owner as a result of his failure to
maintain a safe workplace for this particular
employee. The employer would probably
argue that he was not aware of the actions of
Justin Lawrence is a partner
with Henderson & Ball Solicitors,
722 High Street, East Kew,
Victoria, and practises in the
areas of Commercial Litigation,
Criminal, Family and Property
Law. Henderson & Ball have Law
Institute of Victoria accredited
specialists in the areas of Business
Law, Property Law and Commercial
litigation. Justin Lawrence and
Henderson & Ball can be contacted
on 03 9859 9524
the “thug” employees and could not have been
aware of them because of the refusal of other
employees to “dob them in”. However, the
injured employee will then point to you – to
the fact that you were aware of what happened
but that you refused to pass it on to the boss.
The employer will probably be held legally
liable as a result. You are acting as an agent
of the employer. You are legally obligated to
inform the employer of matters occurring in
his workplace which are preventing him from
providing a safe workplace for his employees.
Your failure to do so exposes him to legal
liability from the injured worker and exposes
you and your employer to a law suit from the
factory owner for breaching your obligations to
him to do all things necessary to maintain the
safety and security of his factory.
Your obligation is clear – report all matters
of employee safety to management and let
management decide how far they wish to take
them.
Dear Justin,
I work as a crowd controller at a major sporting
venue. We recently had an incident where a patron
collapsed during a sporting event as the result
of an epileptic seizure – or so I have since been
told. Not long after I arrived, the patron regained
consciousness. As it was raining and there was
going to be a short wait for an ambulance to arrive,
we took the patron, with her permission, to the first
aid room. Once in the room, the patron stated that
she was very tired and asked if she could lie down.
Within a matter of moments, the woman was fast
asleep.
A few minutes later, I received a call from the
gate staff informing me that the ambulance officers
had arrived. I was asked if I could go and meet
them and take them to the woman in the first
aid room. Not wanting someone to walk in on a
LEGAL Q&A LEGAL Q&A
sleeping female, I locked the door behind me and
left the room to retrieve the ambulance officers
before returning a matter of minutes later. The
ambulance officers took the woman off to hospital
and that was that, or so I thought.
Believe it or not, I have since been informed
that the solicitor for the woman we helped is
attempting to launch civil proceedings against me,
the company I work for and the venue operators
for, of all things, unlawful imprisonment!
Apparently, upon arriving at the hospital, the
woman discovered that her purse was missing from
her handbag, which we did not know at the time
of the incident. While there has been no claim
that any of the security staff were involved in the
alleged theft, an investigation has been launched.
During the course of the investigation, a copy of
my incident report has been handed over to the
police and the woman’s solicitor. After reading
the report, the solicitor is claiming that I illegally
imprisoned this woman while going for help. Is
this guy serious! Can he actually do this? Does he
really have a case? I would appreciate your advice
in this matter as I am at a loss to understand how
this is possible.
Although it seems really hard to believe,
a person can be sued for false imprisonment
even where the person being falsely
imprisoned is not aware that his or her liberty
is being deprived.
In a case decided in England in 1919, a
person was asked by his employer to attend
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090
at the manager’s office to provide information
in relation to certain thefts of the employer’s
property which had occurred. Unknown to
the employee, three store detectives were
stationed outside the room where the employee
was being questioned. The detectives had been
given specific instructions to stop the employee
from leaving the office if he attempted to do so.
The employer was found by the Court to have
falsely imprisoned the employee. The Court
stated that it is perfectly possible for a person
to be imprisoned in law without knowing about
it and without appreciating that he is, in fact,
being imprisoned.
Also in that case, the Court went on to
discuss exactly the same situation that you
have described. The Judge stated that, in his
opinion, it is possible for a person to have been
falsely imprisoned whilst he is asleep. This
could also extend to situations where a person
is drunk, unconscious or a lunatic – that is,
situations where the person was not actually
aware that his liberty was being deprived
until after the event. In his conclusion, the
judge stated that a person might in fact be
imprisoned by having the key of a door turned
against him so that he is imprisoned in a room
although he does not know that the key has
been turned.
It seems clear that there will be a cause of
action for false imprisonment that could be
pursued against you because you locked the
door with the patron inside the room asleep.
However, whether it is worth pursuing any
such cause of action is an entirely different
question. In most civil cases founded on false
imprisonment, the victim will be aware that he/
she was deprived of his/her liberty during the
particular period where it occurred. In those
cases, there is an expectation that damages
against the defendant would flow. However,
in cases where the victim has no actual
knowledge that she is, in fact, being falsely
imprisoned, then her claim for damages would
be significantly diminished. In order to seek
damages, a plaintiff must provide some loss
or damage. It would be difficult to see how
a victim could make out a strong cause of loss
or damage from a situation that passed without
that person feeling any discomfort, agitation or
loss of freedom.
In your case, although, technically, a claim
might be grounded against you for false
imprisonment, it would be expected that the
amount of damages awarded in favour of the
victim would be, at best, minimal.
Whilst every effort has been taken to ensure its accuracy, the
information contained in this article is intended to be used as
a general guide only and should not be interpreted or taken as
being specific advice, legal or otherwise. The reader should seek
professional advice of a suitably qualified practitioner before
relying upon any of the information contained herein. This
article and the opinions contained in it represent the opinions of
the author and do not necessarily represent the views or opinions
of Australian Media Group Pty Ltd or any advertiser or other
contributor to Security Solutions Magazine.
 ,/#!4).'
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 Surveillance operations require agents to be able
bodied, if not perhaps slightly fitter than average
to be capable of scaling fences, chasing subjects
on a follow or perhaps listening for or hearing
things which are some distance away. These
requirements usually prevent many physically
disabled persons from entering the surveillance
industry. Pre-surveillance inquiries and factual
investigations are very specific areas, however,
which are suitable for a great many disabled staff.
This is due to a large number of these inquiries
being able to be conducted online or via telephone
from home. The following sections outline the
basic information sources, methods, and their
applications for conducting covert factual inquiries
such as background checks.
Ethics on locating people
The investigator’s ability to locate people is
powerful, and should only be used for lawful,
legitimate purposes. The vast majority of these
cases relate to location of witnesses, debtors,
or the subjects of surveillance investigations
pertaining to fraud. These would be classed
as legitimate reasons for locating a subject.
Unfortunately there are some persons who
engage investigators to locate people for
unlawful reasons. While it does not occur often,
some aggressive males for example occasionally
hire a PI to locate their former partner, who
may be in fear of her life. It is very important to
validate the reason for any location, and to refuse
any request which does not appear legitimate. A
good starting point may be to ask the client if
there is any violence order in place, and why the
person is ‘missing’. They may not be entirely
truthful, but a good investigator should be
competent enough to investigate their client
prior to commencing work of this nature.
While it is legal to take this work, provided
there has been no ‘actual’ threat or indication
of violence made by the client, ( for example, “I
just want to find her to talk to her…”) great care
must be taken as the repercussions may live with
you forever. A Victorian PI located a person for
a client, and the client later murdered the person
by shooting a cross bow through his/her head2.
It was later discovered the deceased was a Crown
witness, who was due to give evidence against the
client. This unfortunate incident was devastating
to the investigator who had found her, and he
subsequently left the industry. Knowledge is a
double edged weapon which can be used for good
or evil, so be sure you properly validate any client
request, and operate ethically as well as legally.
Electoral rolls
Electoral rolls are a significant investigator
resource in locating persons, or obtaining general
information on Australian registered voters, over
the age of eighteen years. There are two types
of rolls, being Federal3 and State4. The electoral
roll is a public document, which is freely accessible.
Due to privacy regulations, the roll is not available
on the Internet. However, recent changes may
soon allow individuals to check their own details
online. Should this occur, it is likely to be through
a secure facility that does not permit the viewing
of other people’s records. There has been much
debate over privacy issues such as the harvesting
of voters’ details for intrusive marketing purposes.
This has unfortunately made life far more difficult
for private investigators, who use this resource to
greatly assist their legitimate inquiries.
Rolls are available in printed format about six
months after the close of elections, but these are
cumbersome, quickly outdated and listed in district
order. This means you may need to search through
every district instead of just one state. Microfiche
records are available at electoral offices, as well as
libraries and even in the local office of any member
of parliament, but like the printed rolls, are no
longer available for purchase. Microfiche rolls are
updated usually about every six months, and are
listed by surname for all names in each district.
It is important to realise that any electoral
roll information is often out of date, and the
new records are usually only updated by the
conscientious members of our society. Ironically,
these are rarely the persons who are being
sought after by investigators. The election itself,
however, usually results in a significant update
as people advise new addresses when obtaining
their paperwork. Although the material may be
regarded as very outdated, it can still provide
important clues for investigators, who, quite
frankly, value any information at all. When there is
precious little data that can be legally obtained, the
rolls can provide a valuable tool to locate witnesses
and debtors. The rolls are provided in surname
order by state (or electoral district), and include a
person’s full name.
Full names
This is the first important piece of information,
as although you may have a first and last name,
it is less common to have a person’s middle
names in full, or even to be sure of the correct
spelling. Verifying exact spelling is very important,
particularly when investigating fraudulent activity
that involves unusual or non-Anglo-Saxon names.
Often a subject may have provided an Anglo-
Saxon variant such as Bob, yet the electoral roll
may provide their legal first name, which may be
something like Blanko.
Full address
The address on electoral rolls is provided in full
with unit numbers, and this is very important.
While the telephone book may have address details
for subscribers, Telstra rarely prints unit numbers.
This creates difficulty when a subject resides in a
large block of flats, so electoral rolls can provide
missing details.
Electoral division
The electoral division shows the area in which
the address is situated. It allows faster analysis
of roll information. If you locate your subject
on the roll, you may want to discover if there
are any other persons of that surname residing
at the same address (see further information
below ‘Same Surname Occupants’ and ‘Relatives
at Other Addresses’). You can search through
all the persons of a given surname and check for
common addresses, however, this can take a very
long time for common surnames. In such a case,
you can use the division name from the primary
subject, and then inspect the division roll only to
check for common addresses, as there are far fewer
names in this context than if you were searching
all entries of that surname in the state. Even when
searching microfiche state records normally, the
division field may be used to locate other common
address entries slightly more efficiently. It is less
information to process visually.
There is a facility for people to hide their
address, by registering as a silent voter, which
removes their address from the public roll. In
these cases, the division is still listed, so there is at
least one location clue to work with.
Same surname occupants
Once an address has been identified or confirmed,
an information searcher may elect to search
through all the entries of that surname, to identify
other persons of the same surname and same
address. This provides full name details of other
occupants at the home, which may be used to assist
in identifying persons correctly. Occasionally an
investigator may follow an occupant who matches
the description of the subject, only to discover
later he has a brother of similar age, so knowing
about the brother initially will help resolve these
issues. Knowing details of other occupants will
always assist in pretext calls and approaches to the
093
INVESTIGATIONS INVESTIGATIONS
residence. The more information, the more pieces
of the puzzle, the better you can manage the job
and improve the chances of success.
Relatives at other addresses
When trying to locate a missing person who,
for example, is being sought by creditors, it is
sometimes worthwhile contacting possible relatives
at different addresses, who may be less suspicious
than the subject of the search as they are not trying
to hide or evade the creditors themselves. They
can often provide the subject’s correct address or
even work details. Another point to consider is the
use of middle names by your subject, as these may
well be the first name of their mother or father
who resides at another address, and may provide
details of their son’s workplace if asked in the
correct manner.
Neighbours
Using electronic telephone book data, you can
identify the surname and initial of subscribers
residing near the subject’s address. By then cross
referencing this with electoral records, you can get
the full name of the neighbours, which can then be
used in a variety of ways to assist in obtaining the
information.
Reverse address
Electronic access to electoral roll data is not
always easy, however there are still a few
databases available such as CD ROMs and web
resources. Sentricx has electoral roll information
094
available at www.sentriex.info. There are a range
of information broking houses that can provide
access to this data (also known as the Australian
Population Index), such as Australian Business
Research5. Reverse address is a powerful tool,
which enables you to identify all listed occupants
of an address, despite not knowing the surname. It
can assist for example, with married women who
may be hiding under their maiden name. This
information is invaluable when approaching an
unknown address. Even the smallest detail can be
an information key that will unlock a case, locating
a missing person or debtor, or witness.
Old address
When you locate an address for a subject that you
know to be a former address, not current, it can still
be used as a great clue. You may work this address
to identify relatives originally residing with the
subject at the time. It may be far easier to locate
these relatives now, and approach them to help
locate the subject’s new address.
Historical rolls
Historical rolls are available in most major
libraries6, and are a valuable tool, often overlooked.
By searching historical details, you can often locate
a former address for a person of interest. This
may then help you to locate the current address,
even if they are not listed in current rolls, or
they now have an incorrect or silent address
listed. Historical rolls will have details of former
associates or relatives who were residing with the
subject at the time, including the neighbours. You
can locate any persons identified in the old rolls
as being ‘associated’ with the person of interest,
and then canvas these people on the phone or on
pretext to locate the subject at their new address.
Historical rolls are also used extensively in
genealogical research, in which people trace their
family history.
Date of birth, occupation and sex
This data is held internally by the Electoral
Commission, however, it is not publicly available
on the Federal rolls anymore. It is still available
on state electoral rolls in NSW, though this may
be changing with increased privacy regulations. As
this data was originally accessible to the public, it
may also be found by searching historical Federal
rolls which were published prior to 1990, provided
the subject was on the roll at this time.
In the next issue, we will look at other ways
to use information sources such as the Australian
Securities Investment Commission, telephone
directories and other government registers. n
Chris Cooper is a professional investigator and the author
of the book “Behind the Private Eye - Surveillance Tales &
Techniques”.
Chris’s book can be purchased online at
www.neomatrix.com.au/books. Alternatively, interested
readers can write to Chris at Neomatrix Pty, Ltd, P.O
Box 322 Riverwood, NSW, 2210 or email Chris at
books@neomatrix.com.au.
A full list of foot notes for this article is available from
www.securityoz.com.au
  
 

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ACCESS CONTROL
fully featured home networking technology,
and the only universal option for transmitting
high-quality digital video with full home
coverage. Advanced features such as quality
of service management, multicast, and network
isolation make this the ideal choice for any
application from metropolitan area networking
to integration into consumer electronics devices
such as televisions, home theatre and IP set-top
boxes for triple play.
“The savings in reduced cabling time, reduced
losses due to inclement weather delays and post
installation remedial work are substantial.”
In addition, the extensive network
management capabilities inherent in the DS2
product set allow the metropolitan Electricity
Supply Authority (ESA) considerably improved
network management including automated
meter reading and load shedding at peak periods
of specific items such as air conditioners.
Although the signal strength is quite low,
there are some valid concerns with regard to
potential interference to ham radio operators
and others. To ensure that these concern can be
addressed, the network management system has
the ability to “notch” out any frequency causing
interference on any line. This is highly unlikely
to be of concern in new areas where power
cabling is underground.
The BPL industry is working closely with the
Australian Communications and Media Authority
(ACMA) to ensure that BPL is deployed with
clear constraints with regard to usage and
interference detection and eradication.
This is less of a challenge for the ACMA
than the Wireless LAN industry presented in
the ISM bands because the wide area is strictly
controlled by the EAS and there is no capability
to boost signal strength. It is quite clear that
these systems will be deployed in Australia in
a sensible and controlled manner by industry
professionals.
Each system consists of a head end, repeaters
and customer premises equipment (CPE). The
head end is the management centre for each
network. It controls which CPEs are allowed
access to the network through a system of
MAC address based VLANs. The CPEs must
be pre-registered on the network in order to
join the network. Depending upon the cable
infrastructure a repeater is required every 700
metres. The extensive network management
100
allows the dedication of specific bandwidth
limitations for each CPE if desired.
At the head end the TCP/IP signal is
connected at low power level onto the power
cable using either capacitive or inductive
couplers. These must be installed by a qualified
electrical contractor. The couplers for the 11KV
and 22KV lines consist of split toroids that are
clamped around the insulated cable. Capacitive
couplers are typically used on the three phase
415V and single phase 240V lines. Customer
premises equipment simply plugs into a standard
power outlet. There are a number of CPEs now
available which provide Broadband Ethernet and
integrated voice over IP (VOIP). The kinds of
products on the horizon include set top boxes
for IP/TV, automatic metering, peak usage
load shedding, IP enabled circuit breakers and
intelligent appliances.
The promise of BPL is that the power line
represents an already installed network in both
the home and in the wide area. The limitation on
use has been that of bandwidth and this has been
solved by BPL.
Of course the question arises as to how
secure is this network. It is really easy to
isolate the home from the wide area by the
installation of a transformer or a low pass
filter at the switch box. In the wide area it is
very secure. The network management system
characterises the quality of the line on each of
the 1511 frequencies that it transmits on. The
system then transmits a corresponding number
of bits on each of those frequencies. So the
frequency with the 20% rating gets 2 bits
out of the maximum of 10 whereas the 90%
frequency gets 9 bits. These are all collated at
the receiving end, the error checking algorithm
is applied and the packet is then forwarded. A
listening device inserted on the line firstly can’t
participate in any line characterisation because
its MAC is not registered with the head end
and even if it could, the characterisation of
the line to the end node would be different
to the intruder to the head end or the end
node. There is no way of tapping off the 1511
frequencies and determining how many bits
were sent on what frequency so there is no
way of intruding. The MAC addressed based
VLAN structure ensures that there is no
hacking of neighbour’s lines.
The applications for BPL in the security
industry are numerous. Consider deploying a
set of MPEG 4 cameras over a campus style
site such as a retirement home. It doesn’t get
any easier. Install the head end at the main
switch room over all phases, install any repeaters
that are required, bridge isolation switches and
breakers with high pass filters and then go
around and plug the camera and CPE into the
locations where they are required. Now you
register each of the MAC addresses in the head
end and you have video.
Access control and time & attendance systems
are easily integrated over TCP/IP networks
these days. You can place readers and door
controllers wherever you have power. Audio is
also easily distributed as MP3 files over TCP/IP
whether it is music, public announcement or
general purpose intercom. An entire shopping
complex, a multi-story building or an airport can
easily be installed with no additional wiring.
Lest I make it sound too simple it must be
understood that certification is going to be a
prerequisite for professional level products.
There are compliance and safety issues in
addition to network design requirements for
larger networks that will require trained and
certified personnel. The simplicity of installation
is still there if the engineering is done correctly.
The savings in reduced cabling time, reduced
losses due to inclement weather delays and post
installation remedial work are substantial.
How do you make BPL a part of your design
solutions? Firstly get trained and certified by a
professional provider such as Schneider Electric.
Next, certify your preferred or existing products
over BPL. Now you are ready for that first install
and it will get even easier with experience.
“Using the electricity network to conduct BPL
signals will result in leakage of radio frequency
emission into the surrounding environment that
could cause interference to radio communications
services. Potentially affected applications include
defence operations, shortwave broadcasting,
maritime and aeronautical communications,
radio astronomy, amateur radio and numerous
short range applications.
The challenge for the ACA is to establish
arrangements that do not unnecessarily inhibit
BPL deployments but, at the same time, provide
measures to protect radio communications
services from unacceptable interference.”
www.acma.gov.au n
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IT SECURITY IT SECURITY
and legitimate messages are sometimes sent to the
quarantine folder or deleted. Automated systems
with inbuilt ‘rules’ are somewhat inflexible in
their treatment of spam and spammers are always
looking for ways to defeat anti-spam filters. Not
so long ago searching for words such as ‘Viagra’
resulted in many messages being successfully
identified as spam. The spammers responded by
replacing the ‘i’ in Viagra with a numeric ‘1’ so it
looked much the same to the human eye but was
not detected by the keyword search filter. The
‘good guys’ then included a variety of different
misspellings of Viagra in their anti-spam software
so the spammers countered that by putting their
textual message into a graphical image that could
not be examined by an automated tool but was
easily read and understood when displayed on a
screen. The battle between the ‘good guys’ and
the ‘bad guys’ was well and truly underway and
continues today. We will watch the developments
with interest.
Another interesting approach to spam control
is being supported and developed by email
security vendor IronPort Systems, Inc3. Under its
104
Bonded Sender Program4 IronPort is targeting
the source of commercial bulk e-mails instead
of the delivery point. According to IronPort,
“The Bonded Sender Program is designed to
ensure that legitimate commercial e-mails are
not inadvertently caught in spam filters. Senders
of commercial e-mail verify the legitimacy of
their mail by posting a financial bond. If an end
user complains that a message was unsolicited, a
charge is made against the bond. This market-
based mechanism ensures that only legitimate
e-mail senders can afford to participate in the
program.” Apparently more than 34,000 Internet
service providers, universities and corporations,
including Hotmail and MSN participate in the
program so it’s achieving a good acceptance rate.
Also involved in the venture is the leading privacy
seal and certification program organisation,
TRUSTe5. It is an independent, non-profit
body enabling trust based on privacy for personal
information on the Internet.
Just like the ‘junk mail’ that still finds its way
into our household letter box, what one person
calls spam another calls valuable and interesting
mail. It’s up to the recipient to decide. So it’s not
really as black and white as it first seems. There’s
a whole lot of grey stuff in there as well. And I
suppose it’s ultimately the grey matter in your
head and not anti-spam software or legislation
that will provide you with the best solution to
your e-mail dilemmas. n
1. www.spamhaus.org
2. www.acma.gov.au
3. www.ironport.com
4. www.bondedsender.com
5. www.truste.org
Doug Jenkins is a Senior Security Consultant
with Loop Technology (www.looptech.com.au),
based in Melbourne, Victoria. Doug heads up Loop
Technology’s information security consulting team in
Asia Pacific, providing security consultancy services,
primarily in the area of electronic business and
Internet-based solutions where he specialises in the
development and implementation of security policy
and framework, the conduct of security audits and
reviews and the development of security awareness
campaigns.