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4-7 Nonhomogeneous Equation: The Method of Variation of Parameters
In Problems 4-76 to4-82, we are to determine the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous
equation.
4-76
( )
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( ) ( )( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is
| |
( )
| |
( ) ( )( )
| |
( ) ( )( )
| |
( ) ( )( )
| |
The functions , and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( )
( ( )) ( )
( ( )) ( )
or simplifying
( ) ( )
combined with the term , leaving the particular solution in its simplest form of
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain
( ) ( )
Maple solution:
> restart;
> a := 1; b := 0; c := 0; d := 0; g := -16:
> R := x*exp(2*x);
> ode := a*(diff(diff(diff(diff(y(x), x), x), x), x))+b*(diff(diff(diff(y(x), x), x), x))+c*(diff(diff(y(x), x),
x))+d*(diff(y(x), x))+g*y(x) = R;
> F := R = lhs(ode);
> CE := a*m^4+b*m^3+c*m^2+d*m+g = 0;
> CE := factor(%);
> yp := (A*x^2+B*x)*exp(2*x);
>
> diff(yp(x), x, x, x);
>
>
> y[p] := subs(Coefficients, yp);
> y = y[h]+y[p];
( )
(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( ) ( )( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is
| |
( )
| |
( ) ( )( )
| |
( ) ( )( )
| |
( ) ( )( )
| |
The functions , and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ | |
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ∫ )( )
or rearranging
∫ | | ∫ ∫
4-77
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is
( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫
( )
where we have used product-to-sum trigonometric identities. Thus the particular solution of the
given nonhomogeneous equation is given by
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
or simplifying
Differentiating yields
( )
( )
(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is
( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( ) √
∫ ∫ (√ )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) √
∫ ∫ (√ )
( )
√
( ( )) ( ) ( (√ )) ( )
√
( (√ )) ( )
or
√
( ) ( (√ ))
√
( )( (√ ))
4-78
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is
( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( ( ))
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
or simplifying
( )
Differentiating yields
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Maple solution:
> restart;
> a := 1; b := -2; c := 0; d := 0;
> R := exp(2*x)*cos(3*x);
> ode := a*(diff(diff(diff(y(x), x), x), x))+b*(diff(diff(y(x), x), x))+c*(diff(y(x), x))+d*y(x) = R;
> CE := a*m^3+b*m^2+c*m+d = 0;
> CE := factor(%);
>
> Root := solve(CE);
>
> yp := A*exp(2*x)*cos(3*x)+B*exp(2*x)*sin(3*x);
> y = y[h]+y[p];
(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is
( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( ) ( ) | | | |
The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( ( ))
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ∫( ) )( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ∫ )( )
or simplifying
∫[( ) ] ( )
4-79
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is
( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( ))
∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( ) ( )
(( ) ( ) )( )
or simplifying
Since any real constant is already a solution to the related homogeneous equation, we can
express the particular solution as
( )
Differentiating yields
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain
( )
( )
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is
( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( ))
∫ ∫ ∫ | |
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( | |)( ) ( ∫ )( ) ( ∫ )( )
or simplifying
| | ∫ ∫
4-80
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( )( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is
( ) | | | ( ) ( )|
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ( )
( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )
The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( ))
∫ ∫ ∫( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
∫
( )
( )( )
∫ ∫( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
∫
( )
( )( )
∫ ∫( )( )
( )
( ( ) )( )
( ( )) ( )
( ( )) ( )
or simplifying
Differentiating yields
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain
( )
( )
(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( )( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ( )
( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )
The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( ))
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( )
∫
( )
( )( )
∫ ∫( )( )
( ) ( )
∫
( )
( )( )
∫ ∫( )( )
( ∫ )( ) ( ∫( )( ) )( )
or
∫( )( ) ∫( )( )
4-81
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
The roots of this equation are . Thus the solution of the homogeneous equation is
( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )
( ( ) )( ) ( ( ) )( )
( ( ) )( )
or simplifying
( )
( )
Differentiating yields
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain
©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( )
( ) ( )
(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
The roots of this equation are . Thus the solution of the homogeneous equation is
( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ | |
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( )( ) ( | |)( ) ( )( )
or simplifying
| |
4-82
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( )( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )
We can split the non homogeneous term ( ) into two parts for convenience. Setting
( ) the functions and associated with ( ) are determined by
substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( )
( ( ) )( )
or simplifying
( )
The functions and associated with ( ) are determined in the same manner by
substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( ( ) )( )
( ( ) )( )
( )
combined with the term , leaving the particular solution in its simplest form of
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain
( )
(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
( )( )
( ) | | | ( ) ( )|
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )
We can split the non homogeneous term ( ) into two parts for convenience. Setting
( ) the functions and associated with ( ) are determined by
substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( ∫ )( ) ( ∫( ) )( )
( ∫( ) )( )
or rearranging
∫ ∫( ) ∫( )
4-83C Theorem 4-9 guarantees that the transformation will always convert the order
Euler equations to linear equations with constant coefficients, for which the finding of the
characteristic equations is straightforward and very easy. For higher order differential
equations, however, obtaining the transformed equation by employing the transformation
is quite lengthy and tedious. A more effective transformation can be used as a
short cut to come up with the same result. This results in an degree polynomial equation in
, whose roots .. will be used to determine the general solution of the transformed Euler
equation with constant coefficients. Therefore the transformation is much more practical
when obtaining the transformed equation.
4-84C Let be a three-fold repeated real root. Then the homogeneous solution
to the given Euler equation due to this three-fold repeated real root would be, from Fig. 4-17,
( ) [ ( ) ]
4-85C If is a triple root of the characteristic equation of a six order Euler equation, then
the general solution to the related homogeneous equation is, from Eq. 4-44,
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
( ) [ ( ) ( )]
4-86 Given:
( )( ) ( )
or,
[ ]
or,
( )( )( )
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and .
Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by
( )
4-87 Given:
( )( ) ( )
or,
[ ]
( )( )( )
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and
. Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by
( )
4-88 Given:
( )( ) ( )
or,
[ ]
or,
( )
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and .
Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by
( )
or,
[ ]
or,
( )( )
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and √ .
Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by
( ) [ (√ ) (√ )]
4-90 Given:
( )( )
or,
[ ]
or,
( )( )
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and √ .
Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by
( ) (√ ) (√ )
( )( ) ( )
or,
[ ]
or,
( )( )
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and .
Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by
( )
4-92 Given:
( )( ) ( )
or,
[ ]
or,
( )( )
( ) [ (√ ) (√ )]
4-93 See Table 4-1 for the commands needed to find polynomial roots using the various
software packages. The answers are:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
>
>
In MuPAD:
eqn94a:=ode([y''''(x)-y(x)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn94a)
(b) In Maple:
>
>
In MuPAD:
eqn94b:=ode([y'''(x)+3*y''(x)+4*y'(x)+12*y(x)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn94b)
>
>
In MuPAD:
eqn95a:=ode([y'''(x)-y''(x)-4*y'(x)-6*y(x)=x+5],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn95a)
(b) In Maple:
>
>
In MuPAD:
eqn95b:=ode([y'''(x)-y(x)=exp(3*x)],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn95b)
In MuPAD:
eqn96a:=ode([x^3*y'''(x)+x^2*y''(x)+4*y(x)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn96a)
(b) In Maple:
>
>
In MuPAD:
eqn96b:=ode([x^3*y'''(x)+4*x^2*y''(x)-6*x*y'(x)-12*y(x)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn96b)
4-97 In Maple:
>
>
eqn97:=ode([y'''(x)-4*y''(x)+4*y'(x)=0, y(0)=0,y'(0)=1,y''(0)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn97)
4-98 In Maple:
>
>
In MuPAD:
eqn98:=ode([y'''(x)-3*y''(x)+3*y'(x)-y(x)=0, y(0)=1,y'(0)=0,y''(0)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn98)
>
>
In MuPAD:
w11:=exp(x):w12:=x*exp(x):w13:=x^2*exp(x):
W:=matrix([[w11,w12,w13],[diff(w11,x),diff(w12,x),diff(w13,x)],
[diff(diff(w11,x),x),diff(diff(w12,x),x),diff(diff(w13,x),x)]]):
linalg:det(W)
>
>
In MuPAD:
w11:=exp(x):w12:=2*exp(x):w13:=-3*x^2*exp(x):
W:=matrix([[w11,w12,w13],[diff(w11,x),diff(w12,x),diff(w13,x)],[diff(diff(w11,x),x),diff(diff(w1
2,x),x),diff(diff(w13,x),x)]]):
linalg:det(W)
>
>
In MuPAD:
w11:=1/x:w12:=x^2:w13:=1:
W:=matrix([[w11,w12,w13],[diff(w11,x),diff(w12,x),diff(w13,x)],
[diff(diff(w11,x),x),diff(diff(w12,x),x),diff(diff(w13,x),x)]]):
linalg:det(W)
(b) In Maple:
>
>
In MuPAD:
Review Problems
4-101 Given: We are to verify that if is a solution of a third order linear homogeneous
differential equation, then the substitution ( ) reduces the given differential equation to
a second order linear equation in .
Substituting these expressions into the given third order linear homogeneous equation leads to
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
The last term in the bracket vanishes since is a solution to the given third linear homogeneous
differential equation. Therefore the substitution ( ) reduces the given differential
equation to a second order linear equation in . Setting , the second order differential
equation is given by
( ) ( )
In Problems 4-102 through 4-126, we are to determine the general solution of the given linear
differential equation for . Arbitrary constants are also to be determined when the initial
conditions are specified.
( )( )
The roots of this equation are and . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is
4-103 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )( )
( ) ( )
Differentiating yields
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, after some algebra, we have
[( ) ( )] [( ) ( )]
©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Equating the coefficients of like terms gives the following system of algebraic equations
( ) ( )
4-104 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is
4-105
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are
The roots of this equation are . Thus the solution of the homogeneous equation is
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | | | |
The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
| |
( )( ) ( | | )( )
or simplifying
| |
Noting that is already a solution to the related homogeneous equation, it will be combined
with the term , leaving the particular solution in its simplest form of
| |
4-106 Given:
Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )
and ( )( ) into the related homogeneous equation yields
( )( ) ( )
or,
[ ]
or,
( )( )
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and
. Therefore the solution to the homogeneous part of this Euler equation is given by
| √ |
( ) | |
| |
( ) | | | √ |
√
( ) | | | √ |
( ) | | | |
Noting that ( ) in the standard form of the equation, the functions and are
determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,
( ) ( )( )
( ) √
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ( )√ ) ( )
√
or,
Finally, the general solution of the differential equation is obtained by combining the
homogeneous solution with this particular solution:
or,
( )
√
where .
4-107 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )( )
( √ √ )
( ) ( ) ( )
or simplifying
( ) ( )
( ) ( √ √ )
( )
4-108 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )
The roots of this equation are . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is
4-109 Given:
or,
[ ]
or,
( )
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and
Therefore the solution to the homogeneous part of this Euler equation is given by
Now we divide both sides of the given equation by to get an equation in standard form, that
is,
( ) | | || ||
( ) | | | |
( ) | | | |
( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
or,
Finally, the general solution of the differential equation is obtained by combining the
homogeneous solution with this particular solution:
or,
( )
where .
©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
4-110 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is
4-111 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )
The roots of this equation are . Then the general solution to the given differential
equation is
4-112 Given: , ( ) , ( ) ( )
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is
( )
( )
( )
or simplifying,
from which , and . Substituting these constants into the general solution,
we obtain
( )
4-113
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )( )
√
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution to the homogeneous
part of this equation is
√ √
( )
√ √
( ) ( )
4-114
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution to the homogeneous part
of this equation is
( )
Differentiating yields
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
√
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution to the
√ √
( )
( ) ( )
or simplifying
√ √
( ) ( )
( )
4-116 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution to the homogeneous
part of this equation is
( )
( )
( )
or simplifying
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
or simplifying
( ) ( )
Equating coefficients, we see that and . Thus the particular solution due to
the nonhomogeneous term is given by
( )
Then the general solution to the given nonhomogeneous differential equation can be expressed
as
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
4-117 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
√ ( ) √ ( )
√ √ √ √
( ) ( )
Differentiating yields
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, after some algebra, we have
[ ] [ ]
Equating the coefficients of like terms gives the following system of algebraic equations
( )
√ ( ) √ ( )
√ √ √ √
4-118 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )( )
√
The roots of this equation is and . Thus the solution to the
homogeneous part of this equation is
( )
Differentiating yields
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [( ) ( ) ]
[( ) ]
or simplifying
( )
( )
( ) √ ( √ √ ) √ ( √ √ )
( )
( )
4-119 Given:
√ ( √ √ ) √ ( √ √ )
Differentiating yields
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) [( ) ]
or simplifying
( )
( )
√ ( √ √ ) √ ( √ √ ) ( )
( ) ( )
4-120 Given: , ( ) , ( ) ( )
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )( )
The roots of this equation are and . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is
Differentiating, we obtain
( )
Maple solution:
> restart;
> with(DEtools);
> ode := diff(y, x, x, x, x)-y = 0;
> y := rhs(dsolve(ode));
>
> Eq1 := eval(subs(x = 0, y)) = 1;
4-121 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )
The roots of this equation is and . Thus the solution to the homogeneous part
of this equation is
( ) ( )
Differentiating yields
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, after some algebra, we have
[( ) ( ) ( )]
[( ) ( ) ( )]
Equating the coefficients of like terms gives the following system of algebraic equations
( ) ( )
4-122 Given:
Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )
and ( )( ) into the given differential equation yields
( )( ) ( )
or,
[ ]
or,
( )( )
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and
√
. Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by
√ √
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4-123
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )( )
The roots of this equation are and . Then the solution of the
homogeneous part of the given differential equation is
( ) ( )
It is evident from the nonhomogeneous equation that the particular solution corresponding the
term ( ) is simply . Direct substitution gives
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
or simply
( ) ( )
( )
4-124 Given:
Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( ) ,
( )( ( ) ( )( )(
) and ) into the given differential
equation yields
( )( )( ) ( )
or,
[ ]
or,
( )( )
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and
( ) [ ( ) ( )] √ √
( )( )
or,
[ ]
or,
( )( )
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and
( ) [ (√ ) (√ )]
4-126 Given: , ( ) , ( ) , ( )
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is
( )
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution to the homogeneous
part of this equation is
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )