Sunteți pe pagina 1din 68

Solutions Manual to Accompany

Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists


By
Y. Cengel and W. Palm III

Solutions to Problems in Chapter Four

Problems 4-75 Through 4-126

Solutions prepared by:

Tahsin Engin, University of Sakarya


And
William Palm III, University of Rhode Island

© Solutions Manual Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. No
part of this manual may be displayed, reproduced, or distributed in any form or by any
means without the written permission of the publisher or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers or educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. Any other reproduction or translation of this work is unlawful. This work is only
for non-profit use by instructors in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any
other use without publisher's consent is unlawful.
4-7 Nonhomogeneous Equation: The Method of Variation of Parameters

4-75C An th order of differential equation requires to be handled Wronskian


determinant, and ( ) ( ) determinants for the functions to be determined. As the
dimensions of a determinant increases, its elaboration becomes highly complicated; this is the
major concern when using the method of variation of parameters to solve three or higher order
differential equations.

In Problems 4-76 to4-82, we are to determine the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous
equation.

4-76
( )
(a) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( ) ( )( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking ,
and we compute

| |
( )
| |

( ) ( )( )
| |

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) ( )( )
| |

( ) ( )( )
| |

( ) ( )( )
| |

The functions , and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ( ) )( ) ( )( )

( ( )) ( )

( ( )) ( )

or simplifying

( ) ( )

Noting that is already a solution to the related homogeneous equation, it will be

combined with the term , leaving the particular solution in its simplest form of

( )

Finding particular solution using the method of undetermined coefficients:

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

( ) ( )

Since any constant multiple of is a solution to the related homogeneous equation.


Differentiating yields

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )
( ) ( )

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Equating coefficient, we see that and . Thus the particular solution is
given by

( ) ( )

Maple solution:

> restart;
> a := 1; b := 0; c := 0; d := 0; g := -16:
> R := x*exp(2*x);
> ode := a*(diff(diff(diff(diff(y(x), x), x), x), x))+b*(diff(diff(diff(y(x), x), x), x))+c*(diff(diff(y(x), x),
x))+d*(diff(y(x), x))+g*y(x) = R;

> F := R = lhs(ode);

> CE := a*m^4+b*m^3+c*m^2+d*m+g = 0;

> CE := factor(%);

> Root := solve(CE);

> HomogeneousPart := lhs(subs(R = 0, ode));

> y[h] := rhs(dsolve(HomogeneousPart));

> yp := (A*x^2+B*x)*exp(2*x);

> diff(yp(x), x);

> diff(yp(x), x, x);

>
> diff(yp(x), x, x, x);

> diff(yp(x), x, x, x);

> diff(yp(x), x, x, x, x);

> F1 := eval(simplify(subs(y(x) = yp, F)));

> collect(collect(simplify(collect(F1, x)/exp(2*x)), x^2), x);

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
> eqns := [coeffs(rhs(%), x)];

> systemofequations := {eqns[1] = 0, eqns[2] = 1};

> Coefficients := solve(systemofequations, {A, B});

>
>
> y[p] := subs(Coefficients, yp);

> y = y[h]+y[p];

( )
(b) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( ) ( )( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking ,
and we compute

| |
( )
| |

( ) ( )( )
| |

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) ( )( )
| |

( ) ( )( )
| |

( ) ( )( )
| |

The functions , and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ | |
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ∫ )( ) ( | |) ( ) ( ∫ )( )

( ∫ )( )

or rearranging

∫ | | ∫ ∫

4-77
(a) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and , we
compute

( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫
( )

where we have used product-to-sum trigonometric identities. Thus the particular solution of the
given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

or simplifying

Finding particular solution using the method of undetermined coefficients:

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

Differentiating yields

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, we obtain

( )

Equating coefficient, we see that . Thus the particular solution is given by

( )

(b) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions ( ) ( ) and ( ). Taking , and
, we compute

( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( ) √
∫ ∫ (√ )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( ) √
∫ ∫ (√ )
( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by


( ( )) ( ) ( (√ )) ( )


( (√ )) ( )

or

( ) ( (√ ))


( )( (√ ))

4-78
(a) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian
( ) and the functions and . Taking , and , we
compute

( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | | ( )

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( ( ))
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ( ) ( ) )( )

( )( ) ( )( )

or simplifying

( )

Finding particular solution using the method of undetermined coefficients:

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

Differentiating yields

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain

( ) ( )

Equating coefficient, we see that and . Thus the particular solution is


given by

( ) ( )

Maple solution:

> restart;
> a := 1; b := -2; c := 0; d := 0;
> R := exp(2*x)*cos(3*x);
> ode := a*(diff(diff(diff(y(x), x), x), x))+b*(diff(diff(y(x), x), x))+c*(diff(y(x), x))+d*y(x) = R;

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
> F := R = lhs(ode);

> CE := a*m^3+b*m^2+c*m+d = 0;

> CE := factor(%);

>
> Root := solve(CE);

> HomogeneousPart := lhs(subs(R = 0, ode));

> y[h] := rhs(dsolve(HomogeneousPart));

>
> yp := A*exp(2*x)*cos(3*x)+B*exp(2*x)*sin(3*x);

> diff(yp, x);

> collect(collect(%, sin(3*x)), cos(3*x));

> diff(yp, x, x);

> collect(collect(%, sin(3*x)), cos(3*x));

> diff(yp, x, x, x);

> collect(collect(%, sin(3*x)), cos(3*x));

> F1 := eval(simplify(subs(y(x) = yp, F)));

> simplify(collect(F1, x)/exp(2*x));

> eqns := [coeffs(rhs(%), cos(3*x))];

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
> systemofequations := {eqns[1] = 0, eqns[2] = 1};

> Coefficients := solve(systemofequations, {A, B});

> y[p] := subs(Coefficients, yp);

> y = y[h]+y[p];

(b) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and , we
compute

( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | | ( )

( ) ( ) | | | |

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) ( ) | | | |

The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( ( ))
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( ∫( ) )( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ∫ )( )

or simplifying

∫[( ) ] ( )

4-79
(a) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian
( ) and the functions and . Taking , and , we
compute

( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( ))
∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )( )
( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

( ) ( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( )( ) (( ) ( ) )( )

(( ) ( ) )( )

or simplifying

Since any real constant is already a solution to the related homogeneous equation, we can
express the particular solution as

Finding particular solution using the method of undetermined coefficients:

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

( )

Differentiating yields

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain

( )

Equating coefficient, we see that , , and Thus the particular


solution is given by

( )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
(b) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and , we
compute

( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( ))
∫ ∫ ∫ | |
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( | |)( ) ( ∫ )( ) ( ∫ )( )

or simplifying

| | ∫ ∫

4-80
(a) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and
, we compute

( ) | | | ( ) ( )|

( ) ( ) | | | |
( ( )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )

( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )

The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( ))
∫ ∫ ∫( ) ( )
( )

( ) ( )

( )
( )( )
∫ ∫( )( )

( )

( ) ( )

( )
( )( )
∫ ∫( )( )

( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( ( ) )( )

( ( )) ( )

( ( )) ( )

or simplifying

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Finding particular solution using the method of undetermined coefficients:

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

Differentiating yields

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain

( )

Equating coefficient, we see that and Thus the particular solution is


given by

( )

(b) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and
, we compute
©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) | | | ( ) ( )|

( ) ( ) | | | |
( ( )

( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )

( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )

The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( ))
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( )

( )
( )( )
∫ ∫( )( )

( ) ( )

( )
( )( )
∫ ∫( )( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( ∫ )( ) ( ∫( )( ) )( )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ∫( )( ) )( )

or

∫( )( ) ∫( )( )

4-81
(a) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are . Thus the solution of the homogeneous equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and , we compute

( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( ( ) )( ) ( ( ) )( )

( ( ) )( )

or simplifying

( )

Finding particular solution using the method of undetermined coefficients:

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

( )

Differentiating yields

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain
©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( )

Equating coefficients, we see that and Thus the particular solution is


given by

( ) ( )

(b) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are . Thus the solution of the homogeneous equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and , we compute

( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫ | |
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( )( ) ( | |)( ) ( )( )

or simplifying

| |

4-82
(a) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and
, we compute

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) | | | ( ) ( )|

( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )

( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )

We can split the non homogeneous term ( ) into two parts for convenience. Setting
( ) the functions and associated with ( ) are determined by
substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

( )

Thus the particular solution due to ( ) is given by

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( )( ) ( ( ) )( )

( ( ) )( )

or simplifying

( )

The functions and associated with ( ) are determined in the same manner by
substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

( )

Thus the particular solution due to ( ) is given by

( )( ) ( ( ) )( )

( ( ) )( )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
or simplifying

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( )

Noting that is already a solution to the related homogeneous equation, it will be

combined with the term , leaving the particular solution in its simplest form of

Finding particular solution using the method of undetermined coefficients:

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

since is a solution to the associated homogeneous equation. Differentiating yields

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation and simplifying, we obtain

Equating coefficients, we see that Thus the particular solution is given by

( )

(b) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )( )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution of the homogeneous
equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and
, we compute

( ) | | | ( ) ( )|

( ) ( ) | | | |
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )

( ) ( ) | | | | ( )
( )

We can split the non homogeneous term ( ) into two parts for convenience. Setting
( ) the functions and associated with ( ) are determined by
substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( ∫ )( ) ( ∫( ) )( )

( ∫( ) )( )

or rearranging

∫ ∫( ) ∫( )

4.7 The Euler Equations

4-83C Theorem 4-9 guarantees that the transformation will always convert the order
Euler equations to linear equations with constant coefficients, for which the finding of the
characteristic equations is straightforward and very easy. For higher order differential
equations, however, obtaining the transformed equation by employing the transformation
is quite lengthy and tedious. A more effective transformation can be used as a
short cut to come up with the same result. This results in an degree polynomial equation in
, whose roots .. will be used to determine the general solution of the transformed Euler
equation with constant coefficients. Therefore the transformation is much more practical
when obtaining the transformed equation.

4-84C Let be a three-fold repeated real root. Then the homogeneous solution
to the given Euler equation due to this three-fold repeated real root would be, from Fig. 4-17,

( ) [ ( ) ]

4-85C If is a triple root of the characteristic equation of a six order Euler equation, then
the general solution to the related homogeneous equation is, from Eq. 4-44,

[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

( ) [ ( ) ( )]

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
In Problems 4-86 through 4-92, we are to determine the general solution of the given Euler
equation for .

4-86 Given:

Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )


and ( )( ) into the given differential equation yields

( )( ) ( )

or,

[ ]

or,

( )( )( )

since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and .
Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by

( )

4-87 Given:

Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )


and ( )( ) into the given differential equation yields

( )( ) ( )

or,

[ ]

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
or,

( )( )( )

since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and
. Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by

( )

4-88 Given:

Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )


and ( )( ) into the given differential equation yields

( )( ) ( )

or,

[ ]

or,

( )

since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and .
Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by

( )

4-89 Given: or equivalently .

Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )


and ( )( ) into the given differential equation yields

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( )( )

or,

[ ]

or,

( )( )

since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and √ .
Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by

( ) [ (√ ) (√ )]

4-90 Given:

Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )


and ( )( ) into the given differential equation yields

( )( )

or,

[ ]

or,

( )( )

since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and √ .
Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by

( ) (√ ) (√ )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
4-91 Given:

Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )


and ( )( ) into the given differential equation yields

( )( ) ( )

or,

[ ]

or,

( )( )

since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and .
Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by

( )

4-92 Given:

Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )


and ( )( ) into the given differential equation yields

( )( ) ( )

or,

[ ]

or,

( )( )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and

√ . Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by

( ) [ (√ ) (√ )]

4.8 Computer Problems

4-93 See Table 4-1 for the commands needed to find polynomial roots using the various
software packages. The answers are:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

4-94 (a) In Maple:

>
>

In MuPAD:

eqn94a:=ode([y''''(x)-y(x)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn94a)

(b) In Maple:

>

>

In MuPAD:

eqn94b:=ode([y'''(x)+3*y''(x)+4*y'(x)+12*y(x)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn94b)

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
4-95 (a) In Maple:

>
>

In MuPAD:

eqn95a:=ode([y'''(x)-y''(x)-4*y'(x)-6*y(x)=x+5],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn95a)

(b) In Maple:

>
>

In MuPAD:

eqn95b:=ode([y'''(x)-y(x)=exp(3*x)],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn95b)

4-96 (a) In Maple:

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
>
>

In MuPAD:

eqn96a:=ode([x^3*y'''(x)+x^2*y''(x)+4*y(x)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn96a)

(b) In Maple:

>
>

In MuPAD:

eqn96b:=ode([x^3*y'''(x)+4*x^2*y''(x)-6*x*y'(x)-12*y(x)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn96b)

4-97 In Maple:

>

>

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
In MuPAD:

eqn97:=ode([y'''(x)-4*y''(x)+4*y'(x)=0, y(0)=0,y'(0)=1,y''(0)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn97)

4-98 In Maple:

>

>

In MuPAD:

eqn98:=ode([y'''(x)-3*y''(x)+3*y'(x)-y(x)=0, y(0)=1,y'(0)=0,y''(0)=0],[y(x)]):
solve(eqn98)

4-99 (a) In Maple:

>

>

In MuPAD:

w11:=exp(x):w12:=x*exp(x):w13:=x^2*exp(x):
W:=matrix([[w11,w12,w13],[diff(w11,x),diff(w12,x),diff(w13,x)],
[diff(diff(w11,x),x),diff(diff(w12,x),x),diff(diff(w13,x),x)]]):
linalg:det(W)

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
(b) In Maple:

>

>

In MuPAD:

w11:=exp(x):w12:=2*exp(x):w13:=-3*x^2*exp(x):
W:=matrix([[w11,w12,w13],[diff(w11,x),diff(w12,x),diff(w13,x)],[diff(diff(w11,x),x),diff(diff(w1
2,x),x),diff(diff(w13,x),x)]]):
linalg:det(W)

4-100 (a) In Maple:

>

>

In MuPAD:

w11:=1/x:w12:=x^2:w13:=1:
W:=matrix([[w11,w12,w13],[diff(w11,x),diff(w12,x),diff(w13,x)],
[diff(diff(w11,x),x),diff(diff(w12,x),x),diff(diff(w13,x),x)]]):
linalg:det(W)

(b) In Maple:

>

>

In MuPAD:

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
w11:=exp(-ln(x)):w12:=x^2:w13:=5:
W:=matrix([[w11,w12,w13],[diff(w11,x),diff(w12,x),diff(w13,x)],
[diff(diff(w11,x),x),diff(diff(w12,x),x),diff(diff(w13,x),x)]]):
linalg:det(W)

Review Problems

4-101 Given: We are to verify that if is a solution of a third order linear homogeneous
differential equation, then the substitution ( ) reduces the given differential equation to
a second order linear equation in .

Solution: Successive derivatives of ( ) ( ) can be obtained by the product rule of the


derivative, such that

Substituting these expressions into the given third order linear homogeneous equation leads to

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

which can be rearranged to give

( ) ( ) [ ] ( )

The last term in the bracket vanishes since is a solution to the given third linear homogeneous
differential equation. Therefore the substitution ( ) reduces the given differential
equation to a second order linear equation in . Setting , the second order differential
equation is given by

( ) ( )

which is the desired verification.

In Problems 4-102 through 4-126, we are to determine the general solution of the given linear
differential equation for . Arbitrary constants are also to be determined when the initial
conditions are specified.

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( )
4-102 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )( )

The roots of this equation are and . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is

4-103 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

( )( )

The roots of this equation is and . Thus the solution to the


homogeneous part of this equation is

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

( ) ( )

Differentiating yields

( ) ( ) ( )
( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, after some algebra, we have

[( ) ( )] [( ) ( )]
©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Equating the coefficients of like terms gives the following system of algebraic equations

yielding , , and . Therefore the general solution of the


nonhomogeneous equation becomes

( ) ( )

4-104 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is

4-105
(a) Given:

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are . Thus the solution of the homogeneous equation is

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and , we compute

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

( ) ( ) | | | |

The functions and are determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

| |

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by


©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( )( )

( )( ) ( | | )( )

or simplifying

| |

Noting that is already a solution to the related homogeneous equation, it will be combined

with the term , leaving the particular solution in its simplest form of

| |

4-106 Given:
Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )
and ( )( ) into the related homogeneous equation yields

( )( ) ( )

or,

[ ]

or,

( )( )

since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and
. Therefore the solution to the homogeneous part of this Euler equation is given by

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Now we divide both sides of the given equation by to get an equation in standard form, that
is,

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and , we compute

| √ |
( ) | |
| |

( ) | | | √ |

( ) | | | √ |

( ) | | | |

Noting that ( ) in the standard form of the equation, the functions and are
determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( )( )
( ) √
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( ) ( )√
( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ( )√ ) ( )

or,

Finally, the general solution of the differential equation is obtained by combining the
homogeneous solution with this particular solution:

or,

( )

where .

4-107 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

( )( )

The roots of this equation is and √ . Thus the solution to the


homogeneous part of this equation is

( √ √ )

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Differentiating yields

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, we have

( ) ( ) ( )

or simplifying

( ) ( )

Equating the coefficients of like terms yields , , and .


Therefore the general solution of the nonhomogeneous equation becomes

( ) ( √ √ )

( )
4-108 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )

The roots of this equation are . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is

4-109 Given:

Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )


and ( )( ) into the related homogeneous equation yields

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( )( ) ( )

or,

[ ]

or,

( )

since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and
Therefore the solution to the homogeneous part of this Euler equation is given by

Now we divide both sides of the given equation by to get an equation in standard form, that
is,

Before we apply the method of variation of parameters, we determine the Wronskian


( ) and the functions and . Taking , and , we
compute

( ) | | || ||

( ) | | | |

( ) | | | |

( ) | | | |

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Noting that ( ) in the standard form of the equation, the functions and are
determined by substituting these expressions into Eq. 4-39,

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
∫ ∫ ∫( )
( )

Thus the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

or,

Finally, the general solution of the differential equation is obtained by combining the
homogeneous solution with this particular solution:

or,

( )

where .
©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
4-110 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is

4-111 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )

The roots of this equation are . Then the general solution to the given differential
equation is

4-112 Given: , ( ) , ( ) ( )
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Differentiating, we obtain

Hence, the initial conditions imply that

( )
( )
( )

or simplifying,

from which , and . Substituting these constants into the general solution,
we obtain
( )

4-113
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )( )


The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution to the homogeneous
part of this equation is

√ √
( )

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term .


Differentiating yields

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, we obtain

Equating coefficients, we see that , and . Thus a general solution to the


nonhomogeneous differential equation is given by

√ √
( ) ( )

4-114
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution to the homogeneous part
of this equation is

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term

( )

Differentiating yields

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, we obtain

( )

Equating coefficients, we see that and . Thus a general solution to the


nonhomogeneous differential equation is given by

( ) ( )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
4-115 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )( )


The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution to the

homogeneous part of this equation is

√ √
( )

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term .


Differentiating yields

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, we obtain

( ) ( )

or simplifying

Equating coefficients, we see that , and . Thus a general solution to the


nonhomogeneous differential equation is given by

√ √
( ) ( )

( )
4-116 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
which can be factored as

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution to the homogeneous
part of this equation is

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term ( ) is

( )

since a linear function of is a solution of the related homogeneous equation. Differentiating


yields

( )

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, we obtain

( )

or simplifying

( )

Equating coefficients, we see that , and . Thus the particular


solution due to the nonhomogeneous term is given by

( )

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term ( ) is

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( )

Differentiating and combining like terms yields

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, we obtain

( ) ( )

or simplifying

( ) ( )

Equating coefficients, we see that and . Thus the particular solution due to
the nonhomogeneous term is given by

( )

Then the general solution to the given nonhomogeneous differential equation can be expressed
as

( ) ( ) ( )

( )
4-117 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

The roots of this equation is and . Thus the solution to the


√ √ √ √
homogeneous part of this equation is

√ ( ) √ ( )
√ √ √ √

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

( ) ( )

Differentiating yields

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )
( ) ( )

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, after some algebra, we have

[ ] [ ]

Equating the coefficients of like terms gives the following system of algebraic equations

Therefore the general solution of the nonhomogeneous equation becomes

( )

√ ( ) √ ( )
√ √ √ √

4-118 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

( )( )


The roots of this equation is and . Thus the solution to the
homogeneous part of this equation is

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
√ √
( )

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

( )

Differentiating yields

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, we have

( ) ( ) [( ) ( ) ]

[( ) ]

or simplifying

( )

Equating the coefficients of like terms yields , and . Therefore the


general solution of the nonhomogeneous equation becomes

( )

( ) √ ( √ √ ) √ ( √ √ )

( )

( )
4-119 Given:

Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

The roots of this equation is √ √ and √ √ . Thus the solution to the


homogeneous part of this equation is

√ ( √ √ ) √ ( √ √ )

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
( )

Differentiating yields

( )

( )

( )

( )
( )

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, we have

( ) [( ) ]

or simplifying

( )

Equating the coefficients of like terms yields , and . Therefore


the general solution of the nonhomogeneous equation becomes

( )

√ ( √ √ ) √ ( √ √ ) ( )

( ) ( )
4-120 Given: , ( ) , ( ) ( )
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )( )

The roots of this equation are and . Then the general solution to the given
differential equation is

Differentiating, we obtain

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Hence, the initial conditions imply that
( )
( )
( )
( )
or simplifying,

from which , , and . Substituting these constants into the


general solution, we obtain

( )

Maple solution:
> restart;
> with(DEtools);
> ode := diff(y, x, x, x, x)-y = 0;

> y := rhs(dsolve(ode));

> y1 := diff(y, x);

> y2 := diff(y, x, x);

> y3 := diff(y, x, x, x);

>
> Eq1 := eval(subs(x = 0, y)) = 1;

> Eq2 := eval(subs(x = 0, y1)) = 0;

> Eq3 := eval(subs(x = 0, y2)) = 0;

> Eq4 := eval(subs(x = 0, y3)) = 1;

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
> solC := solve({Eq1, Eq2, Eq3, Eq4}, {_C1, _C2, _C3, _C4});

> Y := subs(solC, y);

4-121 Given:
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )

The roots of this equation is and . Thus the solution to the homogeneous part
of this equation is

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

( ) ( )

Differentiating yields

Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, after some algebra, we have

[( ) ( ) ( )]
[( ) ( ) ( )]

Equating the coefficients of like terms gives the following system of algebraic equations

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
from which we get , , and . Therefore the
general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is given by

( ) ( )

4-122 Given:
Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )
and ( )( ) into the given differential equation yields

( )( ) ( )

or,

[ ]

or,

( )( )

since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and

. Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by

√ √
( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4-123
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
which can be factored as

( )( )

The roots of this equation are and . Then the solution of the
homogeneous part of the given differential equation is

( ) ( )

It is evident from the nonhomogeneous equation that the particular solution corresponding the
term ( ) is simply . Direct substitution gives

( )( ) ( )

Thus the general solution is given by

( ) ( ) ( )

To satisfy the initial conditions, we obtain

Substituting the initial conditions ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , we get the system

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
from which , . Substituting these constants into the general
solution, we obtain

( ) ( )

or simply

( ) ( )

( )
4-124 Given:
Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( ) ,
( )( ( ) ( )( )(
) and ) into the given differential
equation yields

( )( )( ) ( )

or,

[ ]

or,

( )( )

since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and

√ . Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by

( ) [ ( ) ( )] √ √

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
4-125 Given:
Solution: Taking and substituting it and its derivatives , ( )
and ( )( ) into the given differential equation yields

( )( )

or,

[ ]

or,

( )( )

since and thus cannot be zero. The roots of this equation are and

√ . Therefore the general solution of this Euler equation is given by

( ) [ (√ ) (√ )]

4-126 Given: , ( ) , ( ) , ( )
Solution: The corresponding characteristic equation is

which can be factored as

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the solution to the homogeneous
part of this equation is

The general form of a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous term is

( )

since any constant or a linear function of is a solution of the homogeneous equation.


Differentiating yields

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
Substituting these expressions into the nonhomogeneous equation, we have

( )

which can be simplified to

( )

Equating coefficients of like terms, we obtain

yielding and . Thus a general solution to the nonhomogeneous


differential equation is given by

( ) ( )

To satisfy the initial conditions, we obtain

( )

Substituting the initial conditions ( ) ( ) , and ( ) we get the system

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
from which and . Substituting these constants into the general
solution, we obtain

( ) ( ) ( )

©2012 McGraw-Hill. This work is only for non-profit use by instructors in


courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.

S-ar putea să vă placă și