PHYSICS EXPERIMENT REPORT (II)

Basic Physics

Electrical Measurement and Ohm’s Law

Arranged by:

Name : Widya Fransiska Rompas

NIM : 19101105017

Department : Pharmacy

Group : V (Five)

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

PHYSICS LABORATORY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY
MANADO
2019
A. Aim
a. Students are able to use electric measuring devices to measure electrical quantities:
resistance, potential difference and strong current.
b. Students can learn and understand Ohm's Law.
c. Students can compare the results of calculations with the results of measurement of quantities
electricity.

B. Equipment Required
- AC and DC Power Supplies
- Resistor
- Connecting cable
- Analog Multimeter and Digital Multimeter
C. Introduction

In the theory of electricity there are several quantities that can be measured. The first is the
difference in potential or voltage (V). Voltage is the difference or potential difference between two points
in an electrical circuit. For example, a DC current is sent to terminal A through the element, and back with
an outlet at terminal B. It is assumed that to suppress the charge through the element is needed. So as such
it will be said that an electrical voltage (or a difference or potential difference) appears between the two
terminals. (Hayt, 2005)

So, the voltage on a pair of terminals is a measure of the work required to move the unit through an
element. The unit of voltage is volt, and one volt is equal to 1 J / C. Voltage is symbolized by V or v.
Voltage can occur between a pair of electrical terminals with or without a current flowing. For example, a
car battery has a voltage of 12V between its terminals, even though there is no electrical element connected
to the terminals. In accordance with the concept of energy conservation, that the energy released to force
the charge to move through an element must appear somewhere else. (Hayt, 2005)

In 1787-1854, a German physicist named George Simon Ohm stated a relationship between an
electric current (I) flowing through a circuit with a voltage mounted in a circuit (V). The relationship
between voltage and electric current is obtained from his experiments which are often known as Ohm's
Law.(Sutrisno,Fisika Dasar II (Untuk Sains dan Kedokteran)

Ohm’s Law

Ohm's Law states "For a metal conductor at a constant, the ratio between the potential difference ΔV
between the two points of the conductor and the electric current I through the conductor is constant’ ’
(Alonso,Fundamental University Physics,2nd Edition) or "The current flowing in the wire is proportional
to the resistance and inversely proportional to the voltage in the circuit." (Tipler,Physics for Scientists and
Engineers).
 V=I.R

V = Electric Voltage (V)

I = Electric Current (A)

R = Resistance (Resistance) in the circuit (Ω)

From this equation, it can be explained that every 1 Ampere of electric current flowing through a
component with a potential difference or voltage of 1 Volt, then the resistance or electrical resistance in
these components is 1 Ohm

It is well known that Ohm's Law is not a fundamental law of electromagnetism because it depends
on the characteristics of the introductory medium. The form of the law is very simple, and it is strange that
many conductors obey the law well, while other conductors do not obey the law at all, like the sound of the
ohm law above "for a metal conductor at constant temperature".(Halidey)

A delivery object is said to obey Ohm's law if its resistance value does not depend on the magnitude
and polarity of the potential difference imposed on it.( Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert; Walker,
Jearl. Fundamentals of Physics (edisi ke-6th)).

Where V is the given potential / voltage difference, I is the strong current and R is the conductance
resistance. Equation (1) above will apply if V and I are linear. There are differences in how to measure
resistance, voltage and current strength. Resistance can be measured directly on the resistor without an
electric voltage source and without having to pay attention to its polarity. Voltage is measured by arranging
the voltmeter in parallel with the component to be measured while the current strength can be measured by
assembling the Ammeters in series on the component as shown in the figure below.

According to Yasman Rianto, in his book George Simon Ohm (1789-1854) formulated the
relationship between the strong electric current (I), resistance (R) and potential difference (V) which later
became known as Ohm's law which decreased as follows:

Now look at a conductor wire of length 1 and section area A

_______________

dl

Wire Conductors with volume element length dV

 Current is defined as the number of electrons passing through a conductor each time (or one
second). We calculate the strength of the current flowing on the cross section with dV volume as shown.
Because the cylindrical volume of dV is:

dV = A ⋅dl

Because dl is the distance traveled by electrons at the speed of Vd in 1 second :

dl = vd ⋅1 = v
Then :

dV = A ⋅vd

So the amount of charge flowing at dV is:

I = A ⋅ vd ⋅ n ⋅ q e

If we substitute equation (7) for vd, we get:

𝑞 2 𝑇. 𝑛
𝐼=
𝑚𝑒

Which is in the brackets in equation (10) are material properties and are often called conductivity σ,

so that:
I = σAE

𝜎𝐴𝑉
Because E=V/l, so : I= (11)
1

Because conductivity σ is the opposite of resistivity ρ (σ = 1 / ρ), then equation 11 becomes:

𝐴𝑉
𝐼=
𝜌. 1

The part inside the brackets of equation (8) we know as R (resistance), such that

V
I
(12)

This is they called Ohm’s Law. If equation (12) stated in :

V = I. R
Then sketched in a graph, the results appear that the curve in the form of a lurua line with a gradient
shows the value of R. The material properties that show a V-I curve in the form of a straight line like
Figure 4.7 are called ohmic materals. In addition to the Ohmic material there are also non-ohmic
materials where the resistance R depends also on the electric current I and if it is plotted in
gravitational V against I it is no longer linear

IGb 4.7Kurva Linier Hambatan Ohmik dan non-Ohmik

Electic Current

In the battery symbol, a longer line represents a positive terminal, and a shorter one, a
negative terminal. A device powered by a battery can be a light bulb (which is only a soft wire in a
vacuum glass bulb), a heater, a radio, or whatever. When a circuit like this is formed, the charge can
flow through the wire circuit, from one battery terminal to another. Charge flow like this is called
electric current (Giancoli, 1998).
Electric current on a wire is defined as the total amount of charge that passes through it per
unit time at a point. Therefore, the average current I is defined as
∆𝑄
𝐼=
∆𝑡
(18-1)
Where ∆Q is the amount of charge that passes through a conductor at a location over a
period of ∆t. Electric current is measured in coulombs per second; this unit was given a special name,
ampere (abbreviated amp or A), from the name of the French physicist Andre Ampere (1775-1836).
Means, 1 A = 1 C / sec. The smallest units that are often used are like milliamperes (1 Ma = 10−3 A)
and microamperes (1 μA = 10−6 A).
At a single circuit, as in Figure 18-6, the current at each moment is the same at one point
as at another point (for example B). This is consistent with the conservation of electric charge (the
charge does not disappear) (Giancoli, 1998)
 Single Phase Electric Power Measurement Power measurements in the reverse flow system
can be divided into three types of power, there are :
- The apparent power (S) is measured in units of VA or kVA
- Active Power (P) measured in watts or kW
- Reactive power (Q) measured in VAR or kVAR units
The relationship between the three powers can be explained easily through the power
triangle, as follows

Daya Semu
Daya Reaktif

𝛼
Daya Aktif

In accordance with the Law of Pythagorean, the relationship between the three powers can
be determined mathematically as follows: Cos α = Active Power / Pseudo Power Sin α = Reactive
Power / Pseudo Power From the two equations above we can change to:
Active Power = Pseudo Power x Cos α Pseudo Power = Active Power / Cos α Reactive
Power = Pseudo Power x Sin α So if two parameters are known then the other parameters can be
determined. If the apparent power is known and the phase difference between the active power and
apparent power is known, the value of the active power can be determined. For example, it is known
that the apparent power S = 50 kVA, and the angle of phase difference is 60 degrees arc, then the
active power P = 50 kVA x cos 600 = 25 kW.
There is also a so-called Wattmatter design, wattmeter design is an instrument for
measuring active power. Available in two forms namely analog and digital. Active power is the
product of apparent power (S), which is the voltage (V) and current (I) and power factor (Cos α).
Therefore the wattmeter has two coils, namely a rotary coil to detect the voltage value and
a static coil to detect the measured current value. Such a Wattmeter construction is commonly
referred to as an electrodynamic or electrodynamometer wattmeter. The principle of needle moving
is based on the principle of rotating an electric motor (Widodo, 2014).
In the theory of electricity there are several quantities that can be measured, including the
difference in potential / voltage (V), the strength of the electric current (I) and the electrical resistance
(R). Measurement of electrical voltage using a voltmeter, measuring the strength of an electric current
is an ammeter and measuring an electrical resistance is an ohmmeter. Now the tools to measure these
three quantities have been combined in one device called a multimeter (AVO METER). Multimeter
can be used for measurement of AC and DC current and voltage. The measurement results displayed
on the analog multimeter are: (South. 2019)
Measuring Results: the number designated by the needle X multimeter measurement limit
largest scale number
The current flowing in a conduit meets Ohm's law according to the equation : V = I.R Where
V is the given potential / voltage difference, I is the strong current and R is the conductance resistance.
Equation (1) above will apply if V and I are linear. There are differences in how to measure resistance,
voltage and current strength. Resistance can be measured directly on the resistor without an electric
voltage source and without having to pay attention to its polarity. voltage is measured by arranging
the voltmeter in parallel with the component to be measured while the current strength can be
measured by assembling ammeters in series on the component. (South. 2019)

Kode Warna Resistor

Colour Number Faktor Pengali Toleransi (%)

Black 0 1
Brown 1 101
Red 2 102
Violet 3 103
Yellow 4 104
Green 5 105
Blue 6 106
Purple 7 107
Grey 8 108
Putih 9 109
Emas 10-1 5%
Perak 10-2 10%
Tidak berwarna 20%
D. Procedur
A. Measuring Resistance
1. Turn the multimeter switch in the Ohmmeter position
2. Calibrate the device by connecting the two ends of the multimeter cable. If the pointer does not exactly
point to zero, turn the calibration switch until the needle shows zero.
3. Connect the two wires to the resistors to be measured respectively at both ends / legs.
4. So that the results have a small errata, adjust the measuring limit with the resistor to be measured.
5. Read the number indicated by the multimeter needle then write it in table 1.
6. Perform steps 1-5 for other resistor variations and for two or three resistors arranged in series and in
parallel.

B. Measure Voltage
1. Rotate the multimeter scale in the DC Voltmeter position.
2. Arrange the tool as shown below.

3. Connect the positive pole of the B1 battery to the positive end of the multimeter, as well as the
negative pole.
4. In order to obtain results with a small errata, adjust the measuring limit to the voltage to be measured.
5. Read the numbers indicated by the multimeter needle and write the results in table 2.
6. Perform procedures 1-4 for B2 batteries.
7. Perform procedures 1-4 for B1 batteries connected in series with B2.
8. Perform procedures 1-4 for B1 batteries which are arranged in parallel with B2.

C. Measuring Current Strength

1. Rotate the multimeter scale to the Amperemeter DC position.
2. Arrange the device as shown below, with B1 batteries and resistors
 3. Read the numbers indicated by the Ammeters needle and write the results in table 3.
4. Perform procedures 1-3, for battery B1 and resistor R2, battery B2 with resistor R1 and battery B2
with resistor R2.

D. Ohm’s Law
1. Arrange the tool as shown below.

2. Read the measurement results on the Voltmeter and Ammeters.

3. By adding (changing) the voltage source 3 times, read the measurement results of the Voltmeter and
Ammeters.
4. Perform procedures 1-3 by changing the resistor value 3x.
E. Result
( Terlampir )
F. Analysis

Pada praktikum ke dua ini praktikan mempelajari mengenai pengukuran listrik dan hukum ohm. Pada
praktikum ke dua ini pertama praktikan disuruh mengetur semua alat yang akan digunakan. Praktikan
diajarkan cara menghitung resistansi dengan menggunakan dua cara yaitu yang pertama dengan
perhitungan melihat kode warna resistor dan yang kedua dengan menggunakan multimeter. Dalam
menghitung resistansi praktikan melakukan empat kali percobaan, percobaan pertama praktikan hanya
menghitung resistansi pada R1 kemudian menghitung resistansi pada R2. Pada saat menghitung resistansi
praktikan menggunakan multimeter digital tetapi untuk menghitung resistansi R1 dan R2 praktikan harus
mengkalibrasi setiap kali ingin menghitung resistansi dari setiap hambatan yang akan dihitung. Setelah
menghitung resistansi pada R1 dan R2 praktikan melanjutkan dengan menghitung R1 seri dengan R2,
tetapi sebelum menghitung resistansi praktikan disuruh untuk membuat rangkaian seri R1 dan R2 pada
papan rangkaian. Setelah praktikan membuat membuat rangkaian seri R1 dan R2 pada papan rangkaian
praktikan melanjutkan perhitungan R1 seri R2 dengan menggunakan multimeter dan selanjutnya
praktikan disusruh menggunakan rangkaian pararel R1 dan R2 pada papan rangkaian lalu melanjutkan
kembali perhitungan R1 pararel R2. Setelah mendapatkan seluruh hasil baik menggunakan multimeter
dan perhitungan dengan melihat kode warna pada resisitor ternyata hasil keduanya tidaklah jauh berbeda.

Selanjutnya setelah menghitung resistansi praktikan melanjutkan untuk mencari beda potensial.
Untuk menghitung beda potensial praktikan menggunakan dua buah batrerai. Baterai yang pertama 1,5
Volt dan yang kedua 9 Volt. Namun setelah praktikan mengukur tegangang baterai pada multimeter
ternyata tegangan baterai sudah tidak lagi 1,5 volt dan 9 volt. Ternyata beterai yang sudah digunakan
terus menerus jumlah tegangan pada baterai akan berkurang.

Selanjutnya praktikan melalukan perhitungan kuat arus dengan menggukan rumus kuat arus
volt/resistansi dan cari yang kedua dengan menggunakan multimeter. Hasil yang didapat dengan kedua
cara tersebut tidaklah berbeda jauh.
G. Conclusion

Melalui percobaan yang dilakukan oleh praktikan dapat disimpulkan bahwa:

1. Resistansi, beda potensial dan kuat arus dapat diukur dengan alat ukur listrik yaitu multimeter
analog atau multimeter digital.
2. Hukum ohm dapat dapat dipelajari dan digunakan untuk mencari kuat arus.
3. Dalam melakukan perhitungan dan pengukuran dengan menggunakan multimeter dan rumus
praktikan dapat membandingan hasilnya dengan menggunakan kedua cara tersebut. Hasil dari
menggunakan cara tersebut tidaklah jauh berbeda.
H. Reference
Drs.Sutrisno,M.Si. , Arif Tjahjono,ST,M.Si.. 2009 .Fisika Dasar II (Untuk sains dan kedokteran). Jakarta:
Lembaga Penelitian UIN.

Giancoli. 1998. FISIKA Ed. V. Jakarta : Erlangga

Hayt, William. 2005. Rangkaian Listrik Jilid 1. Jakarta:Erlangga

South,Verna, dkk. 2019. Modul praktikum fisika dasar. UNSRAT Rianto, Y. 2010. Listrik Dinamik :
Hukum Ohm, Rangkaian Hambatan.

Tipler,Paul A.2001.Physics for scientist and Engineers.Jakarta: Erlangga

Widodo, MH. 2014. Dasar dan Pengukuran Listrik ; Semester 1. Jakarta : Kemdikbu