Design of A Water Supply System For Kiduusu Rural Community

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART AND

TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FINAL YEAR PROJECT
DESIGN OF A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR KIDUUSU RURAL GROWTH CENTER
BY
BBAALE SULAIMAN REG. NO 14/U/179

KASOZI JOSEPH REG. NO 14/U/7238/PSA
MAIN SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

MR MARTIN TUMUTUNGIRE DR JOTHAM SEMPEWO
SIGNATURE: ____________ SIGNATURE: ___________
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of a Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
MAY 2018
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As it is often said, life is mixture of achievements, failures, experiences, exposures and efforts to
make your dream come true. There are people around you who help you realize your dream.
Hence, it’s our pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in
the development of this work and who influenced our thinking, behavior, and acts during the
project design.
First and foremost, we would like to thank the Almighty God who enabled us to finish this project
design work and report successfully and above all, for giving us the wisdom and energy to execute
the site works.
We would also wish to extend our sincere gratitude to our supervisors Mr. Martin Tumutungire
and Dr. Jotham Ssempewo for their dedication and guidance during the course of the project
Special thanks also goes to Madam Rita Nakazibwe, the lab attendant for sharing the practical
knowledge and the guidance rendered during the lab tests. We shall forever be indebted for the
willingness to share knowledge and being there for consultation when we needed her especially
during the water quality tests.
Appreciation goes to CEDAT and Makerere University in general for giving us this opportunity
to explore our potential in research and design in different sectors of civil engineering.
Finally, we appreciate all those who contributed to the success and the preparation of this report
and project at large but not mentioned here.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................. i
PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 JUSTIFICATION ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 4
2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 WATER SOURCES ............................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.1 SURFACE WATER SOURCES. ........................................................................................................ 5
2.1.2 GROUND WATER SOURCES .......................................................................................................... 6
2.3 WATER DEMAND................................................................................................................................ 9
2.4 WATER QUALITY TESTS................................................................................................................. 13
2.5 STORAGE ............................................................................................................................................ 14
2.6 PUMPING ............................................................................................................................................ 15
2.7 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION .......................................................................................... 16
2.8: WATER TREATMENT ...................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................ 22
3..1 DATA COLLECTION ........................................................................................................................ 22
3.1.1 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY ...................................................................................................... 22
3.1.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY ........................................................................................................ 22
3.2.2 DESIGN PERIOD ............................................................................................................................. 24
3.2.3 DESIGN POPULATION................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.4 POPULATION GROWTH RATE .................................................................................................... 24
3.2.5 UN-ACCOUNTED FOR WATER.................................................................................................... 24
3.2.6 POPULATION PROJECTIONS ....................................................................................................... 25
3.2.7 WATER CONSUMPTION ............................................................................................................... 25
3.2.8 HYDRAULIC PEAK FACTORS ..................................................................................................... 29
3.3 SELECTION OF THE WATER SOURCE. ......................................................................................... 30
3.3.1 SOURCE YIELD............................................................................................................................... 31
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3.3.2 THE RELIABILITY OF THE SOURCE .......................................................................................... 31
3.3.3 WATER QUALITY OF THE SOURCE: .......................................................................................... 31
3.4 ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MICRO BIOLOGICAL WATER
PARAMETERS.......................................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.1 SAMPLING ....................................................................................................................................... 32
3.4.2 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER ....................................................................................... 32
3.4.3 CHEMICAL PARAMETERS .......................................................................................................... 34
3.4.2 BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ....................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 4: DATA, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ................................................................................ 37
4.1 RECCONAISANCE AND SOCIO- ECONOMIC SURVEY.............................................................. 37
4.1.1 RECONASSAISANCE SURVEY RESULTS .................................................................................. 37
4.1.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY RESULTS ..................................................................................... 39
4. 2 WATER DEMAND RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 42
4.2.1 DESIGN PERIOD ............................................................................................................................. 42
4.2.2 POPULATION GROWTH RATE .................................................................................................... 43
4.2.3 DESIGN POPULATION ................................................................................................................... 43
4.2.5 POPULATION PROJECTIONS ....................................................................................................... 45
4.2.6 WATER CONSUMPTION RESULTS ............................................................................................. 45
4.2.7 HYDRAULIC PEAK FACTORS ..................................................................................................... 45
4.3 SELECTION OF THE WATER SOURCE. ......................................................................................... 46
4.3.1 SOURCE YIELD............................................................................................................................... 46
4.3.2 THE RELIABILITY OF THE SOURCE .......................................................................................... 47
4.4 WATER QUALITY RESULTS. .......................................................................................................... 47
4.4.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER ....................................................................................... 48
4.4.2 CHEMICAL PARAMETERS ........................................................................................................... 50
4.4.3 BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ...................................................................................................... 52
4.5.1 RAW WATER TREATMENT.......................................................................................................... 56
4.5.2 STORAGE TREATMENT ................................................................................................................ 56
CHAPTER 5: DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM COMPONENTS ................................................................... 57
5.1 SPRING BOX DESIGN ....................................................................................................................... 57
5.2 STORAGE TANK DESIGN ................................................................................................................ 57
5.5 SIMULATION OF THE OF THE WORKING OF THE SYPPLY SYSTEM USING EPANET 2
SOFTWARE............................................................................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER 6: PROJECT COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ..................................... 72
6.1 COST ESTIMATE ............................................................................................................................... 72
CHAPTER 8: OPERATION AND MAITAINANCE OF THE SYSTEM. ............................................... 76
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CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS ............................................................... 80
9.1 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................. 80
9.2 RECCOMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 80
APPENDIX 1: SUMARISED RESULTS………………………………….……………………………………………..………….99
APPENDIX 2: SURVEY DATA ............................................................................................................... 87
APPENDIX 3: ANALYTICAL DATA...................................................................................................... 94
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:The existing shallow wells ............................................................................................. 37
Figure 2:The existing spring wells ................................................................................................ 37
Figure 3:Rain water harvesting tank at Kiduusu UMEA primary school ..................................... 38
Figure 4:Testing for total phosphorus ........................................................................................... 47
Figure 5:Testing for physical parameters. ..................................................................................... 47
Figure 6: Proposed Epanet design of Kiduusu pipeline network .................................................. 69
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:Average day unit demand figures .................................................................................... 10
Table 2:Average day unit demand figures adopted for design from MWE design manual 2013 . 26
Table 3:Peak hour factors as adopted from DWD manual 2013 .................................................. 30
Table 4:The consumer categories in Kiduusu rural growth centre and their number ................... 43
Table 5:The projected populations in the initial, future and ultimate years . ............................... 94
Table 6: The average day demand ................................................................................................ 95
Table 7:The total average day demand after inclusion of the un accounted for water. ................ 45
Table 8:The maximum day demand ............................................................................................. 97
Table 9:The peak hour demand. .................................................................................................... 98
Table 10:Water quality test results wet season ............................................................................. 55
Table 11:Water quality results dry season .................................................................................... 55
Table 12:Pipe sizing ...................................................................................................................... 65
Table 13:Summary of the pipe sizes for the distribution network ................................................ 68
Table 14:Preliminary cost estimate for the project ....................................................................... 72
Table 15:Operation and Maintainance costs ................................................................................. 73
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ADC Average Daily Consumption
BH Bore Hole.
BOQ Bill Of Quantities
DWD Directorate of Water Development.
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
MDC Maximum Daily Consumption
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MWE Ministry of Water and Environment.
PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan.
PSP Protected Spring Point.
RWHT Rain Water Harvesting Tank.
RWSN Rural Water Supply Network
TSS Total Suspended Solids
UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics
UN United Nations
UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific And Cultural Organization
UNICEF United Nations International Child Emergency Fund.
WHO World Health Organization

WRMD Water Resources Management Department.
WSDF Water and sanitation Development facilities
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PREFACE
Globally, access to safe water has become a primary concern especially in the rural communities.
Kiduusu rural growth centre is faced with a problem of lack of improved water sources, long
distances and queues at the few improved sources and lack of a piped water system.
This project sought to address the water shortage while taking into account the future changes in
water demand thus, the main aim of this project was to design a piped water supply system for
Kiduusu rural growth centre.
The project involved identifying the possible water sources, determining the water demand in
Kiduusu community, assessing the physical, chemical and micro biological water parameters,
designing the water supply system components i.e. Pipe network, transmission and distribution
system ,sizing the storage reservoir and to estimating the project costs.
In the design, maximum day demand used in transmission and storage design is 307.761 m3/day
and 516.01 m3/day for future ultimate years respectively, the volume of storage requires was
100m3 and 200m3 for both future and ultimate years respectively, the required pump transmission
capacity is 1.58 litres per second and distribution network shall have PN 10 UPVC and HDPE
pipes of diameters 125,110,90 and 40mm.
An estimate of the projects cost, financial and economic feasibility was also done and project cost
was estimated at UgShs 1,202,916,000.
If implemented would solve all the water and related challenges and improve the living standards
of people in Kiduusu rural growth centre.
viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Water is one of life’s most basic needs and apparently, access to safe water has become a primary
concern to the rural communities and general public at large. A lack of access to water affects
agricultural productivity, food security and people’s livelihoods (Akuoko-Asibey, 2007).
Globally, millions of people in developing countries face daily problems in obtaining water for
domestic purposes (Steering, July 2009).
Rural Africans have the lowest level of access to clean water and sanitation facilities compared to
other developing areas of the world (UNESCO-WWAP, 2003).
Projections from Uganda Bureau of Statistics indicate a population of 37.73 million as of June
2017 with 28.6 million (76%) living in rural areas. (MWE, 2017). In addition, the majority of the
poor people reside in the rural areas of the country. The provision of rural water supply covers
communities or villages (at the level of Local Council 1 (LC1)) with scattered population in
settlements up to 1,500 people, and Rural Growth Centers (RGCs) with populations between 1,500
and 5,000. With an increasing population, there is a high demand for water in urban, semi urban
and rural areas in Uganda.
The Government of Uganda (GoU) through the Ministry of Water and Environment has also
initiated Water and Sanitation Development Facilities (WSDF) as a mechanism for services
delivery and funding water and sanitation facilities in small towns (STs) and Rural Growth Centres
(RGCs) in Uganda.
The main technology options being used for water supply improvements in rural areas include deep
boreholes (42%), shallow wells14 (25%), protected springs (21%), public stand posts (6%), yard
taps for public use (6%) and kiosks (1%) and rainwater harvest tanks (1%). This implies that the
rural population is predominantly served by the deep boreholes technology. (MWE, 2017)
Kiduusu rural community is located in Buikwe district. Its 56.88Km from Buikwe town. Just like
many other communities, Kiduusu is faced with a problem of lack of access to clean and safe
water. The purpose of this project is to design an efficient water supply system to supply safe and
clean water to Kiduusu community that require low capital investment, less expensive to maintain
and low operational costs.
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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
During the peak hours (i.e.7:00am and 7:00pm), there is congestion at few improved water sources
evidenced by the long queues at the water points. The distances to the improved water sources are
also long and about 2km.This has led to problems like late reporting to school by school children
and delayed housework by women. The lack of a piped water system has further constrained the
development of Kiduusu and also lagged the sanitation of Kiduusu rural area.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE

To design a piped water supply system for Kiduusu rural growth Centre
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. To identify the possible water sources
2. To determine the water demand in Kiduusu community.
3. To assess the physical, chemical and micro biological water parameters
4. To design the water supply system components i.e. pipe network, transmission and
distribution system and sizing the storage reservoir.
5. To estimate the project costs
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
Given the escalating demand of the water in the Kiduusu town, community schools and
homesteads, the queues at the few improved water sources and the long distances of about 2km to
the improved water sources.
This project design therefore, is intended to provide an efficient water supply system to supply
safe and clean water to Kiduusu community that requires low capital investment, less expensive
to maintain and low operational costs.
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1.5 SCOPE
Kiduusu rural community is located 0°22ʹ19.7ʺN and 33°05ʹ49.7ʺE in Buikwe district, Nyenga
subcounty, Ssunga parish and It is 56.88Km from Buikwe town.
The scope of our study was limited to Kiduusu rural growth centre.
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Water is a resource that has been used since the existence of mankind. Water resources are those
sources of water that are useful or have a potential use. Water is mainly used for agricultural,
household, industrial recreational and environmental activities.
Most of the uses of water require fresh water but 97% of the earth’s water is salty. The remaining
3% of fresh water is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small percentage available above
ground or in the air.
Due to the various uses of water in the daily lives of people and industries, water is becoming a
scarce resource and needs to be adequately managed in order to meet the daily demands.
Water stress has become a key issue in most parts of the world. Water stress is the situation
whereby there is not enough safe water for all the uses.
The most cause of water stress is population growth, expansion of business activity, rapid
urbanization, climate change, and depletion of aquifers.
2.2 WATER SOURCES
The selection of a suitable source or combination of sources of water is one of the initial steps in
designing a water supply scheme. The source or sources must be capable of supplying sufficient
water of acceptable quality for the scheme. The selection of the most suitable water source involves
taking into account a number of general factors as follows:
Quantity: Is the quantity of water available at the source sufficient to meet present and future
demand? Water extraction permits from the Directorate of Water Resources Management in
Entebbe are required for water abstraction in Uganda.
Quality: Is the raw water quality such that, water which meets the quality standards specified in
MWE water supply design manual. Drinking water sources must meet the minimum WHO water
quality standards.
4
Cost: Are the capital as well as the operation and maintenance costs of the source acceptable?
Technology: Is there appropriate technology and expertise to exploit and maintain the source of
water and associated water treatment and transmission facilities?
Protection: Can the water source be protected from present and future pollution and contamination
and can the catchment area be protected effectively to ensure the sustainability of the quantity and
quality of the raw water? The freshwater sources of Uganda include surface water (rivers, streams
and swamps), ground water (deep and shallow wells, springs) open water bodies (lakes) and
rainfall. Water sources can be broadly divided into
▪ Surface water sources
▪ Groundwater sources
▪ Rainfall water.
2.2.1 SURFACE WATER SOURCES
Surface water is exposed to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff. It comes from rains,
surface runoff and groundwater, and includes rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, impounding reservoirs,
seas, and oceans.
The quantity of surface runoff depends on a large number of factors; the most important of which
are the amount and intensity of rainfall, the climate and vegetation, and the geological,
geographical, and topographical features of the catchment area.
The quality of surface water is determined by the amount of pollutants and contaminant picked up
by the water in the course of its travel. While flowing over the ground, surface water collects silt,
decaying organic matter, bacteria and other microorganisms from the soil. Thus, all surface water
sources should be presumed to be unsafe for human consumption without some form of treatment.
For rural water supply systems, surface water that is determined to need treatment is normally not
a viable source because of the high cost of treatment and the general lack of expertise for the
maintenance and operation of the appropriate treatment facilities.
5
Where no other source is available, some form of subsidy may need to be arranged to set up and
operate the treatment facilities. For these reasons, surface water is usually a last priority in selecting
sources for rural water supply systems.
2.2.2 GROUND WATER SOURCES
Groundwater is that portion of rainwater which has percolated beneath the ground surface to form
underground deposits called aquifers. The upper surface of groundwater is the water table.
Groundwater is often clear, free from organic matter and bacteria due to the filtering effect of soil
on water percolating through it. However, groundwater almost always contains minerals dissolved
from the soil.
Groundwater is often better in quality than surface waters, less expensive to develop for use, and
usually provides more adequate supply in many areas in the country. For rural water supply
systems, groundwater is generally preferred as a water source (MWE, 2013)
The types and extraction methods are as follows:
i. Wells
It is a hole constructed by any method such as digging, driving, boring, or drilling for the purpose
of withdrawing water from underground aquifers
Wells can vary greatly in depth, water volume and water quality. Well water typically contains
more minerals in solution than surface water and may require treatment to soften the water by
removing minerals such as arsenic, iron and manganese.
Well water may be drawn by pumping from a source below the surface of the earth. Alternatively,
it could be drawn up using containers, such as buckets that are raised mechanically or by hand.
ii. Infiltration Galleries/Wells
Infiltration galleries are horizontal wells, constructed by digging a trench into the water-bearing
sand and installing perforated pipes in it. Water collected in these pipes converges into a “well”
from which it is pumped out.
6
iii. Springs
It is point where groundwater flows out of the ground, and is thus where the aquifer surface meets
the ground surface. A spring may be ephemeral (intermittent) or perennial (continuous). Springs
can be developed by enlarging the water outlet and constructing an intake structure for water
catchment and storage.
Springs are found mainly in mountainous or hilly areas. A spring can be defined as a place where
rock or clay layers block the flow of underground water, forcing it upwards where the outflow
emerges in the open at the ground surface.
In Uganda, there are two main types of springs as follows:
• Gravity springs: occurring in unconfined aquifers; and
• Artesian springs: occurring in aquifers overlain by confining impervious layers preventing the
water from rising to its free water table level, and therefore kept under pressure.
To locate good springs and to get information about their reliability especially during drought
periods the designer should consult the local people resident in the area.
For springs with high yields that may be considered for high demand pipe schemes, there should
be a provision for flow measurement to monitor the variation of the spring yield over time. It is
common to find springs without any flow records. (MWE, 2013)
Yield
To measure the yield of springs identified as potential sources for a water supply scheme, simple
devices such as over-flow weirs and V-notches should be installed as early as possible in the
planning process of the scheme.
Spring yield is measured in litres per second (l/s). The measurement process involves two selected
trained people who measure the discharge from the spring over the study period.
a) The process starts with the construction of an earth dam
b) Spring water retained by the dam is drained through a pipe.
c) One person collects the water with a container of a known volume while the other measures
the time needed to fill the container.
7
d) The pipe diameter and container size are chosen such that the water outflow will not fill the
measuring container in less than five seconds. Sometimes several pipes are used
e) . Four readings are taken during the day and day averages are calculated, expressing the
discharge in l/s. This is repeated once every week for the measuring period. In this way, the
minimum and maximum yields are determined. (MWE, 2013)
Measurement of yield should be done both in the dry and wet seasons, for determination of safe
yield, the dry season yield is particularly important.
In all developments on springs, there shall be installed a flow measuring device to monitor flow
rate for springs over time.
Studies of catchments with many springs channeled into a single supply point must be carried out
carefully for reasons of back-pressure effects. Simply adding the yields from each individual spring
together is not enough.
An excessive flow could build up a back pressure and cause some springs to divert their courses.
In some cases, it may lead to permanent damage to the catchment. The designer needs to study the
flow characteristics of any collection chambers or pipes and ensure that each spring outlet flows
freely.
Flows from artesian springs often fluctuate less than flows from gravity springs. Variations in flow
of gravity springs can be considerable and therefore many measurements are required to determine
if the spring can supply sufficient water for a planned scheme.
The bacteriological quality of water from artesian springs also tends to be better, because the
impervious confining layers protect the water in the spring aquifer against contamination.
Therefore, in most cases artesian springs are to be preferred to gravity springs. For water supply
designs purposes the safe yield of springs should be estimated as 2/3 of the dry season yield.
(MWE, 2013)
Spring Protection
Springs should be protected to prevent contamination by surface water. The ground acts as a
bacterial filter making spring water a reliable water source.
To protect a spring, the following steps are followed:
• Clean up the whole site by digging drainage trenches

8
• Place a layer of hardcore over which is an impervious clay layer
• The spring water is collected and channeled to the discharge pipe in a concrete wall through a
gravel layer
• Spring water is collected and channeled through a gravel layer to the discharge pipe in the
concrete wall. The pipe is located at a convenient height to enable villagers to fill their
containers;
• An impervious clay layer is used above and around the spring to restrict surface seepage. A
drainage channel is dug to channel away storm water and a concrete paved access provided to
enable users to easily fill containers; and
A fence may be built to keep livestock out and the grass surrounding the spring kept well-trimmed.
Common materials are used in the construction of springs: Stones, aggregates and sand are
obtained locally and cement used ordinary Portland cement. The walls may also be built from local
stone by skilled “Fundis” minimizing the use of cement hence lowering the cost. (MWE, Water
supply design manual, 2013)
2.3 WATER DEMAND

A water supply scheme will almost without exception cater for water demand, which will be
increasing with the years to come. When designing a scheme, a decision has to be taken regarding
the time in the future, for which the various components of the scheme are to be designed.
To calculate the water demand for a water supply scheme, it is necessary to do the following:
• Determine the numbers of consumers falling within the different consumer categories at
various stages of the design period
• Determine the average day unit water demand figures for the various consumer categories
concerned.
There are different types of “water demand”. These include domestic demand, institutional demand
(educational institutions, health institutions etc), commercial demand (shops, workshops,
restaurants, bars, hotels, banks etc), industrial demand, other demands (e.g., irrigation, firefighting,
livestock demand, losses/unaccounted-for-water and internal water works demand). For water
supply, the average daily per capita consumption (ADPCC) is defined as
9
where ADPCC = Average daily per capita consumption
TAC = Total annual consumption
P = Design population for the area to be served

n = No of days in a year (365days)
Average Day Unit Water Demand Figures
The average day unit water demand figures, which are to be used in conjunction with the numbers
of the domestic, institutional, commercial, industrial and other consumers to calculate the
“Average Day Demands” are shown in Table 1. The average day unit water demand figures are
represented as guidelines, which may be adjusted if different figures are shown to be more
appropriate in a particular situation. The figures represent the mean values of water demands for
the respective consumer types. For each given consumer type, there will be considerable variations
in water demands from member to member.
Table 1:Average day unit demand figures
Consumer Type Average Day Unit Water Demand
Domestic
Standpipe 20 litres/person/day
Yard tap 40 litres/person/day
House connection 200 litres/person/day; High Income Consumers (with multiple fixtures and a garden
tap; includes car washing and garden watering)
100 litres/person/day; Medium Income Consumers (with a kitchen sink, one or two
WCs, showers and bathtubs and hand wash basins).
50 litres/person/day; Low Income Consumers (with limited fixtures, a WC and one

or two taps).
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Consumer Type Average Day Unit Water Demand
Institutional
Schools – Day (students and 5 litres/person/day

staff)
50 litres/person/day
– Boarders (students
and staff)
Hospitals – Outpatients and 10 litres/person/day
non resident staff
– In-patients and 100 litres/person/day

resident staff
Mosques 15 litres/person/day
Churches 5 litres/person/day
Prisons 50 litres/person/day
Commercial
Hotels 100 litres/bed/day

Lodges 50 litres/bed/day
Shops 25 litres/shop/day
Bars/Restaurants 200 litres/day
Offices 5 litres/person/day
Petrol stations/washing bays 200 litres/day
Abattoirs/butcheries 50 litres/day
Industrial
Milk cooling 200 litres/day

Dry processing mills 30 litres/day
Unspecified industrial areas 10,000 litres/hectare/day
Livestock
Livestock Unit 50 litres/head/day
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Peaking Factors
Peaking factor is defined as maximum demand over a given period of time divided by the average
demand over the same period of time.
Qmax
Qaver
6a.m 12 18 24 6 12 … Time of Day
(a) Daily Peaking Factor
This is the maximum daily demand divided by the average annual daily demand. The value is
usually between 1.1 and 1.3. The daily peaking factor reflects the seasonal variation in demand
and is used to design production and storage facilities and bulk supply mains. Its magnitude
depends on climatic factors and the requirement for seasonal uses such as garden watering. In the
absence of specific local information, a value of 1.2 may be taken.
(b) Hourly Peaking Factor
This is the maximum hourly demand divided by the average hourly demand. The value is usually
between 2 and 3. This reflects water use patterns through the course of a typical day and is used in
the design of distribution mains. Its magnitude depends on: the number of individual house
connections; the number of standposts; industrial and commercial uses; and the extent to which
buildings have their own water storage facilities. For the design of a distribution system with a
continuous or near continuous supply to house connections, a factor of 2.5 should be taken if local
data is not available.
NB: Where water supply is intermittent and less than about 12 hours per day, peak factors are
likely to be higher. Where local data are not available, the peak factor in such situations may be
30 taken as , where N is the number of hours of supply during the day.
12
(c) Weekly Peaking Factor This is not normally used. It is about 50% of the daily peaking factor.
Note: Peaking factors vary with the population to be served; the smaller the supply area, the larger
the peak factor.
2.4 WATER QUALITY TESTS

The first and most important aspect in water supply system design is the quality of the water for
human consumption (drinking water)
The quality of water provided by a municipal water system is based on three distinct characteristics,
each of which may independently govern the desirable portability of the water. These
characteristics are:
Physical quality of water
The physical quality of water is the appearance of the water to the consumer. Physical quality
includes the clearness of the water, taste, odor, and temperature.
For water to be of attractive physical quality, it must be clear in appearance, or have low turbidity
(less than 5.0 units of turbidity).
The color of the water must be low in concentration so as not to distract the consumer’s attention.
Color should be less than 15.0 units of color.
The water should be free of substances that may produce taste and odors upon the addition of
chlorine, or upon use of water for cooking purposes. It also should be free of trouble-producing
organisms such as aromatic oils of algae or higher bacteria.
The temperature of the water will affect the attractiveness to the extent that use by consumers will
decrease if the water is of extremely high temperature. Ground water temperature changes are
dependent upon well depth and aboveground storage facilities
Bacterial quality of water

The most important quality of water is that of bacteria content. In the early 20th century, disease
outbreaks from water and food-borne bacteria were common throughout the world. Progress in
bacteriology and water treatment engineering has all but eliminated outbreaks of water-borne
communicable diseases.
13
Water chemistry
Water is an excellent solvent, so it is not surprising that it picks up other chemicals. During this
cycle of water movement, water picks up many solid and gaseous components. As the raindrops
fall to the earth, they absorb gases. Most gases within the atmosphere are carbon, sulphur, and
nitrogen compounds. The raindrops may also pick up particulate materials in the atmosphere.
Many of the particulates are soluble in water and will dissolve within the raindrop.
Other constituents are added to the water cycle from surface or ground water flow. Many and
varied constituents are added to the water from dissolution of rocks and minerals which come in
contact with the water and its movement. Of particular importance to the water supplier are the
following constituents;
Acidity and alkalinity, calcium, carbon compounds, chlorides, fluorides, iron, magnesium,
manganese, nitrogen compounds, silica, sulphur compounds.
All of the above and others dissolved in water, determine the chemical quality of the water. Each
of these constituents has threshold limits that are governed by the associated agencies.
These constituents have threshold limits that are governed by the associated agencies
2.5 STORAGE
The purpose of storing water in the distribution system is mainly twofold:
• Balancing of variations in water demand during the day; and
• Emergency storage to ensure supply during break-downs or for fire-fighting.
The balancing storage requirement in a water supply system is caused by the cyclical variations in
water demand over a period of time. In ordinary water supply systems, the usual period considered
is one day. If there is no facility for storing water for balancing purposes, the water source, raw
water transmission main, treatment plant and treated water transmission main would all have to be
designed to follow all fluctuations in water demand and this is generally not economical.
Water storage reservoirs are provided first and foremost to balance the constant supply rate of the
water source, raw water transmission mains, treatment plant, and treated water transmission main,
with the fluctuating water demand in the distribution mains.
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The storage reservoirs have the overall effect of reducing the aggregate flows and thus the
capacities, for which distribution mains have to be designed.
The emergency storage requirement is for meeting the water demand during periods of system
breakdowns and firefighting. The aggregate water volume, required for both balancing and
emergency storage purposes can be kept in one or more storage reservoirs.
The numbers and locations of the reservoirs to be provided should be determined after carrying
out appropriate technical and economic analyses. The principal goal should be to minimize the
total cost of the whole water supply system, including pumping stations, pipelines and storage
reservoirs.
2.6 PUMPING
Pumps are hydraulic machines which convert mechanical energy (imparted by rotation) into water
energy used in lifting (pumping) water to higher elevations.
The mechanical energy is provided by electrical power (motor) or diesel, gas or steam prime
movers using either vertical or horizontal spindles. There are two main pump types used in Uganda
as outlined below
Rotodynamic Pumps
In the rotodynamic-type pump, water while passing through the rotating element (impeller) gains
energy which is converted into pressure energy by an appropriate impeller casing.
Centrifugal Pumps
In the form of tall, slender, deep-well submersibles, they pump clear water using impellers to
displace water by momentum, rather than by positive mechanical travel. When rotated at sufficient
speeds, impellers convert the velocity energy of the water leaving the impeller periphery into
pressure energy.
The capacity of the centrifugal pump is greatly influenced by the pressure it works against, and
also by the speed, form and diameter of its impeller. Low speed centrifugal pumps wear less and
last longer than high speed pumps. Generally, speeds selected for raw water pumps should be
limited to a maximum of 1500 rpm.
15
Pump efficiency should always be maximized by choosing a pump which will operate close to the
peak of its efficiency curve. To determine the operating (duty) of a pump, system head losses
should be calculated as accurately as possible.
The steeper the pump characteristics curve is, the less will the actual capacity of the pump deviate
from the wanted capacity, the actual pumping head differs from that assumed at design stage. For
this reason, pumps with steep characteristic curves are preferred. Suction head must never exceed
head losses, as the operating (duty) point of the pump will be very difficult to determine correctly.
The pump manufacturers are always consulted before the final choice of a pump is made and the
size of the engine or motor is selected.
2.7 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

The purpose of a transmission and distribution system of a water supply scheme is to deliver the
right quantity and quality of water conveniently to the demand areas.
The delivery system is classified into two: the transmission main and the distribution.
Transmission mains convey water from the source, treatment, or storage facilities to the
distribution system normally via a storage reservoir.
There maybe a few service connections on the transmission main, but the purpose of this larger
diameter pipe is to deliver water to the distribution mains where most of the service connections
are. Distribution mains deliver water to individual customer service lines and provide water for
fire protection through fire hydrants, if applicable. The distribution mains normally deliver water
from a storage reservoir to the consumers.
The extend and routing of the transmission and distribution network depends largely on the
location and characteristics of the demand areas to be served, the topography of the service area
and the source of water, the quantities of water to be transmitted and the available infrastructure in
the area such as roads, underground facilities and infrastructures etc.
The purpose of a water delivery system is to transport potable water from a water treatment facility
to residential consumers, for use as drinking water, water for cooking, water for sanitary
conditions, and other water use in a domestic environment. Water supply also is essential for
business and industry to operate in an environment.
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Water system has two primary requirements:
First, it needs to deliver adequate amounts of water to meet consumer consumption requirements.
Secondly, the water system needs to be reliable; the required amount of water needs to be available
24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
A water supply system is analogous to the human circulatory system. The heart pumps blood
through the arteries, veins, and capillaries to supply oxygen to all part of the body. A water pump
supplies water through primary, secondary, and distributor water mains to supply water to
consumers.
2.8: WATER TREATMENT

2.8.1 Introduction.
Water to be supplied for public use must be potable i.e., satisfactory for drinking purposes from
the standpoint of its chemical, physical and biological characteristics. Drinking water should,
preferably, be obtained from a source free from pollution. The raw water normally available from
surface water sources is, however, not directly suitable for drinking purposes.
The objective of water treatment is to produce safe and potable drinking water.
Some of the common treatment processes used include Plain sedimentation, Slow Sand filtration,
and Rapid Sand filtration with Coagulation-flocculation units as essential pre-treatment units.
2.8.2 Filtration plants

Slow Sand Filters
Slow sand filtration plant is most widely used in rural water supply schemes and is an effective,
low cost system of water treatment if operated and managed correctly. A slow sand filter consists
of an box about 3.0 meter deep rectangular or circular in shape and made of concrete or masonry
The box contains supernatant water layer, a bed of filter media, an under drainage system and a
set of control valves and appurtenances. It is normally one component in a treatment process which
may involve preliminary settlement of solids and / or roughing filters and post chlorination.
Typically there may be two rectangular slow sand filters operating in parallel, one filter unit is kept
in operation and other for maintenance. The filter units also comprise pipe fittings, underdrains
and graded gravel to support the filter’s sand bed. The filter units are operated by a combination
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of valves, inlet, inlet drainage, back-filling, emptying, filter regulation, clear water drainage, and
distribution. A flow indicator is used for checking the flow rate. The turbidity of the inlet water is
checked to ensure the water is of an acceptable turbidity to prevent rapid blocking of the filter.
Turbidity is also measured at the outlet to check the filter is functioning properly.
Rapid Sand Filters

The pre-treatment units which form essential parts of a Rapid sand filtration unit and include:
(a)Aeration /Pre-sedimentation (optional),
(b) Coagulation and flocculation with rapid mixing facilities
(c)Sedimentation unit
(d) Filtration unit
Coagulation and Flocculation
The term coagulation and flocculation are often used to describe the process of removal of turbidity
caused by fine suspension, colloids and organic colours i.e. non-settleable particles from water.
Coagulation is the process by which particles become destabilized and begin to clump together. It
is an essential component in the water treatment operation.
Flocculation is the second stage of the formation of settleable particles (or flocs) from destabilized
colloidal sized particles and is achieved by gentle and prolonged mixing.
2.8.3 Special Treatment

Algal control
Algae are unicellular or multi-cellular chlorophyll bearing plants without any true root, stem or
leaves
Their growth is influenced by a number of factors, such as mineral nutrients, availability of
sunlight, temperature and type of reservoir. During certain climatic conditions there is an algal
bloom which creates acute problems in treatment processes and production of potable water. The
algae commonly encountered in water purification plants are diatoms, green algae, and blue green
algae and algal flagellates. Algae may be seen floating (plankton) in the form of blooms. The
problems caused by algae are as follows:
1. Many species of algae produce objectionable taste and odour due to characteristic coil
secretions. These also impart colour ranging from yellow-green to green, blue-green, red or brown.
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2. Profuse growth of algae interferes with chemical treatment of raw water by changing water PH
and its hardness.
3. Some algae act as inhibitors in process of coagulation carried out for water purification.
4. Some algae clog filters and reduce filter run.
5. Some algae produce toxin sand their growth in drinking water reservoirs is harmful for humans
and livestock.
6. Some algae provide shelter to a large number of bacteria, some of which may be pathogenic.
7. Some algae corrode metal tanks, forming pits in their walls.
8. Algae may also cause complete disintegration of concrete in contact with them.
9. Prolific growth of algae increases organic content of water, which is an important factor for the
development of other organisms.
The following methods can be used for algal control

Micro-strainers
Algae can be removed from water by using micro-strainer. The infested water can be passed
through stainless-steel drums with cloths of mesh size ranging from15-45 μm. Micro-straining is
a useful process for the removal of filaments and colonial algae, but it does not remove smaller
species or reproductive forms which can multiply later on, creating problems. Micro straining
cannot constitute a complete treatment for effective disposal of algae, but it can be used as a part
of treatment line. Moreover, this procedure requires frequent cleaning of strainer.
Chlorine treatment
Chlorine treatment is relatively cheap, readily available and provides prolonged disinfection
action. Though chlorine is generally used for disinfecting potable water it can also be used as an
algaecide. Pre-chlorination has specific toxic effect and it causes death and disintegration of some
of the algae. It also assists in removal of algae by coagulation and sedimentation. It prevents
growth of algae on basin walls and destroys slime organisms on filter sand thus prolonging filter
and facilitating filter washing.
Dosage: Effective chlorine dose should be such that sufficient chlorine is there to react with
organic matter, ammonia, iron, manganese and other reducing substances in water and at the same
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time leave sufficient chlorine to act as algaecide. Dose required for this purpose may be over 5mg/l.
With chlorine treatment essential oils present in algae as well as organic matter of dead algae are
liberated this may lead to development of odour and color and taste. In such cases break point -
chlorination is required. Post chlorination dose can be adjusted to obtain minimum 0.2mg/ L
residual chlorine in potable water at consumer end.
Method of Application: Chlorine is preferably applied as a strong solution of chlorine from
chlorinator. Slurry of bleaching powder can also be used. For algal growth control, generally,
chlorine is administered at the entry of raw water before coagulant feeder.
2.8.4 Disinfection of water
Chlorination
The primary objectives of the chlorination process are disinfection, taste and odour control in the
system, preventing the growth of algae and other microorganisms that might interfere with
coagulation and flocculation, keeping filter media free of slime growths and mud balls and
preventing possible built up of anaerobic bacteria in the filter media, destroying hydrogen sulphide
and controlling sulphurous taste and odour in the finished water, removing iron and manganese,
bleaching of organic colour.
It can also be used for flushing pipeline before it is brought into operation after carrying out repairs
etc.
Other Disinfectant
The other chemical based disinfectants generally in used are ionized silver coating, gaseous
chlorine, ozone, Chloramine, potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide. A number of
commercially available alternative processes, such as membrane processes, are able to remove
bacteria, viruses and protozoa as well as a range of chemical contaminants. These are coming into
use but generally only on a small scale. It may be possible to operate these processes with no
chemical disinfection or at least to reduce the amount of chemicals used for final disinfection.
Alternatives to chemical disinfection, such as UV irradiation, are also being used for disinfection
of drinking water. Such ‘non-conventional’ processes and disinfection methods could in principle
be used to replace, or at least greatly reduce, the use of chemical disinfection of drinking water.
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Ultra Violet Disinfection
UV irradiation and membrane processes are potentially suitable alternatives to chemical
disinfection. UV is capable of inactivating bacteria and viruses, and possibly protozoan parasites.
A range of pressure-driven membrane processes – microfiltration, ultra-filtration,
Nano-filtration and reverse osmosis in order of decreasing pore size – are also capable of
disinfection as well as removal of chemical contaminants, depending on pore size. The use of
membrane processes would avoid the formation of disinfection by-products and would reduce the
concentrations of other undesirable chemicals, giving a net benefit in terms of toxicological issues.
The main microbiological concerns with membrane systems are ensuring the integrity of the
membrane and monitoring the efficiency of micro-organism removal; with conventional
chlorination the residual chlorine concentration is easily monitored and provides reassurance that
disinfection has been carried out effectively.
Ozonation
Ozone is very strong oxidiser and powerful disinfecting property .Avery small concentration of
ozone in water makes it free from bacteria, virus and pathogen much faster and with lesser
concentration in a most effective manner.
Ozone, an allotrope of oxygen having three atoms to each molecule, is a powerful oxidizing and
disinfecting agent. It is formed by passing dry air through a system of high voltage electrodes.
The major elements of an ozonisation system are:
1) Air preparation of oxygen feed
2) Electrical power supply
3) Ozone generation –usually using a corona discharge cell consisting of two electrodes
4) Ozone context chamber, and
5) Ozone exhausts gas destruction.
Advantages of Ozonation system
-It requires shorter contact time and doses than chlorine, ozone does not directly produce
halogenated organic materials unless a bromide ion is present.
Limitations of Ozonation system
-Ozone gas is unstable and must be generated onsite. A secondary disinfectant, usually chlorine,
is required because ozone does not maintain an adequate residual in water
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CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 DATA COLLECTION

To ensure all the desired data was collected, a reconnaissance survey and social economic survey
were conducted in Kiduusu.
3.1.1 Reconnaissance survey

Several site visits were carried out to the Kiduusu community area which involved walking along
the entire Kiduusu community for the following reasons;
• To see the site, its surroundings and existing alignment.
• To locate the possible water sources in the area from which we can generate water to supply
our reservoir.
• To acquaint ourselves with the relevant authorities from whom valuable information would
be obtained.
• To obtain information about the area i.e., water quality and quantity of possible sources,
current water and sanitation situations.
3.1.2 Socio-economic survey

The overall objective of the Socio-Economic Survey was to explore the effect of socio, economic
and demographic characteristics of Kiduusu rural community on demand and ability to pay for
improved water services for its sustainability. The survey was carried out to inform:
i. What are the main characteristics of the communities in the study area that influence the present
situation of water supply and sanitation conditions?
ii. What is the present situation concerning the infrastructures of water supply and sanitation in
the area?
iii. What are the WASH preferences of households in the study area?
iv. What is the current social economic situation of the families and their capacity of payment of
services related to water and sanitation?
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v. What are the hygiene practices/habits of most of the households?
The Socio-economic survey was also done in order to establish the attitude of the Kiduusu
community locals towards a new water supply system and to better understand the problems faced
by the residents due to the water scarcity.
The survey involved reviewing documents regarding water and sanitation activities of the MWE.
Key among them included policy statements, sectorial reports, project proposals and
documentation related to institutional and operation issues for water supply and sanitation in Small
towns/RGCs.
The household survey was undertaken in Kiduusu RGC and a total of 40 households were selected
for interviewing. The survey was targeting households living within the core business area and a
few selected in close proximity to core business area.
There being no updated and reliable figures for number of households within the central/core
business areas, the local leaders in the area were contacted, particularly LC 1 chairperson, Parish
Chief, Health inspectors among others, From these the number of villages in the study area were
identified as Kiduusu A, Kiduusu C Kiduusu B, Nakyesanja and Buwundo
Preliminary results of recently concluded Uganda National Population and Housing Census 2014
obtained from Buikwe district planners office were used to obtain a reliable population and
household numbers in the areas of Kiduusu RGC
Oral Interviews and questionnaires of a sample of people were carried out from the inhabitants of
the Kiduusu area.
NB: the sample questionnaire is attached in the appendix 1
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3.2 WATER DEMAND ASSESEMENT
3.2.2 Design period
The DWD Water Supply design Manual (2013) gives the following timeline for the determination
of the design Horizon:
a) Initial Year- Year of Commissioning Water Supply System taken to be 5 years after
commencement of Feasibility Studies.
b) Future year-10 years ahead of initial year
Ultimate Year- 20 years Design Horizon from Initial Year
3.2.3 Design population

The population for Kiduusu RGC was adopted from Uganda Bureau of Statistics based on The
Uganda Population and Housing Census 2014. Population data from the 2014 Uganda Population
and Housing Census was obtained from Buikwe district planning unit and district development
plan 2015/16 to 2019/2020.
For the schools, religious institutions and hospitals, field data was picked directly from their
administrative offices.
3.2.4 Population growth rate

Kiduusu RGC is expected to grow faster than the surrounding rural areas. It is expected that the
institutional, Industrial and commercial activity will grow at the same rate as the future domestic
growth rate. The adopted growth rate was from UBOS and DDP based on The Uganda Population
and Housing Census, 2014
3.2.5 Un-accounted for water

Allowance must be made in the feasibility study and detailed design for losses, and other
unaccounted for water use. This is also known as Non-Revenue Water (NRW). According to IWA
,this is the difference between System Input Volume and Billed Authorized Consumption. This
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NRW is a result of Unbilled Authorized Consumption, Apparent, and Real (Physical Water)
Losses which include:
• Unbilled Metered and Unbilled Unmetered Consumption (Unbilled Authorized Consumption);
• Unauthorised Consumption (Apparent Losses). This includes meter bye passes, illegal
connections, meter reversals, etc.
• Metering Inaccuracies and Systematic Data Handling Errors (Apparent Losses);
• Water Pipe leakages and bursts on Transmission and Distribution mains, and service
connection pipes up to the consumer meter (Real Losses);
• Storage Reservoir leakages and overflows (Real Losses).

NRW Was taken as a percentage of the average daily water consumption or of water, the UfW was
assumed to be constant and not subject to seasonal variations
3.2.6 Population projections

Future Population estimates were calculated using the Geometrical Increase Method with the help
of the following equation: Pn = Po * (1 + r) n
Pn: Population at time ‘n’ years,
Po: Base Population in initial year,
r: Annual population growth rate (%),
n: The difference in years between the horizon and initial year
District population growth rate of 2.33% which was obtained from the Buikwe DDP (2015-2020),
Area of 3.53 km2 and domestic Population of 2478 people were used.
3.2.7 Water consumption

The per capita domestic consumption rates were based on the level of service being offered. In
determining the rates of consumption for the water demand, a comparison of the rates used in
previous studies in the country with those in the DWD Water Manual 2013 was carried out
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• Four levels of service and corresponding per capita consumption rates were proposed and these
are summarized below .
• For House Connections in Kiduusu, medium income housing is predominant therefore the rate
of 100 l/c/d from the DWD Water Manual 2013 has been adopted.
• The rate of consumption at the yard tap of a Single household figure of 40 l/c/d from the DWD
Water Manual 2013 was adopted.
• The stand post consumption of 20 l/c/d wass considered the minimum to sustain healthy
existence, and was therefore adopted.
the final category are the households who draw piped water for limited use, and depend mainly on
non-piped sources of supply (Point water Sources). This category is provided with 5 l/c/d
Basing on the water supply design manual section for calculation of the water demand, the
following unit day demand figures as shown in the table below were adopted and used in the
calculation of the average day water demand from the Kiduusu proposed water supply system.
For nonexistent unit demand figures appropriate estimates of unit demand values were adopted
borrowing knowledge from the 2000 DWD manual
Table 2:Average day unit demand figures
Consumption units Manual (2013) Adopted Design Criteria

House Connection
High Income Housing l/c/d 200 100
Medium Income Housing l/c/d 100
Yard Tap
Multiple Households l/c/d 50 40
Single Household l/c/d 40
Public Stand Post l/c/d 20 20
Part Time Users (Urban Poor) l/c/d 5
Institutional Consumption
Schools
26
Day
With pit latrine l/std/d 10 5
With water closet l/std/d 20 10
Boarding l/std/d 100 20
Hospitals / Health Centres
Health Care Dispensaries l/visitor/d 50 20
Health Centre I- No modern facilities
In patients l/bed/d 50 50
Out patients l/c/d NA 5
Non-Resident staff l/c/d NA 10
Resident staff l/c/d NA 10
Health Centre II- with maternity and
pit latrine
Health Centre III- with maternity
and pit latrine
Health Centre IV- with maternity
and water closet
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Hospital, District- with surgery unit
Hospital, Regional Referral- with
surgery
Administrative Offices
With pit latrine l/worker/d - 5
With water closet l/worker/d 70 40
Mosque l/c/d NA 20
Church l/c/d NA 5
Prisons l/inmate/d NA 50
Commercial / Industrial
Consumption
Hotels / Lodges
High class l/bed/d 600 600
Medium class l/bed/d 300 300
Low class l/bed/d 50 50
Bars / Restaurants
High class l/bar/d 1000 1000
Low class l/bar/d 700 700
Shops
Small Town l/shop/d 150 50
Fuel Station/Washing Bays
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Small Town Station/d 5000 5000
Markets l/ha/d 20000 2000 l/market/day
Public Sanitation
Small Town l/person/d 50 20
Food Industry
Dairy Milk received 2-5 200 l/d
(m3)
Abattoir Animals 5 -10 200 l/abattoir/day
slaughtered
(ton)
Butchery l/d NA 50
Grain millers (Dry processing mills) Grain received 2-5 30 l/d
(ton)
Other Industries
Tannery Raw skins (ton) 50 - 150 50
Cotton mill Cotton thread 50 - 150 50
(tufi)
Medium Scale (water intensive) m3/ha/d 40 40
Medium Scale (medium water m3/ha/d 15 15
intensive)
Small Scale (dry) m3/ha/d 5 5
3.2.8 Hydraulic peak factors

Peak day factor
The Average Day Demand which depicts the daily water consumption by domestic and non-
domestic consumers is subject to seasonal climatic variations, harvest seasons, and other factors
such as transient population, and religious and cultural festivals.
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To allow for increased demands during these seasons, a maximum day peak factor of 1.3 was used
as shown in the table below.
Application of this factor to the Average Day Demand gives us the Maximum Day Demand which
will be used to design the capacities of the water source works, raw and treated water transmission
mains, pumping stations, water treatment plants, and reservoirs.
Peak hour factor
Hourly fluctuations in demand vary depending on water usage. These fluctuations are catered for
by peak hour factors which tend to be high for small rural communities and lower for larger
communities.
Distribution mains have to be designed with adequate capacity to meet the peak hour demands of
the consumers being supplied. To accommodate the peak hourly flow in the major distribution
mains from the reservoir to the RGC peak hour factors based on population were chosen for each
consumer category.
Table 3:Peak hour factors
POPULATION PEAK HOUR FACTORS

1,000 or more 2
500 2.5
200 3
100 3.5
50 4.5
Linear interpolation may be used to determine “Peak Hour Factors” for intermediate population
figures. Where reliable records of actual consumption patterns do exist, corresponding “Peak Hour
Factors” should be calculated accordingly. Large institutions and industries may have their own
on-site balancing
3.3 SELECTION OF THE WATER SOURCE
The selection of the appropriate water source to be used as source of water for the water supply
system was based on several key factors among which included water quality, yield and reliability.
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3.3.1 Source yield
The ideal and expected source should have a higher yield than average daily demand for Kiduusu
community in the ultimate year or should be able to satisfy the maximum daily demand in the
ultimate year.
3.3.2 The reliability of the source

The amount of water from the source should be available throughout the year in order to constantly
supply our supply system water demand of the area.
For the two-selected spring whose yield was being monitored research and inquiries were made
about their flows through the year from the reliable locals from the area.
Both source seemed to be quite reliable with the Scoul spring maintain its discharge throughout
the year even during the dry season while the Katumba spring also are somewhat reliable but
though the water amount significantly reduces in the wet season
3.3.3 Quality of the source water:

The source water quality has to meet the set WHO standards and Uganda standards for drinking
water quality.
Samples of raw water were collected from two of the above-mentioned sources whose yield and
reliability were acceptable and tested in the Makerere university public health engineering
laboratory for quality with respect to the different parameters i.e.
The corresponding results were compared with WHO water standards and Uganda standards for
drinking water quality.
3.4 ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MICRO BIOLOGICAL

WATER PARAMETERS
In order to assess the water quality of the possible water source in Kiduusu community, samples
of raw water were collected from two of the sources whose yield and reliability was acceptable
and tested in the Makerere university public health engineering laboratory for quality with respect
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to the different parameters i.e. The corresponding results were compared with WHO water
standards and Uganda standards for drinking water quality.
3.4.1 Sampling
Sampling was done to obtain representative samples from two possible water sources in Kiduusu
rural growth centre. The sampling procedures used were;
• Sampling bottles were prepared early in the morning of the sampling day by disinfecting them
using boiling water
• After disinfecting, the bottles were packed together with ice in a flask and taken to the water
sources.
• At each spring, the sprout was thoroughly cleaned using a clean piece of cloth
• Then water was let to run for a minute while under observation to ensure all the contamination
is eliminated
• The bottles were then filled with the water which was later poured away to ensure no
contamination and a correct representative sample.
• The bottles were then filled again with the actual samples from the spring packed in the flask
with ice for transportation to the laboratory.
• Sample 1 is a representative sample from the Scoul spring in Kiduusu while Sample 2 is a
representative sample from a Katumba springs.
3.4.2 Physical parameters of water
Temperature
The test is done with a help of a calorimeter
Cool water is generally more palatable than warm water. Temperature will impact on the
acceptability of a number of other inorganic constituents and chemical constituents that may affect
taste.
Water temperature has a direct link with toxic absorption, salinity and dissolved oxygen.
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High water temperature enhances the growth of microorganisms that affect the colour, odor and
taste of the water which factors affect the confidence and satisfaction of the consumers.
True and Apparent colour
The color of the sample is obtained in the laboratory with the help of a calorimeter.
colour in natural water can be true or apparent. Apparent colour is caused by suspended matter in
the water whereas true colour is due to vegetable or organic extracts that are colloidal in nature.
By filtering out the suspended materials, the true color can be determined
If colour is due to the presence of organic matters, these absorb chlorine and reduce its disinfection
capacity.
Highly coloured water creates problems for washing, preparation of food and domestic work that
need water.
Turbidity
This is the characteristic of water, which causes light to scatter and be absorbed rather than
transmitting in straight lines.
The turbidity may be caused by a wide variety of suspended materials. Sources of materials that
contribute to turbidity in water are mainly domestic wastes and industrial wastes.
The appearance of water with a turbidity of less than 5 NTU is usually acceptable to consumers,
although this may vary with local circumstances.
No health-based guideline value for turbidity has been proposed. However, median turbidity
should be below 0.1 NTU for effective disinfection, and changes in turbidity are an important
process control parameter.
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3.4.3 Chemical parameters
PH
PH refers to the acidity or alkalinity of the water
The PH of the sample is obtained in the laboratory with the help of a PH meter.
Low PH leads to corrosion of water pipes and high PH leads to formation of scale in pipes. This
plays a significant role in the pipe selection as pipe is chosen in correspondence to PH to avoid
leakages.
Undesired PH levels also affect human health.
Electrolytic conductivity
It reflects the extent of the amount of Total dissolved salts (TDS) or Total amounts of Dissolved
ions in water. The SI unit is Siemens per meter.
Solids can be found in nature in a dissolved form. Salts that dissolve in water break into positively
and negatively charged ions. Conductivity is the ability of water to conduct an electrical current,
and the dissolved ions are the conductors.
Since it is difficult to measure total dissolved solids in the field, the electrolytic conductivity of the
water is used as a measure because it is determined in a quick and inexpensive way using portable
meters.
Nitrates
Nitrates are tested using powdered pillows.
Nitrates are usually of low concentration in ground water but in water from areas of intense
farming, nitrate concentration may exceed the limit specified in standards for water.
This is due to use of Nitrate rich fertilizers in farm land.
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Nitrate test is highly recommended for water used by households with infants, pregnant women,
and elderly people since they are the most susceptible to nitrate contamination.
Nitrate is a common contaminant found mainly in groundwater. High nitrate concentrations can
be particularly dangerous for babies under six months, since it can interfere with ability of blood
to carry oxygen
Nitrates get into ground water when nitrogen fertilizers are used to enrich soils, human and animal
wastes contamination and also some may be carried by rain.
Nitrate levels in drinking water can be an indicator of overall water quality. Elevated nitrate levels
may suggest the possible presence of other contaminants such as disease-causing organisms,
pesticides or other inorganic and organic compounds that could cause health problems.
3.4.2 Biological parameters
Bacteriological tests using chromo cult agar.

The first test to be carried out before eight hours have elapsed after collection of sample is that on
pathogens, which include E. coli, total coliforms, salmonella, and Enterobacter.
This test uses serial dilution of the bacteria and plating the diluted bacteria on media that supports
the growth of the micro-organisms. The media that grows pathogens is called chromo cult agar.
This method provides statistically accurate and repeatable results. This method is also the ideal
method for enumerating microorganisms in a given population because it only identifies the living
organisms in that population.
Microbial counting is useful in the basic sciences and is used determine the number of bacteria
present for physiological or biochemical studies. We will be using serial dilutions, plating and
counting of live bacteria to determine the number of bacteria in a given population.
E. coli is bluish to purple, salmonella is light blue and total coliforms are pink. Other Enterobacter
colonies are colorless.
35
The presence of Total Coliform bacteria may indicate contamination in a water supply. The
presence of Total Coliforms alone is not necessarily a health risk, but it does require a further
investigation of the water system. The presence of any coliform bacteria indicates that the sampled
water is potentially unsafe and unsatisfactory
Water containing E. Coli bacteria must not be consumed or used in cases where the water could
be a health hazard. Even brushing your teeth with this water can pose a health risk
36
CHAPTER 4: DATA, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 RECCONAISANCE AND SOCIO- ECONOMIC SURVEY
4.1.1 Reconnaissance survey results
Existing water supply
There is no central piped water supply system in Kiduusu RGC. Point water supply is from both
improved and unimproved water sources. The mains sources are boreholes and wells.
Because of the not fairly even spread of the water sources, a majority of the residents are not able
to access water within a radius of 250m.
a) Shallow Wells and Springs
Most of the population in Kiduusu RGC is served by improved water sources like shallow wells
and protected dug wells. Unimproved water sources like unprotected springs and unprotected dug
well are also used.
Figure 2:The existing spring wells Figure 1:The existing shallow wells
37
b) Boreholes
water supply for Kiduusu also comprises of eight boreholes (with hand pumps) variously located
within the village. All the boreholes are accessible by the public. There is also one privately owned
borehole by Kiduusu Umea mosque
c) Private Piped Water Supply

Kiduusu RGC has no piped supply
d) Rainwater Harvesting
Small capacity plastic tanks are used during the rainy season to store the rainwater for domestic
use. In the dry season however, this source dries up and these people return to the other point water
sources. Buwundo Scoul primary school owns a concrete rain water harvesting tank.
Figure 3:Rain water harvesting tank at Kiduusu UMEA primary school
38
4.1.2 Socio-Economic Survey Results
Age-Sex Distribution of Respondents
A household is defined as a person or a group of people who live together and share food from the
same kitchen (cook stove). Basing on this definition, the study targeted 40 households in the study
area and the respondents were mainly female.
The dominance of women among respondents can be explained by the fact that the interviews took
place during day time when Women are fulfilling their domestic responsibilities.
This was a positive development as women are the main managers of domestic water and sanitation
activities in the home which were the subject of the survey.
The majority of respondents were youths in the age range of 18-35 years, which is consistent with
the relatively youthful population of Uganda. This implies that the information was obtained from
mature, responsible and knowledgeable persons whose reports about the subject matter can be
relied upon.
Household Size
Findings from the household survey indicate that the overall average household size (4.20) did not
vary significantly from that of the 2014 census (4.60). Considering the fact that 2014 Preliminary
National Census results show that the National average household size of 4.7, then the average
household sizes within the project are do not significantly differ from the national average.
Household Earning Capacity (Number of Households that earn an income)

Most households had between 1 and 2 members earning some kind of income. Very few
households had more than two members earning income. On the other hand, few of the surveyed
households across the study areas claimed not to have any income earning person.
Average Monthly Household Income

For purposes of analysis, household income was defined as the sum of income that accrues from
economic activities performed by household members. The average household income has been
used as a surrogate indicator for its capacity to meet domestic recurrent expenditures and sustain
39
investments in water and sanitation improvement. The overall average household income for the
study area is Shs 90000 per month
The Uganda National Health Survey 2009/10 put the average household income for rural areas in
Uganda at Shs 117,200 per month.
The predominant income generating activity of most households was farming as reported followed
by trading and casual labor Other activities that were of marginal significance were government,
shop attendant and boda-boda operator.
Basing on the International poverty line of 1.25 dollars per day equivalent to Shs 105,000 per
month, it can be concluded that less than half of sampled household heads monthly income is
below international the poverty.
Water Supply
Most respondents felt if they were HIV positive, the priority needs for the majority regarding water
would be reduction of distance to their primary water source Others preferred easing the process
of pumping water from source which may have been a major constraint to people suffering from
HIV/Aids. Pumping water from source requires use of a lot of energy that a person PLWA may
find to be a major burden.
Water Vending and Cost of Water Vended per Jerrycan

Research from the respondents showed most Households buy water from vendors. Majority of
respondents spend no more than 500 UgShs while rest spend between (500 to 1000) UgShs per 20
liter jerry can.
Distance to Water Source

The amount of time spent collecting water is a surrogate measure for a household’s access and
attendant consumption of water (Boot and Cairncross 1993). Distance to different water sources
(other than those located within the premises of households) varied across study areas depending
nature of water sources.
40
Overall, most of the sampled households travelled more than 500metres to collect water, which
was uncomfortably within national requirements for rural areas and beyond the national
requirements of 1 km for rural areas
Travel Time Collecting Water from Different Sources

The Travel-time which is the total time to fetch water, which includes time traveling to and from
the source, queuing, and filling containers, should be as short as possible. The survey results Error!
Reference source not found. show that cumulatively, most households spend more than 30 mins
collecting water which is not gratifying as this is not ideal travelling time in Uganda Standards
(MWE
Operation and Maintenance of Community Water Sources

The status and functionality of Water supply infrastructure is critical a determinant of community’s
ability to enjoy un-interrupted access to water for domestic and production purposes. Continuity
of water supply is important because access to an improved water source as and when households
require is a major indicator of sustained water supply and effectiveness of the O & M systems in
place. One of the major causes of interruption in water supply is Supply System break down due
to mechanical or other causes. The survey explored the status and functionality of the existing
improved water sources as a surrogate indicator of the effectiveness of Operation and maintenance
system.
Households were requested to estimate the last time their primary water source ever broke down
and the time it took to fix the problem. The period when break down occurred were grouped into
three categories:
System had never broken down 81%
System broken down over three months ago 0%
Water source had broken down within the last 1-3 months 4%.
Response to rectify broken down water sources

The survey also tried to establish the rate at which responsible authorities responded and fixed the
problem of water system breakdowns
41
Overall findings reveal that in most of the cases where the water supply system had broken down,
it had not yet been fixed at the time of the survey. Going by these findings, one can safely conclude
that Kiduusu RGC have a very weak and ineffective O&M system
These findings suggest the following issues regarding water supply in study area:
a) The low response rate in rectifying defects/fixing water supply breakdowns suggests a poor
and ineffective operation and Maintenance System.
b) Delays in fixing broken down systems could also be indicative of the existence of alternative
water sources that the community feels are satisfactory substitutes to the broken ones as may
be the case in Kiduusu C which was found to have multiple water sources within close
proximity.
c) Low community involvement and ownership of the water supply projects including resistance
to contribute user fees/O & M fees by the community.
Household Water Supply Preferences and Service Levels
For any water supply intervention to succeed, it should reflect the demand and preferences of the
different categories of users often shaped by experience overtime. Most of the households
interviewed preferred piped water system. The respondents were asked to state the preferred
distance from house to chosen water supply systems. There were significant variations in user
preferred distance depending on water supply technology.
4. 2 WATER DEMAND RESULTS

4.2.1 Design period
The Initial Year is 2023, future year is 2033 and the Ultimate Year 2043
Furthermore, in order to cater for any water supply system improvement Immediate measures
which may be undertaken prior to the long term measures being commissioned in the Initial year,
a Base Year of 2018 has been taken for planning purposes. Therefore in summary, the design is
based on:
• Base Year- 2016.
• Initial Year- 2023.
• Future year -2033
• Ultimate Year- 2043.
42
4.2.2 Population growth rate
Kiduusu RGC is expected to grow faster than the surrounding rural areas. It is expected that the
institutional, Industrial and commercial activity will grow at the same rate as the future domestic
growth rate. The adopted growth rate from UBOS and DDP based on The Uganda Population and
Housing Census, 2014 for Buikwe District is 2.33%.
4.2.3 Design population

The population for Kiduusu RGC was adopted from Uganda Bureau of Statistics based on The
Uganda Population and Housing Census 2014. Population data from the 2014 Uganda Population
and Housing Census was obtained from Buikwe district planning unit and district development
plan.
For the schools, religious institutes and hospitals enrolments, field data was picked directly from
the sources. The consumer categories and the corresponding populations got from the survey are
shown below.
Table 4:The consumer categories in Kiduusu rural growth centre and their number
CONSUMER CATEGORY COUNTS (SURVEY FINDINGS)

INSTITUTIONAL Day students + Boarding students +
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS nonresident staff resident staff
Buwundo Scoul P/S 438
Kiduusu Umea P/S 356
Ssunga S.S 35 85
Lindsar blessed P/S 147
Greenland S.S 45 29
TOTAL 1021 114
HEALTH INSTITUTIONS AND Nonresident staff Resident staff +
CENTRES +outpatients inpatients
Kiduusu A health centre 9 4
Mukamamwesigwa …. dispenser 5
Kiduusu C health I 11 4
Market town dispenser 16
TOTAL 41 8
43
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS
Kiduusu Umea Mosque 150
Kiduusu C mosque 40 Mosque Total = 190
Nakyisanja B.A 35
Mehta Pentecostal 25 Churches Total =150
Kiduusu C.O.U 60
Kiduusu C R.C.C 30
COMMERCIAL CONSUMERS Number
Kiduusu market 1 Total market = 1
Kiduusu A shops 5 Total shops =14
Restaurant =4
Kiduusu C shops 3
Kiduusu B shops 6
Restaurant & bars 4
DOMESTIC CATEGORY All consumers are low income earners as per survey
done i.e. earn less than 43,000 UGX (Kigaga & Fracey
2007) being a rural setting.
No of households Population
Kiduusu A 47 231
Kiduusu B 332 1220
Kiduusu C 161 737
Nakyisanja 32 178
Total 572 2376
4.2.4 Un-accounted for water

NRW was taken as a percentage of the average daily water consumption or of water, the UfW was
assumed to be constant and not subject to seasonal variations.
A figure of 20%of total average day demand UfW was used in the determination of the water
demand as recommended by the water supply design manual 2013 to cater for leakage, wastage,
water demand for flushing pipelines, storage tanks and other ordinary internal water works usage
44
4.2.5 Population projections
Projected populations from the obtained population data using a District population growth rate =
2.33% (from Buikwe DDP (2014 census), Area 3.53 km3 and domestic Population 2478 were
generated as shown in the table 5 in appendix 3.
NB: The main assumption in projection was that the institutional, Industrial and commercial
activity will grow at the same rate as the future domestic growth rate.
4.2.6 Water consumption results

The average day demand was calculated by multiplying the unit demand figures of the different
consumer categories with projected population in the future and ultimate year to get both ultimate
and future year average water demand as shown in the table 6 in appendix 3.
With the inclusion of unaccounted for water which is 20 % of the average day demand we got the
total demand as shown in table 7 in appendix 3.
.
4.2.7 Hydraulic peak factors
Peak day factor

To allow for increased demands during these seasons, a maximum day peak factor of 1.3 was used
as shown in the table 8 in appendix 3.
Application of this factor to the Average Day Demand gives us the Maximum Day Demand which
will be used to design the capacities of the water source works, raw and treated water transmission
mains, pumping stations, water treatment plants, and reservoirs.
Peak hour factor

To accommodate the peak hourly flow in the major distribution mains from the reservoir to the
RGC a peak hour factors of 2 based on population was chosen .
45
4.3 SELECTION OF THE WATER SOURCE
4.3.1 Source yield
Two potential spring sources were tested for yield over a period of 4 months.one source is the
Scoul spring source located somewhere in the sugar canes and the other is Katumba spring located
in Kiduusu swamp.
Yield measurement the results for yield are shown in the table below.
Table 13: Yield results
MONTH SCOUL SPRING SOURCE YIELD(L/S)

WEEK1 WEEK2 WEEK 3 WEEK4
Trial 1 Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Tria Trial
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 l2 3
DEC 2017 3.09 3.12 3.13 2.98 2.96 2.98 2.62 2.63 2.63 2.42 2.44 2.43
JAN 2018 2.36 2.36 2.35 2.32 2.33 2.32 2.29 2.28 2.29 2.26 2.26 2.25
FEB 2018 2.23 2.22 2.22 2.24 2.23 2.22 2.25 2.26 2.24 2.31 2.30 2.29
MARCH 2018 2.35 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.56 2.53 2.63 2.66 2.65 2..82 2.79 2.81
APRIL 2018 2.88 2.89 2.91 3.01 2.95 2.98 2.55 2.54 2.55 2.33 2.32 2.33
KATUMBA SPRING SOURCE YIELD(L/S)

DEC 2017 2.45 2.42 2.39 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 2.23 2.20 2.20
JAN 2018 2.19 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.13 2.13 2.18 2.10 1.98 1.88 1.92 1.94
FEB 2018 1.93 1.93 1.94 1.98 1.98 1.97 1.97 2.01 2.09 2.12 2.14 2.13
MARCH 2018 2.13 2.08 2.12 2.24 2.21 2.20 2.34 2.33 2.33 2.42 2.40 2.40
APRIL 2018 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.43 2.44 2.43 2.32 2.33 2.30 2.29 2.22 2.23
46
4.3.2 THE RELIABILITY OF THE SOURCE
The amount of water from the source should be available throughout the year in order to constantly
supply our supply system water demand of the area.
For the two-selected spring whose yield was being monitored research and inquiries were made
about their flows through the year from the reliable locals from the area.
Both source seemed to be quite reliable with the Scoul spring maintain its discharge throughout
the year even during the dry season while the Katumba spring also are somewhat reliable but
though the water amount significantly reduces in the wet season.
4.4 WATER QUALITY RESULTS.
In order to assess the water quality of the possible water source in Kiduusu community, samples
of raw water were collected from two of the sources whose yield and reliability was acceptable
and tested in the Makerere university public health engineering laboratory for quality with respect
to the different parameters i.e. The corresponding results were compared with WHO water
standards and Uganda standards for drinking water quality.
Figure 4:Testing for total phosphorus Figure 5:Testing for physical parameters.
47
4.4.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER
Temperature
The temperature reading was taken for the 1st sample which was 24.30 C.
The procedures above were repeated for the second sample and the value 24.50 C was obtained.
Conclusion
Based on the table below provided for in the WHO standards of safe drinking water, the
temperature of the two water sources is palatable for drinking.
True and apparent colour.
Results
Sample 1
The apparent color for sample 1 was 66 PtCo and therefore, True
color was also 26 PtCo.
Sample 2
The apparent color for the sample 2 was 55 PtCo.
The true color for the sample after filtering was 36 PtCo.
Conclusion
Sample 1 results indicate that the water’s colour is not objectionable and therefore can be
recommended for drinking while sample 2 does not meet the standards for drinking as per colour
48
TURBIDITY
Results
• The button for enter was pressed to set the equipment to blank and then zero.
• Sample 1 was put in the probe and then first value read which was zero,11.
• The procedures above were repeated to obtain the value for the second sample which was 02
ftu.
Conclusion
• The values got was compared with the Uganda standards recommend value which qualified
the water for home use and human consumption but on the condition that it’s further prepared
for safety of human beings without contracting diseases like bilharzia, trachoma and typhoid.
Total Solids, Total Suspended and Total Dissolved Solids
Results
Weight of empty beaker to carry filtered sample 1, TDS, =42.8833g.
Weight of beaker containing filtered sample 1 after oven drying, TDS, = 42.8886g.
Weight of empty beaker to carry unfiltered sample 1, TS, =51.3916g.
Weight of beaker containing unfiltered sample 1 after oven drying, TS, = 51.3969g.
Analysis
Sample one
Dissolved solids = (42.8886-42.8833) = 0.0053g
Converting to weight per unit volume =0.0053X1000/0.05 =106mg/L
Total solids = (51.3916-51.3969) =0.0053g
Total suspended solids = total solids-dissolved solids =106-106 = 0mg/L
Hence there are no suspended solids in sample one.
49
Sample 2
The same apparatus and procedure was used as shown above for sample one from the spring but
with different values as obtained below;
Results for sample two from the well

Weight of empty beaker to carry filtered sample 2, TDS, =49.4763g
Weight of beaker containing filtered sample 2 after oven drying, TDS, = 49.4810g.
Weight of empty beaker to carry unfiltered sample 2, TS, =51.4707g.
Weight of beaker containing unfiltered sample 2 after oven drying, TS, = 51.4748g
Analysis
Dissolved solids = (49.4810-49.4763) = 0.0047g
Total solids = (51.4707-51.4748) =0.0041g
Total suspended solids = total solids-dissolved solids = (94-82) mg/L= 12mg/L
Conclusion
According to Uganda standards, the palatability of water with a TDS level less than 1500mg/litre
is generally considered to be good; a. The two samples of typical drinking water obtained from
Kiduusu provide varying values of TDS levels, the first sample from a spring giving 106mg/litre
and the second sample giving 82mg/litres
4.4.2 Chemical parameters

PH
Results
For sample 1, pH value =7.29
For sample 2, pH value =7.05
50
Conclusion
Using the Uganda standards, the pH of natural potable water should have a pH value ranging from
5.5-9.5. The water from the two sources is recommended for domestic use including drinking as
regard to PH.
Electrolytic conductivity
Results
The electrolytic conductivity value for sample 1 =59.5µS/cm
The electrolytic conductivity value for sample 2 =39.7µS/cm
Conclusion
In accordance with the Uganda standards, it is provided for that any natural water with conductivity
less than 25000µS/cm is recommendable for domestic use.
Therefore, water from the two sources would be recommended for drinking basing on its
conductivity.
Nitrates
sample Concentration
1st sample 3.7 mg/l nitrate nitrogen
2nd sample 2.1 mg/l nitrate nitrogen
Note: Rinse the sample cell immediately after use to remove all cadmium particles. Save the spent
sample for proper hazardous waste disposal for cadmium
51
Conclusion
The maximum contaminant level of nitrate as nitrogen is 10mg/l as per Uganda standards (or 10
parts per million) for safe drinking water hence both samples are not safe for drinking based on
nitrates presence.
IRON
Results
Sample 1=0.2mg/L
Sample 2 = 0.13mg/L
With reference to the Uganda standards for drinking water, a range of 0.3 mg/L concentration of
iron in water is regarded to be safe, healthy and acceptable for drinking water. Therefore, the water
from the springs is acceptable
4.4.3 BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Results
Sample one ( scoul spring)
0.1 0.01 1 TOTAL
Total coliforms 00 00 00 00
E.coli 00 00 00 00
Salmonella 00 00 00 00
Enterobacter 00 00 00 00
52
Sample two (Katumba spring)
0.1 0.01 1 TOTAL
Total coliforms 00 00 00 00
E.coli 00 00 00 00
Salmonella 00 00 00 00
Enterobacter 00 00 00 00
Calculations
Sample one ( scoul spring)

0 ∗ 100
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
0.2
= 𝟎𝒄𝒇𝒖/𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒍
0 ∗ 100
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑬. 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒊 =
0.2
= 𝟎 𝒄𝒇𝒖/𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒍
0 ∗ 100
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒂 =
0.2
= 𝟎𝒄𝒇𝒖/𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒍
0 ∗ 100
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
0.2
= 0 𝑐𝑓𝑢/100𝑚𝑙
Sample two (Katumba spring)
0 ∗ 100
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
0.2
= 𝟎 𝒄𝒇𝒖/𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒍
0 ∗ 100
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑬. 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒊 =
0.2
= 𝟎 𝒄𝒇𝒖/𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒍
0 ∗ 100
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 =
0.2
53
= 0 𝑐𝑓𝑢/100𝑚𝑙
0 ∗ 100
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
0.2
= 0 𝑐𝑓𝑢/100𝑚𝑙
Table of results
Pathogen sample 1(spring) (cfu/100ml) sample 2 (cfu/100ml)
Total coliforms 00 00
E. coli 00 00
Salmonella 00 00
Enterobacter 00 00
Assessment of results
E. coli
If E. coli is present in the water, it means there has been recent fecal contamination and other
pathogens may be present.
According to the EU standard of 1998, the acceptable concentrations of E. coli in drinking water
is 0 cfu/100ml. Both sample 1 and sample 2 meet the acceptable concentrations of E. coli in
drinking water.
Total coliforms
According to the EU standard of 1998, the acceptable concentrations of total coliforms in drinking
water is 0 cfu/100ml. Both sample 1 and sample 2 meet the acceptable concentrations of total
coliforms in drinking water.
.
54
Table 5:Water quality test results summary wet season
Parameters Units Village: Kiduusu A Village: Kiduusu B Standards Verdict

Parish: Kiduusu Parish: Kiduusu (permissible)
s/county: Ssunga s/county: Ssunga
county: Buikwe county: Buikwe
Sample 1: Scoul Sample 2: Katumba U. S W.H. O
spring spring
E. coli CFU/100ml 0 0 0 PASS
Total Coliforms CFU/100ml 0 0 0 PASS
Salmonella CFU/100ml 0 0 0 PASS
0
Temperature C 25.3 24.9 15-25 PASS
PH ----- 7.49 7.33 5.5-9.5 PASS
Electrical Conductivity µS/cm 89.5 59.7 2500 PASS
Apparent Color PtCo 90 78 50 FAIL
True Colour PtCo 36 33 50 PASS
Turbidity NTU 47 55 25 PASS
Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 111 91 1500 PASS
Total Suspended Solids mg/L 0 15 0.0 PASS
Iron: Fe mg/L 0.26 0.18 0.3 PASS
Nitrates-(NO3--N) mg/L 4.3 3.2 10 PASS
Sulphates:SO42- mg/L 2.6 3.3 400 PASS
Table 6:Water quality results dry season

spring spring
0
Temperature C 25.3 24.9 15-25 PASS
PH ----- 7.49 7.33 5.5-9.5 PASS
Turbidity NTU 47 55 25 FAIL
55
4.5 WATER TREATMENT
4.5.1 Raw water treatment
Based on the results obtained in the water quality tests, the raw water did not pass on colour and
turbidity in both the dry and the wet season hence an appropriate slow sand filter was adopted in
the design to cater for filtration of suspended particle and remove the colour.
4.5.2 Storage treatment

Chlorination was the chosen disinfection mechanism for the treated water stored in the tank ready
for distribution. This was because Chlorine treatment is relatively cheap, readily available and
provides prolonged disinfection action
The primary objectives of the chlorination process are disinfection, taste and odour control in the
system, preventing the growth of algae and other microorganisms that might interfere with
coagulation and flocculation, keeping filter media free of slime growths and mud balls and
preventing possible built up of anaerobic bacteria in the filter media, destroying hydrogen sulphide
and controlling sulphurous taste and odour in the finished water, removing iron and manganese,
bleaching
It can also be used for flushing pipeline before it is brought into operation after carrying out repairs
et
Method of Application: Chlorine is preferably applied as a strong solution of chlorine from
chlorinator.
56
CHAPTER 5: DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
5.1 SPRING BOX DESIGN
An appropriate volume for the catchment box that will collect water from any of the selected spring
was calculated using the equation:
𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡.
The following dimensions were chosen considering the standard values, the storage required and
the land available for use
Height = 2 m
Width= 2 m
Length= 2 m
𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 2 × 2× 2= 8 m3

The water from the spring box is transferred to a primary storage tank form where its pumped to
the main storage tank on the hill.
PRIMARY STORAGE
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = maximum daily water yield from spring box in wet season.
Primary storage 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =3.3*60*60*24
=285120 liters
=285.120 m3(we take a 300 m3 capacity tank)
5.2 STORAGE TANK DESIGN

Illustration
Max level=5m
Min
level
57
i) Height above ground level
The minimum head in the distribution mains must be 10-15m
Taking H min =13m
We shall elevate the tank 13m above the ground
ii) Tank type
Since tank is to be elevated, it’s to be made of galvanized stressed steel panel and placed on steel
structures. Recommended shape of tank is circular as per Dwd water supply design manual 2013.
iii) Tank capacity

Required tank capacity= emergency storage +balancing storage
From future year maximum daily demand.
We use max daily demand in future year and ultimate for purpose of phasing of storage tank
consideration
Max daily demand in ultimate year= 516.01m3/day.
Max daily demand in future year=307.761m3/day.
a) Balancing Storage (Equalizing Storage).

In practice, for a 24-hour constant supply rate, the balancing storage volume provided will
be of the order of 30% of the Maximum Day Demand of the area served.
Balancing storage= 30% of max day demand. From DWD manual 2013-page 9-1 chapter 9:2
Future year balancing storage
Future year Maximum day demand = 307.761 m3/day
Balancing storage=30/100 x 307.761=92.328 m3/day
Ultimate year balancing storage

Ultimate year Maximum day demand = 516.01 m3/day
Balancing storage=30/100 x 516.01=154.803 m3/day
58
b) Emergency storage
In practice, no special provisions are to be made for emergency storage in rural areas, except for
institutions or industries which may provide their own emergency storage to safeguard against
interruption of their supplies. (MWE, 2013)
Emergency storage = usually no emergency storage for rural areas
Assume emergency storage = 1m3
Future year storage capacity.
Capacity = 30/100 x 307.761 + 1 =93.382 NB: for this we take a 100m3 standard capacity from
manual
Ultimate year storage capacity
Capacity= 30/100 x 516.01 + 1 =155.803 m3: For this we take standard capacity of 200m3 from
manual.
iv) Dimensions
Tank is circular/ cylindrical since its most economical
v=πr2h for tank h≤ 5 from DWD manual 2013
Using future year capacity;
100=π ×r2 x 5
r= 2.523
D=5.046 Taking D=6m Dimensions; D = 6m for h = 5
59
5.3 TRAMISSION PUMP DESIGN
Reservoir
5m
13m
source 1152m
1299.048
1211.104 m
i) Required pump capacity
Safe yield from the source= 1.56 l/s
storage volume
Required pump capacity= working hours of pump
Using the future year storage volume for purposes of phasing and assuming the pump works for
15 hours and pumping is not done during the peak hours.
Future year storage tank volume=100,000 litres

Total pumping time= 15 hours= 54000 seconds
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Required pump capacity = 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 =1.85 l/s
60
ii) The Total head; (Hp)
Total head= static head + dynamic head+ pressure head
a) Static head
Static head= (level of water in reservoir-level of water being pumped)
Static head = (1299.104+13+5)-1211.048= 105.944 m
b) Dynamic head
This is mainly determined by frictional head losses and the local head losses in the transmission
pipe
Dynamic head= head loss due to friction +local head losses
Dynamic head= Hf +HL
Head loss due to friction
Using Hazen Williams equation, for head loss;
Hf = 10.67 L Q1.85
C 1.85 d 4.87
Where:
C = Hazen William coefficient which is 140 for HDPE pipes,
Q = required discharge through the transmission pipe which is 0.00116m3/s
L = length of the transmission pipe is 1152m
From MWE water supply design manual 2013-chapter 7 Table 7-1

Vrange for a small transmission network (50mm- 110mm) pipes,
Vrange = 0.6 to 1m/s
Taking velocity as 1m/s
Using Q=VA where A= π𝑑2 Q max=3*0.00116= 0.00348 6m3/s
4
0.00348 = 1x π𝑑2 ,
4
0.00348𝑥4
d= √( )=66mm
π
61
choosing HDPE pipes of O𝐷90mm I𝐷73.6mm
Hf = 10.67 x 1152 x 0.00116 1.85
140 1.85 x 0.0736 4.87
Hf = 1.61 m
The local head losses
HL = v2 * KL
2g
• we have 2 elbows in the transmission pipeline = 0.45
• 12 unions of lengths H𝐷PE pipe rolls since each roll is 100m K = 0.04 each
• Exit from pump = 0.5
• Entry into reservoir, K= 0.5
V = 4Q = 4 x 0.00116 = 0.028 ms-1
π𝑑2 π x 0.0736
HL = 0.0282 (12 x 0.04 + 2 x 0.5 + 2 x 0.45)

2 x 9.81
HL = 9.51 x 10-5 m
Dynamic head=1.61 +9.51 x 10-5=1.6100951m
c) Pressure head
The pressure head is zero since we are delivering to an open outlet.
Total head= static head + dynamic head+ pressure head
Hp = 105.944 m + 1.16 + 9.51 x 10-5
Hp = 107.104m
Taking HDPE pipe of O𝐷75mm, ID 61.41mm
Hf = 10.67 x 1152 x 0.00116 1.85
140 1.85 x 0.06141 4.87
Hf = 3.89 m
V = 4 x 0.00116 = 0.0241 ms-1

π x 0.06141
62
HL = 0.02412 (12x 0.04 + 2 x 0.5 + 2 x 0.45) = 6.34x10-6
2 x 9.81
Hp = 105.944 m + 3.89 + 6.34x10-6

Hp = 109.834 m
iii) The pump power and energy required
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦∗𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

Power required = (kW)
102∗𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦∗𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

Energy required= (kWh)
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Assuming a 75% efficiency and taking the

Taking HDPE pipes of O𝑫90mm I𝑫73.6mm
1.85∗107.104
Power required= = 2.59 kW
102∗0.75
1.85∗107.104
Energy required= =264 kWh
0.75
Assuming a 75% efficiency and taking the Taking HDPE pipes of O𝑫𝟕𝟓mm, I𝑫 61.41 mm
1.85∗109.834
Power required= = 2.66 kW
102∗0.75
1.85∗109.834
Energy required= =270.92 kWh
0.75
63
5.4 DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE DESIGN
Minimum allowable head 10-15: take 10 m as Hmin
Reservoir
5m
13 m
H static
1299.098 m
1227.431
Datum
i) max allowable pressure loss in distribution network: (∆𝐇)
∆H = (elevation at reservoir – elevation at last point) – 10 + tank elevation
∆𝑯= (1299.098 – 1227.431) – 10 + 13
∆H = 74.62m
ii) Maximum pressure gradient,
∆H = 74.62
L 2933.565
∆𝑯
= 0.02544
𝑳
NB: For the water to flow, frictional head losses in the pipes < maximum pressure gradient
64
∆𝑯
If Hf < , the pipe passes (pipe appropriate)
𝑳
Using hazen Williams coefficient for head loss;
Hf = 10.67 x L x Q 1.85
140 1.85 x d 4.87
C = Hazen William coefficient which is 140 for HDPE pipes, 120 for GI, 150 for UPVC
Q = required discharge through each of the distribution pipe
L = length of the distribution pipe.
∆H = 74.62 = 0.02544
L 2933.565
Pipes of different sizes were chosen and tested for sections of the distribution mains as shown in
the tables below.
Table 7: Pipe sizing

OD(Outside ID(inside Is Hf/L
PIPE diameter) diameter) Hf HF/L <ΔH/L
160 130.8 2.12900 0.00669 PASS
AB 110 90.0 13.14908 0.04135 FAIL
Q=0.01317 90 73.6 35.02365 0.11014 FAIL
L= 318 63 51.4 201.21762 0.63276 FAIL
CHOSEN PIPE FOR AB : OD 160mm,ID 130.8 mm PN 10 UPVC
160 130.8 2.64819 0.00644 PASS
BC 110 90.0 16.35563 0.03979 FAIL
Q=0.01204 90 73.6 43.56457 0.10600 FAIL
L= 411 63 51.4 250.28682 0.60897 FAIL
CHOSEN PIPE FOR BC : OD 160mm,ID 130.8 mm PN 10 UPVC
160 130.8 3.28506 0.00572 PASS
110 90.0 20.28904 0.03535 FAIL
65
CD 90 73.6 54.04152 0.09415 FAIL
Q=0.011293
L= 574 63 51.4 310.47890 0.54090 FAIL
CHOSEN PIPE FOR CD : OD 160mm,ID 130.8 mm PN 10 UPVC
160 130.8 1.54524 0.00572 PASS
DE 110 90.0 9.54362 0.03535 FAIL
Q=0.011293 90 73.6 25.42022 0.09415 FAIL
L= 270 63 51.4 146.04408 0.54090 FAIL
CHOSEN PIPE FOR DE : OD 160mm,ID 130.8 mm PN 10 UPVC
140 114.6 4.53049 0.00668 PASS

125 102.2 7.91313 0.01167 PASS
110 90.0 14.69647 0.02168 PASS
90 73.6 39.14525 0.05774 FAIL
75 61.4 94.62243 0.13956 FAIL
EG 63 51.4 224.89700 0.33171 FAIL
Q=0.008669 40 32.6 2065.40075 3.04631 FAIL
8 L= 678 20 16.0 66116.48061 97.51693 FAIL
CHOSEN PIPE FOR EG : OD 110mm,ID 90 mm PN 10 HDPE
140 114.6 1.03949 0.00152 PASS
125 102.2 1.81561 0.00265 PASS
110 90.0 3.37200 0.00492 PASS
90 73.6 8.98160 0.01311 PASS
75 61.4 21.71045 0.03169 FAIL
GI 63 51.4 51.60104 0.07533 FAIL
Q=0.003690 40 32.6 473.89169 0.69181 FAIL
6 L= 685 20 16.0 15169.96179 22.14593 FAIL
CHOSEN PIPE FOR GI : OD 90 mm,ID 73.6 mm PN 10 HDPE
66
140 114.6 0.02645 0.00004 PASS
125 102.2 0.04619 0.00007 PASS
110 90.0 0.08579 0.00013 PASS
90 73.6 0.22850 0.00033 PASS
75 61.4 0.55233 0.00081 PASS
BJ 63 51.4 1.31278 0.00192 PASS
Q=0.001132 40 32.6 12.05624 0.01760 PASS
6 L= 171 20 16.0 385.93768 0.56341 FAIL
CHOSEN PIPE FOR BJ : OD 40 mm,ID 32.2 mm PN 10 HDPE
140 114.6 0.03151 0.00005 PASS
125 102.2 0.05504 0.00008 PASS
110 90.0 0.10223 0.00015 PASS
90 73.6 0.27230 0.00040 PASS
75 61.4 0.65820 0.00096 PASS
CK 63 51.4 1.56440 0.00228 PASS
Q=0.000745 40 32.6 14.36710 0.02097 PASS
L= 442 20 16.0 459.91186 0.67140 FAIL
CHOSEN PIPE FOR CK : OD 40 mm,ID 32.2 mm PN 10 HDPE
140 114.6 0.01764 0.00003 PASS
125 102.2 0.03082 0.00004 PASS
110 90.0 0.05723 0.00008 PASS
90 73.6 0.15244 0.00022 PASS
75 61.4 0.36848 0.00054 PASS
EL 63 51.4 0.87581 0.00128 PASS
Q=0.000890 40 32.6 8.04322 0.01174 PASS
2 L= 178 20 16.0 257.47513 0.37588 FAIL
CHOSEN PIPE FOR EL : OD 40 mm,ID 32.2 mm PN 10 HDPE
140 114.6 0.02438 0.00004 PASS
67
125 102.2 0.04258 0.00006 PASS
110 90.0 0.07909 0.00012 PASS
90 73.6 0.21066 0.00031 PASS
75 61.4 0.50920 0.00074 PASS
GM 63 51.4 1.21027 0.00177 PASS
Q=0.000789 40 32.6 11.11479 0.01623 PASS
7 L= 307 20 16.0 355.80051 0.51942 FAIL
CHOSEN PIPE FOR GM : OD 40 mm,ID 32.2 mm PN 10 HDPE
Below is summary of the chosen pipes for the different sections of the distribution network
Table 8:Summary of the pipe sizes for the distribution network
PIPE
SECTION TYPE LENGTH PIPE SIZE
AB UPVC 318.0 OD 160mm PN 10 UPVC
BC UPVC 411.0 OD 160mm PN 10 UPVC
CD UPVC 574.0 OD 160mm PN 10 UPVC
DE UPVC 270.0 OD 160mm PN 10 UPVC
EG UPVC 678.0 OD 160mm PN 10 UPVC
GI HDPE 685.0 OD 90mm,PN 10 HDPE
BJ HDPE 171.0 OD 40mm,PN 10 HDPE
CK HDPE 442.0 OD 40mm,PN 10 HDPE
EL HDPE 178.0 OD 40mm,PN 10 HDPE
GM HDPE 307.0 OD 40mm,PN 10 HDPE
68
5.5 SIMULATION OF THE OF THE WORKING OF THE SYPPLY SYSTEM USING
EPANET 2 SOFTWARE
Steps that were taken in Using EPANET
One typically carries out the following steps when using EPANET to model a water distribution
system:
1. A network representation of the distribution system was drawn.
2. A basic description of the network placed in a text file was imported into the software.
3. The properties of the objects that make up the system were edited.
4. The system operation was described.
5. A set of analysis options was Selected.
6. A hydraulic/water quality analysis was Run
7. The results of the analysis were viewed.
Figure 6: Proposed Epanet design of Kiduusu pipeline network
69
Table 9: Results of the variation in demand, elevation, head and pressure at the nodes during
the peak hour at 13:00 hrs. from the analysis.
Node ID Elevation(m) Base demand(LPS) Demand(LPS) Head(m) Pressure(m)
Junc J2 1261.856 13.17 13.17 2554.95 1293.09

Junc J3 1253.597 1.1322 1.13 2550.56 1296.97
Junc J4 1250.89 12.0378 12.04 2509.89 1259
Junc J5 1239.775 0.745 0.75 2504.69 1264.91
Junc J6 1237.663 11.2928 11.29 2443.02 1205.35
Junc J7 1246.416 11.2928 11.29 2426.97 1180.55
Junc J8 1237.678 0.8902 0.89 2424.04 1186.36
Junc J9 1235.054 8.6698 8.67 2415.14 1180.08
Junc J12 1227.431 3.6906 3.69 2407.81 1180.38
Junc J10 1232.678 0.7897 0.79 2411.11 1178.44
Junc J1 1212.234 0 0 2611.1 1398.87
Resvr R1 1211.104 #N/A -0.12 1211.1 0
Tank Tk1 1312.048 #N/A -63.59 2611.09 1299.04
70
Table 10: Results of the variation in flow, velocity, head loss and friction factor at the nodes
during the peak hour at 13:00 hrs from the analysis Network Table - Nodes at 13:00 Hrs
Link ID Length Diameter Roughness Flow Velocity Unit Head loss Friction Factor
Pipe PP3 170.47 40 140 1.13 0.9 25.71 0.025

Pipe PP4 410.79 125 140 49.41 4.03 109.67 0.017
Pipe PP5 442 40 140 0.75 0.59 11.78 0.026
Pipe PP6 573.035 110 140 36.63 3.85 116.71 0.017
Pipe PP7 269.55 110 140 25.33 2.67 59.54 0.018
Pipe PP8 677.34 110 140 13.15 1.38 17.46 0.02
Pipe PP15 177.96 40 140 0.89 0.71 16.46 0.026
Pipe PP11 306.21 40 140 0.79 0.63 13.14 0.026
Pipe PP1 685 75 140 3.69 0.84 10.69 0.023
Pipe PP2 318 125 140 63.71 5.19 176.55 0.016
Pipe PP9 1152 90 140 0.12 0.02 0.01 0.039
Pump PMP1 #N/A #N/A #N/A 0.12 0 -1400 0
71
CHAPTER 6: PROJECT COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
6.1 COST ESTIMATE

A detailed costing of the design was clearly made outlining the funds to used in each activity. This
was entirely based on the preliminary design carried out. A contingency sum of 10% was added.
Table 11:Preliminary cost estimate for the project
PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATE
Item Unit Band Quantity Unit cost Total cost (UGX)
Spring source Spring box Lump 10,000,000

sum
Raw water storage (capacity 300 cu.m) No 1 120,000,000 120,000,000
Slow sand filtration No 20m2 1.0 12,000,000 12,000,000
Chlorination No 1.0 7,000,000 7,000,000
Raw water storage (capacity 300 cu.m) No 1 120,000,000 120,000,000
TW pump, multi stage, centrifugal No ˂10KW 1.0 30,000,000 30,000,000
TW power supply No 20KVA 28,000,000 28,000,000
Housing Set Staff housing 1.0 50,000,000 50,000,000
m2 Plant housing 1.0 20,000,000 20,000,000
TW Transmission Mains (DI) Km 90mm 1.2 72,500,000 87,000,000
reservoir Capacity 100 cu.m (future year) No Elevation 12m 1 50,000,000 50,000,000
Capacity 200 cu.m(ultimate year No Elevation 12m 1 110,000,000 110,000,000
HDPE PN.6 Km 40mm 1.1 18,000,000 121,000,000
Distribution km 75mm 0.7 38,400,000 26,880,000

system
Km 110mm 1.6 82,050,000 131,280,000
km 125 mm 0.8 98,000,000 78,400,000
72
Public water No - 20.0 2,000,000 40,000,000
kiosks
Office space Sum - 1.0 50,000,000 50,000,000
Equipment/to Sum No 1.0 2,000,0000 2,000,000

oling
Spring source Grand total 1,202,916,000

(+10%
contingency)
Table 12:Operation and Maintenance Costs
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS
Item description Units Initial year Future year (2033) Ultimate year
(2018) (2043)
1.0 Water sales
1.1 Proportion of population served No. 80% 85% 90%
1.2 Population served No.

2478 3928 6986
1.3 Water demand m3/day

218 308 516
1.4 Estimated water sales/month m3/month 6536 9233 15480
Total water sales per month UGX/month 16,340,000 46,165,500 116,100,000
2.0 Energy costs
2.1 General
2.1.1 Pumping rate m3/hr 4.20 4.2 4.2
2.1.2 Daily pump hours run hrs 20 24 30
2.1.3 Daily energy consumption (12KW) KWh/day 138 166 208
2.2 Grid Power
2.2.1 Cost of energy UGX/KWH 550 750 850
73
(2018) (2043)
2.3.2 Total energy cost (Grid) UGX/month 2,277,000 3,735,000 5,304,000
3.0 Asset Maintenance Costs
3.1 Spring source UGX/year 200,000 282,537 355,717
3.2 Pumping stations(pumps, generators, Cps, UGX/year 2,300,000 3,249,170 4,090,743

wiring)
3.3 Pipework (Transmission and Distribution) UGX/year 3,400,000 4,803,121 6,047,185
3.4 Storage tanks UGX/year 2,000,000 2,828,365 3,557,168
3.5 Public kiosks UGX/year 140,000 197,776 249,002
Total Asset Maintenance Costs (Grid) UGX/month 670,000 946,747 1,191,401
4.0 Depreciation (economic life reciprocal)
4.1 Spring source UGX/year 500,000 706,343 889,293
4.2 Pumping stations (pumps, generators, Cps, UGX/year 5,750,000 8,122,925 10,226,858
wiring)
4.2.1 Pipework (Transmission and Distribution) UGX/year 8,500,000 12,007,803 15,117,963
4.2.3 Storage tanks UGX/year 5,000,000 7,070,913 8,892,920
4.3 Public kiosks UGX/year 350,000 197,776 622,505
Total Asset Depreciation Costs (grid) UGX/month 1,675,000 2,342,147 2,979,128
5.0 Chemical costs
5.1 Chlorination UGX/month 1,200,000 1,695,219 2,134,301
6.0 Operator Fixed Costs UGX/month 900,000 1,271,414 1,600,726
7.0 Management Style
7.1 Proposed Split (Operator/Board) No. 0.95 0.95 0.95
7.2 Management Fees (Operator) UGX/month 15,523,000 43,857,225 110,295,000
7.3 Water Board Retained Funds UGX/month 817,000 2,308,275 5,805,000
74
(2018) (2043)
8.0 Operator Surplus (Mgt Fees-Costs)
8.1 Surplus (Grid) UGX/month 10,476,000 36,208,845 97,085,444
9.0 Grid
9.1 Management Fees (Operator) UGX/month 9,952,200 34,398,403 92,231,172
9.2 Water Board (Investment) UGX/month 523,800 1,810,442 4,854,272
10.0 Community Financing
10.1 Proposed Tariff UGX/jerrycan 50 100 150
75
CHAPTER 7: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE SYSTEM
This Chapter presents the general concepts and practices that shall be adopted for effective
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the Kiduusu Rural Growth water supply system.
Operation refers to the procedures and activities involved in the actual delivery of services, for
instance pumping, treatment, transmission and distribution of drinking water.
Maintenance refers to the activities aimed at keeping existing facilities (physical assets) in
serviceable condition, for instance painting of steel reservoirs, and repair of leaking pipes and worn
out pumps.
The aims for doing the O & M for Kiduusu water supply system were:
1. The useful life of the water supply facilities needs to be extended and their service quality
enhanced;
2. The health of the population must be maintained;
3. The quality of the environment must be preserved and protected; and
.
The consequences if O&M is not put into consideration:
1. Intermittent water supply due to wastage and depletion;
2. Poor water quality due to inadequate treatment and contamination;
3. Deterioration of pipes, equipment, and service;
4. Increased cost of maintenance; and
5. Failure to secure consumers' acceptance when tariff increases are needed to sustain viability.
Maintenance of the Kiduusu water supply system is essential in preventing component failure
extending the useful life of the system, and minimizing disruptions in services.
Maintenance of the Kiduusu supply system shall involve the following:

1. Quick repair/replacement of any failed component;
2. Up-to-date training of maintenance personnel;
3. Adequate inventory of parts and tools needed for repairs;

76
4. Efficient mobilization practices in emergencies; and
5. Valve exercising (single most important form of preventive maintenance for reliability of
service).
. Preventive maintenance mechanisms
Preventive or routine maintenance shall involve doing tasks and activities according to pre-
established schedules to ensure the quality and reliability of operating facilities. It is based on
rational considerations such as the manufacturer's recommendations for servicing equipment,
industry standards and practices (which are based on collective experience), durability, and
reliability of the different equipment and their parts and components. Once established, these
schedules need to be kept and the results recorded.
Water quality maintenance mechanism
The sole product of the Utility is water and it is mandatory for this product to meet at least the
minimum standards specified by the WHO.
Periodical sampling of water in the distribution network shall be done.
Should a sample test be positive for coli forms, the utility must immediately have a re-sampling
done and, without waiting for the results, take the actions needed to determine the possible source
of contamination in order to eliminate the cause.
Where the sampling method indicates that customers are at risk of using unsafe water, measures
must be taken to warn customers to take the necessary precautionary measures, such as boiling
their drinking water before using, until there is assurance that the risk has been eliminated.
In case of a second positive testing, suspension of operations shall be done until the problem is
solved, and if this is not possible, it should reinforce its advisory to all customers to boil their
drinking water until they receive notice that the problem is solved.
As part from routine water quality maintenance procedures, readings of chlorine residuals at
different distribution points should be measured on a daily basis, take using a chlorine comparator.
77
Field tools
The Utility should have all the necessary and proper field tools for operational and maintenance
work. The cost of these tools should be considered an investment that will improve maintenance
work and minimize downtime.
Every SSWP must have the following maintenance tools:
• Ratchet threader •Mattock (Piko) and Shovels
• Adjustable wrenches • Crowbar
• Pipe wrenches • Screwdrivers
• Pipe threader • Pliers
• Pipe cutter • Open Wrenches
• Shovels • Saws and hammers
• Crowbars • Bench Vise
Other operational considerations
1. Monitoring
1. Operators must monitor readings on gauges and respond to alarms and warning signals. Failure
to heed these could result in otherwise minor problems escalating into major problems.
2. Operators must be trained to respond instantly to emergencies, and should be given the means
to communicate without delay, so they can call out repairs and inform supervisory personnel.
3. Whenever practical, well output and discharge pressures ideally should be recorded daily. If a
flow meter is not available, the method given in Chapter……. can be used to measure flows from
the well.
2. Emergency Provisions
To minimize the failure of operations during emergencies, the following shall be observed:
1. Reservoirs should never go below half full before the pumps are restarted. If the operator knows
the schedule of a power outage, he must ensure that the reservoir is full by the time the power is
out. For power outages or calamity repairs that could last for more than a day, the operator should
limit or ration the supply of water by valve throttling.
2. Fuel (if used by the system) should always be on stock for at least 2 days of operational needs.
3. The Utility should have an Emergency Plan, clearly designating the emergency team members,
their specific functions, and a backup office or meeting place.
78
4. The Utility should have the contact numbers of those who can assist during emergencies (nearby
utilities, private deep well owners, well drillers, pump suppliers, water tankers, treatment
equipment suppliers, power suppliers, government agencies, etc). The personnel designated to
respond to emergencies should have these numbers.
5. After a calamity, the operator must conduct a field survey to determine damaged facilities and
the extent of leakage, and to conduct emergency repairs.
Records and reports

. For the O&M function, the following records are particularly important and, as a minimum, shall
be kept and available:
1. All pamphlets/manuals of pumping equipment, including pump curves;
2. As-built plans of the system or plans and engineering drawings;
3. Capital expenditure disbursements;
4. Water meter data such as type, when installed, and serial number; and
.
79
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1 CONCLUSIONS
Regardless of the many challenges and setbacks encountered mainly financial, all the project
objectives were achieved which were; To identify the possible water sources, To determine the
water demand in Kiduusu community, To assess the physical, chemical and micro biological water
parameters and To design the water supply system components i.e. pipe network, transmission and
distribution system and sizing the storage reservoir.
Two water sources were identified which were Scoul spring and Katumba spring. Scoul spring
was chosen for our design since it was found to be adequate in terms of yield, quality and reliability
The water demand was found to be 516.010 and 307.761 cubic metres per day in the ultimate year
and future years respectively.
The water quality from the chosen Scoul spring was in line with the Uganda standards for drinking
water apart from turbidity and colour.
The water supply system component design had a storage volume of 100 and 200 cubic metres in
the future and ultimate years respectively, the required pump transmission capacity was 1.16 litres
per second and the pipe network for both distribution and transmission was composed of UPVC
and HDPE pipes of diameters 160 mm, 110mm, 90mm and 40mm.
Finally the project cost estimate was found to be 1,202,916,000 UGX
8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Given that the positive impacts of the project outweigh the negative impacts of the project, its
recommended that funds should be lobbied to implement this scheme and its success will be of
great help to entire Kiduusu rural growth centre.
It is necessary to carry out rain water harvesting in such water constrained areas to supplement the
water supplied by this system to increase water available.
It’s also recommended that further tests be done on water quality to get a more representative idea
of the quality since two tests that were done are insufficient.
Community participation and ownership is highly recommended especially maintenance activities
and reducing the misuse of the system
80
References
Ashbolt, N., David, C., & D'Anglada, L. (2014). Water Safety in Distribution Systems. World
Health Organisation.
Bank, W. (2017). The Demand for Water in Rural Areas:Determinants and Policy Implications.
Oxford University Press.
Brand, A. (2014). Low -cost pump alternatives for rural communities in honduras.
Buchberger, S., Timothy, W., Jason, H., Daniel, C., & Terisheju, O. (2015). Peak Water Demand
Study. Springer.
Falkenmark, M. (2010). The Massive Water Scarcity Now Threatening Africa:Why isn't it Being
Addressed? Springer .
Katz, T. (2015). Making Rural Water Supply Sustainable. UNDP-World Bank.
Kroma, M. ,., Brett, A., & Steenhuis, T. (2007). Analysis of a Rural Water Supply Project in Three
Communities In Mali:Participation And Sustainability. National Resources Forum, 142-
150.
Ministry of Water and Enviroment. (2013). The Water Supply Design Manual 2nd Edition.
Kampala.
Moore,Rod. (2014). Private water Supply. London.
MWE. (2014). UGANDA STANDARDS US EAS 12 First Edition. Kampala: Ministry of Water and
Environment.
pitt, R. (2016). Water Demand and Water Distribution System Design Future Per Capita Estimates
of Water Use., (pp. 1-20). University of Alabama.
RWSN. (july 2009). Myths of the Rural Water Supply sector. Rural Water Supply Network.
Tayong, A. (2002). Spring Water Tapping. Small Commuinities water supply.
WHO. (2011). Guidelines For Drinking Water Quality fourth edition. World Health Organsation.
81
APPENDIX 1: SUMARISED RESULTS
P.O. Bo 7062 Kampala – Uganda Tel: 070669 2503

Cables: Makunika Email: sulabbaale@gmail.com
PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING LABORATORY RESULTS

Wet season
Client: Bbaale sulaiman and Kasozi joseph
Sample Sources: Scoul spring and Katumba spring Sampled By: Bbaale sulaiman and Kasozi joseph
Date and Time of Sampling: 12/02/2018 @ 9:15 am Date and Time of Testing:12/04/2018 @3:05 pm

spring spring
Temperature 0 24.3 24.5 15-25 PASS
C
PH ----- 7.29 7.05 5.5-9.5 PASS
Sulphates:SO42- mg/L 1.6 0.9 - PASS
FINAL REMARKS: Basing on the above results, both samples showed satisfactory physical, chemical
and microbial characteristics which were commensurate with the Uganda national standards for potable
water. The sources can both be used for domestic water supply.
TUTOR: MADAM NAKAZIBWE RITAH
82
PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING LABORATORY RESULTS

Dry season
Client: Bbaale sulaiman and Kasozi joseph
Sample Sources: Scoul spring and Katumba spring Sampled By: Bbaale sulaiman and Kasozi joseph
Date and Time of Sampling: 12/02/2018 @ 9:15 am Date and Time of Testing:12/04/2018 @3:05 pm
Parameters Units Village: Kiduusu Village: Kiduusu Standards Verdict

A B (permissible)
Parish: Kiduusu Parish: Kiduusu
county: Buikwe county: Buikwe U. S W.H. O
Sample 1: Scoul Sample 2: Katumba
spring spring
Temperature 0 25.3 24.9 15-25 PASS
C
PH ----- 7.49 7.33 5.5-9.5 PASS
FINAL REMARKS: Basing on the above results, both samples showed satisfactory physical, chemical
and microbial characteristics which were commensurate with the Uganda national standards for potable
water. The sources can both be used for domestic water supply after proper filtaration..
TUTOR: MADAM NAKAZIBWE RITAH
83
QUESTIONAIRRE FOR KIDUUSU WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
Date: ___________________________________ Time: _______________________
INVESTIGATOR INTRODUCTION:
Hello, our names are Bbaale sulaiman and Kasozi joseph. We are final year civil engineering students at Makerere
university under taking a final year project and we are collecting information on drinking water services in Kiduusu
community. May we please speak to an adult member of your household?
Instruction to investigator: please use pencils and circle the code where applicable and write the answers in legible
handwriting in the spaces provided for responses.
NB: ANSWERS WILL BE KEPT CONFIDENTIAL
Section I. Demographic Questions
1. What is your name?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Gender of respondent
………………………………………………………………....……………………………....
3. What is your age?
……………………………………………………………………………………….……..….
4. Location/ Address:
…………………………………………………………………..……………………………..
5. Type of family
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. a) Number of adult males in the household
………………………………………………………………………………….……,,……….
b) Number of adult females in the household
…………………………………………………………..……………………………………..
7. a) Number of male children
………………………………………………………………...……………………………….
84
b) Number of female children
……………………………………………………….…………………………….…………..
8. How many members in the household are employed?
…………………………………………………………………………………...…………….
9.What is the monthly household income?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Section II. Drinking Water
10. What is your main source of water? Single response
a. Bore well/ hand pump

b. Public tap
c. Open well
d. Household water supply/ piped
e. Other specify ------------------
11.Which of the following sources of drinking water does your household use? (Multiple responses
are possible

b. Public tap
c. Open well
d. Household water supply (piped)
e. Other specify ------------------
12.Which of the following sources of drinking water are available in your neighborhood?
(Multiple responses are possible

b. Public tap
c. Open well
d. Household
e. Other specify ------------------
12 How far (in meters) is the water source that you use?
………………………………………..………………………………………………………
13 How long (in minutes) does it take to fetch water and return home?
…………………………………………………………………………………….………….
14 Who fetches water most often?
a. Adult male
b. Adult female
c. Male child
d. Female child
85
15.Has the water source broken down in the past one year?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. How frequently has the water source broken down during the past one year?
…………………………………………………………………………...................
17. Is the water source fixed promptly when it breaks down?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
18.what is the frequency of cleaning the water source?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19.Generally, how does the water smell?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
20. Is the quantity of water that you receive (from your main source of water) adequate?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
21.Is water available (from your main source) throughout the year?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
22.Which months do you face scarcity?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
23.Generally, does the water have a taste?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
24.Generally, what does the water look like?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
25.Do you pay for water?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
26.How much do you pay a month?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
86
APPENDIX 2: SURVEY DATA
POINT NORTHING EASTING ELEVATION DESCRIPTION

1 40354.573 509758.621 1234.440 CH (0+000) START
2 40376.679 509758.621 1236.574 GL road (R) of pipeline
3 40387.732 509792.003 1237.488 GL left of pipeline
4 40431.945 509803.130 1239.622 GL T junction of road (centre line)
5 40398.785 509814.257 1238.402 GL (Habitants) (left)
6 40420.892 509825.384 1239.926 CH (0+100) (pipe)
7 40442.998 509825.384 1240.841 GL road R(off pipe line)
8 40465.104 509858.766 1241.755 GLT junction 2 left centre line
9 40487.210 509858.766 1242.365 GL left of road
10 40498.264 509892.147 1241.755 CH (0+200) (pipe)
11 40542.476 509914.401 1239.926 GL(metha sugar centre right)
12 40553.529 509881.019 1240.231 GL(metha sugar centre left)
13 40564.582 509903.274 1238.707 GL RCL
14 40586.688 509925.528 1236.574 CH (0+300) (pipe)
15 40641.953 509936.655 1235.050 GL RCL
16 40653.006 509925.528 1234.745 GL sugar cane left
17 40653.005 509836.509 1233.830 GL sugar cane right
18 40686.166 509958.909 1232.611 CH (0+400) (pipe)
19 40752.484 509970.036 1231.087 Sugar cane left
20 40741.431 510003.418 1229.563 Sugar cane right
21 40741.431 509970.036 1231.087 RCL
22 40774.590 510003.417 1228.649 CH (0+500)
23 40818.802 510003.417 1228.954 Sugar canes left
24 40763.538 510047.927 1225.296 Sugar cane right 0
25 40829.856 510025.671 1227.125 RCL
26 40863.015 510040.789 1225.296 T junction right centre line
27 40863.015 510047.926 1224.382 CH (0+600)
28 40929.333 510070.179 1223.467 RCL
29 40929.333 510059.052 1224.382 TREE A
30 40962.492 510070.179 1224.077 TREE B
31 40962.492 510081.306 1223.772 T junction centre line left
32 40940.386 510081.307 1222.858 Sugar canes right of road
33 40951.440 510103.561 1221.638 CH (0+700)
34 41006.705 510103.561 1223.772 SG LR
35 41006.705 510114.688 1223.162 RCL
36 41017.758 510125.815 1223.467 Sugarcane right of road
37 41039.864 510148.069 1223.467 CH (0+800)
38 41117.236 510192.578 1226.820 SG LR
87
39 41095.130 510181.451 1226.210 RCL
40 41061.970 510148.069 1224.686 Trees (begin) right of road
41 41106.179 509858.759 1224.686 CH (0+900)
42 41205.661 510259.340 1225.906 Right entrance to Scoul office
43 41161.449 510270.468 1226.515 RCL
44 41172.502 510270.468 1227.125 Sugar canes left of the road
45 41161.449 510292.723 1226.210 TREES right of road
46 41150.396 510314.977 1224.686 CH (1+000)
47 41194.609 510337.231 1227.430 Sugar canes left of the road
48 41194.609 510348.359 1226.820 RCL
49 41194.609 510359.486 1226.515 Trees right of road
50 41194.609 510403.995 1226.210 CH (1+100)
51 41238.822 510448.504 1229.258 SG LR
52 41216.716 510437.377 1228.039 T junction centre line left
53 41216.716 510426.249 1227.734 TREES(begin) right of road
54 41227.769 510448.504 1228.649 RCL
55 41216.716 510504.140 1228.039 CH (1+200)
56 41260.929 510537.522 1231.697 SG LR
57 41249.876 510548.649 1231.087 RCLs
58 41238.823 510548.649 1230.478 Sugarcane right of road
59 41238.823 510604.286 1230.478 CH (1+300)
60 41283.036 510648.794 1235.050 SG LR
61 41271.983 510659.922 1234.745 RCL
62 41260.930 510659.922 1234.440 sugarcanes right of road
63 41249.877 510693.304 1235.659 CH (1+400)
64 41283.037 510760.067 1239.926 sugar canes end left
65 41283.037 510771.194 1239.926 T junction centerline left
66 41271.984 510737.813 1238.402 End of Sugar canes right of the road
67 41271.984 510726.685 1238.402 RCL
68 41238.826 510793.449 1240.231 CH (1+500)
69 41271.985 510782.322 1240.536 GL left (homes start)
70 41260.933 510882.467 1242.060 GL left (homes end)
71 41260.933 510915.849 1242.670 GL left …………..................
72 41227.773 510849.086 1241.146 GL right Kiduusu pitch
73 41249.879 510849.086 1241.450 RCL
74 41227.774 510893.595 1242.060 CH (1+600)
75 41249.881 510993.740 1244.498 Kiduusu mosque front left
76 41238.828 510971.486 1244.498 RCL
77 41205.668 510949.232 1244.194 Kiduusu pitch right
78 41216.722 510993.741 1245.413 CH (1+700)
88
79 41238.828 511027.122 1245.413 Left road (habitants start)
80 41227.775 511049.377 1245.718 RCL
81 41216.722 511015.995 1245.413 T junction for Kiduusu market
82 41216.722 511060.504 1245.718 Right of road shops
83 41205.670 511093.886 1245.413 CH (1+800)
84 41227.776 511127.268 1244.498 Left of road grass
85 41216.723 511149.522 1244.498 RCL
86 41205.670 511138.395 1244.803 Right of road shops
87 41172.512 511194.032 1243.889 CH (1+900)
88 41205.671 511238.541 1243.584 Left of road (houses)GL
89 41205.672 511249.668 1243.279 RCL
90 41183.566 511271.923 1242.365 Left of road (shops)GL
91 41194.619 511294.177 1242.060 CH (2+000) pipe
92 41205.673 511338.686 1241.146 Left of road grass GL
93 41205.673 511349.814 1240.841 RCL
94 41205.673 511360.941 1240.536 Right of road grass GL
95 41205.673 511394.323 1239.622 CH (2+100)
96 41227.780 511449.959 1238.098 Left of road homes GL
97 41216.727 511449.959 1238.402 RCL
99 41205.674 511494.468 1238.098 CH (2+200)
101 41216.728 511550.105 1236.269 RCL
102 41216.728 511561.232 1236.269 Right of road homes
103 41216.729 511594.614 1235.964 CH (2+300)
104 41238.835 511616.868 1234.745 Left of road health center GL
105 41238.835 511639.123 1235.050 RCL
106 41238.835 511650.250 1235.050 Right of road grass
107 41249.889 511683.632 1235.050 T junction on right
108 41249.889 511683.632 1235.050 CH (2+400)
109 41271.995 511728.140 1234.135 Left road (habitants) GL
110 41260.942 511739.268 1234.745 RCL
111 41249.889 511739.268 1235.354 Right of road GL (Kiduusu bar & lodge)
112 41260.943 511783.777 1235.050 CH (2+500)
113 41305.156 511839.413 1235.354 Left of road homes GL
114 41294.103 511850.540 1235.964 RCL
115 41294.103 511850.540 1236.574 Right of road grass
117 41338.316 511906.176 1234.135 T junction left to buikwe primary school
89
119 41360.422 511917.303 1233.526 Left of road houses GL
120 41349.369 511928.431 1234.135 RCL
121 41371.475 511950.685 1233.221 CH (2+700)
122 41393.582 511972.939 1232.611 Left of road houses GL
123 41415.688 511995.193 1232.002 Left of road entrance to Sunga S.S. Kiduusu
124 41415.688 512017.448 1231.697 Right of road trees GL
125 41426.741 512028.575 1231.392 RCL
126 41415.689 512039.702 1231.697 CH (2+800)
128 41459.901 512095.338 1230.782 RCL
129 41448.848 512106.466 1231.087 Right of road homes
130 41448.849 512139.848 1230.782 CH (2+900)
131 41493.062 512184.356 1229.563 Left of road trees GL
132 41482.008 512173.229 1229.868 RCL
133 41482.009 512206.611 1229.258 Right of road grass (ends)
134 41482.009 512217.738 1229.258 Right of road sugar canes
135 41260.948 512228.868 1228.649 CH (3+000)
136 41515.169 512273.374 1227.734 Left road entrance to lindsar
137 41526.222 512295.629 1227.430 Left road sugarcanes begin
138 41504.116 512273.374 1228.039 RCL
140 41504.116 512329.011 1227.430 CH (3+000)
141 41548.310 510760.064 1238.402 CH (0+000) Start 2
142 41305.143 510737.812 1239.012 Left of pipeline GL sugarcane
143 41305.143 510771.194 1240.536 GL right of pipeline houses
144 41327.249 510760.067 1239.622 RCL
145 41271.984 510771.194 1239.622 Cross road T junction
146 41338.302 510748.939 1239.926 CH (0+100)
147 41393.567 510737.811 1239.926 Left of road sugarcane GL
148 41404.620 510748.938 1239.926 GL right of road trees and houses
149 41415.673 510748.938 1239.926 RCL
150 41448.832 510726.683 1240.231 CH (0+200)
151 41526.204 510737.81 1240.841 right of road trees and houses
152 41493.045 510737.81 1240.841 RCL
153 41504.097 510726.683 1241.146 Left of road sugarcane
154 41537.256 510715.555 1242.060 CH (0+300)
155 41581.469 510726.682 1242.974 right of road garden and houses
156 41614.628 510715.554 1244.194 RCL
158 41636.733 510704.427 1245.108 CH (0+400)
90
159 41658.840 510715.554 1245.413 right of road garden (Bbale’s ends)
160 41714.105 510704.426 1246.937 right of road tomato garden
161 41714.105 510704.426 1247.242 RCL
162 41714.105 510693.299 1247.546 Left of road sugarcane
163 41736.211 510726.680 1248.766 CH (0+500)
164 41802.529 510693.298 1249.985 right of road tomato garden
165 41791.476 510693.298 1249.985 RCL
166 41813.582 510693.298 1249.985 T junction right of road
167 41802.529 510682.170 1250.290 SG LR
168 41824.635 510682.170 1249.985 Maize farm right of road
169 41835.688 510682.170 1250.290 CH (0+600)
170 41879.900 510659.915 1249.985 right of road maize garden GL
171 41868.847 510659.915 1250.290 RCL
173 41913.058 510604.278 1250.899 CH (0+700)
174 41946.217 510570.896 1251.509 right of road maize garden ends
175 41946.217 510559.769 1251.814 T junction to homes right
176 41946.216 510548.642 1252.423 RCL
177 41957.269 510548.641 1252.423 Trees and banana right of road GL
178 41957.269 510537.514 1253.338 SG LR
179 41968.322 510526.387 1253.642 CH (0+800)
180 41990.428 510493.005 1254.557 Trees and banana right of road GL
181 41990.428 510481.877 1255.166 RCL
182 42001.481 510470.75 1255.776 SG LR
183 42023.586 510437.368 1256.081 CH (0+900)
184 42045.692 510415.113 1256.386 Trees and homes right of road GL
185 42067.798 510381.731 1258.519 RCL
186 42067.798 510359.477 1259.738 SG LR
187 42067.798 510359.477 1260.348 CH (1+000)
188 42100.956 510326.094 1261.567 Right of road trees and plantations stop
189 42112.01 510359.476 1263.396 RCL
190 42112.009 510292.713 1263.701 SG LR
191 42100.956 510326.094 1261.872 T junction to homes right of road
192 42089.903 510259.331 1267.054 CH (1+100)
193 42156.22 510225.949 1267.663 SG LR
195 42156.22 510225.949 1267.663 RCLs
196 42112.008 510159.185 1277.722 CH (1+200)
197 42123.06 510125.803 1280.465 GL sugar canes
198 41050.919 510337.233 1213.104 CH (0+000)
91
199 41006.706 510248.215 1213.104 Source of water spring 1
200 41017.759 510259.342 1212.494 Catchment box
201 41039.866 510326.106 1212.799 Pump location
202 41139.343 510303.85 1224.382 CH (0+100)
203 41161.449 510303.85 1225.601 GL Scoul offices right
204 41084.078 510292.723 1218.59 TREES GL trees behind Scoul
205 41139.343 510270.468 1225.601 GL Scoul offices left
206 41172.502 510281.595 1227.43 GL sugar canes
207 41238.82 510259.34 1232.002 CH (0+200)
208 41327.244 510225.957 1239.622 CH (0+300)
209 41426.721 510192.574 1247.242 CH (0+400)
210 41526.198 510181.446 1254.252 CH (0+500)
211 41614.622 510159.191 1263.091 CH (0+600)
212 41714.099 510148.062 1242.67 CH (0+700)
213 41824.629 510136.934 1280.77 CH (0+800)
214 41913.053 510103.551 1286.256 CH (0+900)
215 42012.529 510070.168 1288.39 CH (1+000)
216 42100.953 510047.913 1288.999 CH (1+100)
217 42134.112 510025.658 1292.047 Reservoir location
218 42228.54 510074.14 1278.026 GL
219 42296.53 509702.55 1264.615 GL
220 42291.93 509452.89 1253.338 GL
221 41979.1 509250.36 1238.098 GL
222 41966.14 509710.16 1271.321 GL
223 41956.13 509987.8 1289.609 GL
224 41182.89 509468.48 1279.55 GL
225 41358.77 510078.89 1245.108 GL
226 40754.24 509603.32 1246.327 GL
227 40502.5 509743.09 1240.231 GL
228 40326.42 509657.12 1231.087 GL
229 40018.53 509844.79 1210.361 GL
230 40192.89 510256.64 1234.44 GL
231 40502.13 510742.58 1210.056 GL
232 40722.06 510482.94 1210.97 GL
233 40885.78 510590.23 1207.313 GL
234 41095.21 510462.05 1216.762 GL
235 40976.72 510262.59 1209.142 GL
236 40769.18 510753.71 1204.874 GL
237 40940.41 510996.98 1226.82 GL
238 41015.38 510993.01 1233.83 GL
92
239 41005.28 511330.8 1231.392 GL
240 41053.86 511784.44 1235.05 GL
241 41153.23 512145.37 1225.601 GL
242 41265.35 512452.4 1214.323 GL
243 40616.84 510987.23 1200.302 GL
244 40601.5 511350.16 1203.655 GL
245 40647.52 511697.37 1208.837 GL
246 40750.5 511977.11 1227.125 GL
247 41722.47 512170.09 1203.655 GL
248 41586.14 511854.78 1208.532 GL
249 41500.9 511481.33 1214.018 GL
250 41492.98 511184.48 1233.221 GL
251 41477.96 510739.58 1240.231 GL
252 41796.53 510687.52 1249.985 GL
253 41871.53 511011.33 1240.536 GL
254 42037.19 511454.18 1204.265 GL
255 42223.63 511874.14 1220.724 GL
256 42028.57 510406.91 1256.69 GL
257 42160.58 510657.36 1240.536 GL
258 42428 510915.69 1210.056 GL
259 42239.25 511114.15 1217.066 GL
260 41972.33 511105.16 1237.793 GL
261 42054.45 51082.92 1244.803 GL
262 42267.44 510265.03 1260.043 GL
263 42400.74 510508.12 1240.231 GL
264 42547.23 510823.44 1214.933 GL
265 42191.61 510672.15 1238.402 GL
93
APPENDIX 3: ANALYTICAL DATA
Table 13:The projected populations in the initial, future and ultimate years.
𝑛 = 𝑝0 1 𝑟)
CONSUMER CATEGORY
Initial year = Future year 2013 Water supply de
Base year 2018 2023 =2033 Ultimate year 2043 average day unit d
INSTITUTIONAL CATEGORY
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Buwundo Scoul P/S Day Students+ Non resident staff 438 492 619 779 10 litres/person/day
Boarding students + Resident staff 0 0 0 0 50 litres/person/day
TOTAL 438 492 619 779
Kiduusu Umea P/S Day Students+ Non resident staff 356 400 503 633 10 litres/person/day
TOTAL 356 400 503 633
Ssunga S.S Day Students+ Non resident staff 35 39 49 62 10 litres/person/day
TOTAL 120 134 169 213
Lindasar blessed P/S Day Students+ Non resident staff 147 165 208 262 10 litres/person/day
TOTAL 147 165 208 262
Greenland S.S Day Students+ Non resident staff 45 51 64 80 10 litres/person/day
TOTAL 74 84 105 132
HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Kiduusu A health Center 1 Health Center outpatients + Non Resident staff 11 12 16 20 20l/person/day
Health Center inpatients + residents 7 8 10 13 50l /person/day
TOTAL 13 20 26 33
Kiduusu C health Center I Health Center outpatients+ Non Resident staff 16 18 23 29 20l/person/day
Health Center inpatients + residents 8 9 11 14 50l /person/day
TOTAL 15 27 34 43
Market town dispenser Health care dispensary 16 18 23 29 10 litres/person/day
Mukama mwesigwa dispenser Health care dispensary 5 6 7 9 10 litres/person/day
RELIGIOUS INSTITTIONS
Kiduusu Umea Mosque 150
Mosque's enrolment Friday 168 212 267 15 litres/peson/day
Kiduusu C mosque Mosque's enrolment Friday 40 45 57 71 15 litres/peson/day
Nakyisanja B.A Church's enrolment on Sunday 35 39 49 62 5 litres/person/day
Mehta Pentecostal assemblies Church's enrolment on Sunday 25 28 35 44 5 litres/person/day
Kiduusu C.O.U Church's enrolment on Sunday 60 67 85 107 5 litres/person/day
Kiduusu C R.C.C Church's enrolment on Sunday 30 34 42 53 5 litres/person/day
COMMERCIAL CATEGORY
Shops Kiduusu Market 16 18 23 28 50litres/shop/day
Kiduusu A 7 8 10 12 50litres/shop/day
Kiduusu B 6 7 8 11 50litres/shop/day
Kiduusu C 10 11 14 18 50litres/shop/day
Nakyesanja 4 4 6 7 50litres/shop/day
TOTAL 43 48 61 76
Restaurants & Bars Kiduusu A 2 2 3 4 500l/bar/day
Kiduusu B 3 3 4 5 500l/bar/day
Kiduusu C 6 7 8 11 500l/bar/day
TOTAL 11 12 16 20
offices scoul offices 12 13 17 21 10 litres/worker/day
LC1 offices 5 6 7 9 10 litres/worker/day
TOTAL 17 19 24 30
DOMESTIC CATEGORY
PARISH HOUSE HOLDS POPULATION
Kiduusu A 47 231 259 366 651 40litres/worker/day
Kiduusu B 332 1220 1369 1934 3439 40litres/worker/day
Kiduusu C 161 737 827 1168 2078 40litres/worker/day
Nakyisanja 32 178 200 282 502 40litres/worker/day
wananda 24 112 126 178 316 40litres/worker/day
94
Table 14: The average day demand 𝑛 = 𝑝0 1 𝑟) 2013 Water supply
CONSUMER CATEGORY design manual Average day demand
Initial year = Future year Ultimate average day unit Ultimate
2023 =2033 year 2043 demand Reference Future year (Litres/day) year(Litres/day)
INSTITUTIONAL CATEGORY Water supply
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS Design manual
Buwundo Scoul P/S 492 619 779 10 litres/person/dayTable 2-4 6190 7790
0 0 0 50 litres/person/dayTable 2-4 0 0
492 619 779 6190 7790
Kiduusu Umea P/S 400 503 633 10 litres/person/dayTable 2-4 5030 6330
400 503 633 5030 6330
Ssunga S.S 39 49 62 10 litres/person/dayTable 2-4 490 620
134 169 213 6490 8170
Lindasar blessed P/S 165 208 262 10 litres/person/dayTable 2-4 2080 2620
165 208 262 2080 2620
Greenland S.S 51 64 80 10 litres/person/dayTable 2-4 64 800
84 105 132 2114 3400
TOTAL EDUCATIONAL 21904 28310
HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Kiduusu A health Center 1 12 16 20 20l/person/day Table 2:4 320 400
8 10 13 50l /person/day Table 2-4 500 650
20 26 33 820 1050
Kiduusu C health Center I 18 23 29 20l/person/day Table 2:4 460 580
9 11 14 50l /person/day Table 2-4 550 700
27 34 43 1010 1280
Market town dispenser 18 23 29 10 litres/person/dayTable 2:4 230 290
Mukama mwesigwa dispenser 6 7 9 10 litres/person/dayTable 2-4 70 90
TOTAL HEALTH 2130 2710
2000 DWD
Kiduusu Umea Mosque
168 212 267 15 litres/peson/day Water supply 3179 4002
Kiduusu C mosque 45 57 71 15 litres/peson/day 848 1067
Nakyisanja B.A 39 49 62 5 litres/person/day 247 311
Mehta Pentecostal assemblies 28 35 44 5 litres/person/day 177 222
Kiduusu C.O.U 67 85 107 5 litres/person/day 424 534
Kiduusu C R.C.C 34 42 53 5 litres/person/day 212 267
TOTAL RELIGIOUS 5086 6403
COMMERCIAL CATEGORY
Shops 18 23 28 50litres/shop/day Table 2:7 1130 1423
8 10 12 50litres/shop/day Table 2:7 494 623
48 61 76 3037 3824
Restaurants & Bars 2 3 4 500l/bar/day Table 2:7 1413 1779
3 4 5 500l/bar/day Table 2:7 2119 2668
7 8 11 500l/bar/day Table 2:7 4238 5336
12 16 20 7770 9782
offices 13 17 21 10 litres/worker/dayTable 2:7 170 213
6 7 9 10 litres/worker/dayTable 2:7 71 89
19 24 30 240 302
TOTAL COMMERCIAL 11047 13909
DOMESTIC CATEGORY
PARISH
Kiduusu A 259 366 651 40litres/worker/dayTable 2:2 14646 26050
Kiduusu B 1369 1934 3439 40litres/worker/dayTable 2:2 77353 137579
Kiduusu C 827 1168 2078 40litres/worker/dayTable 2:2 46729 83112
Nakyisanja 200 282 502 40litres/worker/dayTable 2:2 11286 20073
wananda 126 178 316 40litres/worker/dayTable 2:2 7101 12630
TOTAL DOMESTIC
157116 279444
95
Table 15:The total average day demand after
𝑛 = 𝑝0 1 𝑟) inclusion of the un accounted for water
CONSUMER CATEGORY Average day demand Unaccounted for water Total average day demand
Ultimate Ultimate Ultimate
Future year (Litres/day) year(Litres/day) Future year (Litres/day)
year(Litres/day) Future year (Litres/day)
year(Litres/day)
INSTITUTIONAL CATEGORY sum of the average day demand and

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 20% of average day demand unaccounted for water
Buwundo Scoul P/S 6190 7790 1238 1558 7428 9348
0 0 0 0 0 0
6190 7790 1238 1558 7428 9348
Kiduusu Umea P/S 5030 6330 1006 1266 6036 7596
0 0 0 0 0 0
5030 6330 1006 1266 6036 7596
Ssunga S.S 490 620 98 124 588 744
6000 7550 1200 1510 7200 9060
6490 8170 1298 1634 7788 9804
Lindasar blessed P/S 2080 2620 416 524 2496 3144
0 0 0 0 0 0
2080 2620 416 524 2496 3144
Greenland S.S 64 800 13 160 77 960
2050 2600 410 520 2460 3120
2114 3400 423 680 2537 4080
21904 28310 4381 5662 26285 33972
HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Kiduusu A health Center 1 320 400 64 80 384 480
500 650 100 130 600 780
820 1050 164 210 984 1260
Kiduusu C health Center I 460 580 92 116 552 696
550 700 110 140 660 840
1010 1280 202 256 1212 1536
Market town dispenser 230 290 46 58 276 348
Mukama mwesigwa dispenser 70 90 14 18 84 108
2130 2710 426 542 2556 3252
Kiduusu Umea Mosque

3179 4002 636 800 3814 4802
Kiduusu C mosque 848 1067 170 213 1017 1281
Nakyisanja B.A 247 311 49 62 297 374
Mehta Pentecostal assemblies 177 222 35 44 212 267
Kiduusu C.O.U 424 534 85 107 509 640
Kiduusu C R.C.C 212 267 42 53 254 320
5086 6403 1017 1281 6103 7683
COMMERCIAL CATEGORY
Shops 1130 1423 226 285 1356 1707
494 623 99 125 593 747
424 534 85 107 509 640
706 889 141 178 848 1067
283 356 57 71 339 427
3037 3824 607 765 3645 4589
Restaurants & Bars 1413 1779 283 356 1695 2134
2119 2668 424 534 2543 3201
4238 5336 848 1067 5086 6403
7770 9782 1554 1956 9324 11739
offices 170 213 34 43 203 256
71 89 14 18 85 107
240 302 48 60 288 363
11047 13909 2209 2782 13257 16690
DOMESTIC CATEGORY
PARISH
Kiduusu A 14646 26050 2929 5210 17576 31260
Kiduusu B 77353 137579 15471 27516 92824 165095
GRAND TOTAL
Kiduusu C 46729 83112 9346 16622 56075 99734
Nakyisanja 11286 20073 2257 4015 13543 24088
wananda 7101 12630 1420 2526 8522 15156
157116 279444 31423 55889 188539 335333
197283 330776 39457 66155 236740 396931
96
Table 16:The maximum day
𝑛 =demand
𝑝0 1 𝑟)
CONSUMER CATEGORY Average day demand Unaccounted for water Total average day demand Maximum day demand
Ultimate Ultimate Ultimate Future year Ultimate
Future year (Litres/day) year(Litres/day) Future year (Litres/day)
year(Litres/day) Future year (Litres/day)
year(Litres/day) (Litres/day) year(Litres/day)
INSTITUTIONAL CATEGORY sum of the average day demand and Peak day factor = 1.3 chapter 2:4:1 Water
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 20% of average day demand unaccounted for water supply design manual
Buwundo Scoul P/S 6190 7790 1238 1558 7428 9348 9656 12152
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6190 7790 1238 1558 7428 9348 9656 12152
Kiduusu Umea P/S 5030 6330 1006 1266 6036 7596 7847 9875
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5030 6330 1006 1266 6036 7596 7847 9875
Ssunga S.S 490 620 98 124 588 744 764 967
6000 7550 1200 1510 7200 9060 9360 11778
6490 8170 1298 1634 7788 9804 10124 12745
Lindasar blessed P/S 2080 2620 416 524 2496 3144 3245 4087
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2080 2620 416 524 2496 3144 3245 4087
Greenland S.S 64 800 13 160 77 960 100 1248
2050 2600 410 520 2460 3120 3198 4056
2114 3400 423 680 2537 4080 3298 5304
21904 28310 4381 5662 26285 33972 34170 44164
HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Kiduusu A health Center 1 320 400 64 80 384 480 499 624
500 650 100 130 600 780 780 1014
820 1050 164 210 984 1260 1279 1638
Kiduusu C health Center I 460 580 92 116 552 696 718 905
550 700 110 140 660 840 858 1092
1010 1280 202 256 1212 1536 1576 1997
Market town dispenser 230 290 46 58 276 348 359 452
Mukama mwesigwa dispenser 70 90 14 18 84 108 109 140
2130 2710 426 542 2556 3252 3323 4228
Kiduusu Umea Mosque

3179 4002 636 800 3814 4802 4959 6243
Kiduusu C mosque 848 1067 170 213 1017 1281 1322 1665
Nakyisanja B.A 247 311 49 62 297 374 386 486
Mehta Pentecostal assemblies 177 222 35 44 212 267 275 347
Kiduusu C.O.U 424 534 85 107 509 640 661 832
Kiduusu C R.C.C 212 267 42 53 254 320 331 416
5086 6403 1017 1281 6103 7683 7934 9989
0 0
COMMERCIAL CATEGORY 0 0
Shops 1130 1423 226 285 1356 1707 1763 2220
494 623 99 125 593 747 771 971
424 534 85 107 509 640 661 832
706 889 141 178 848 1067 1102 1387
283 356 57 71 339 427 441 555
3037 3824 607 765 3645 4589 4738 5965
Restaurants & Bars 1413 1779 283 356 1695 2134 2204 2775
2119 2668 424 534 2543 3201 3306 4162
4238 5336 848 1067 5086 6403 6611 8324
7770 9782 1554 1956 9324 11739 12121 15260
offices 170 213 34 43 203 256 264 333
71 89 14 18 85 107 110 139
240 302 48 60 288 363 375 472
11047 13909 2209 2782 13257 16690 17234 21697
DOMESTIC CATEGORY
PARISH
Kiduusu A 14646 26050 2929 5210 17576 31260 22848 40638
Kiduusu B 77353 137579 15471 27516 92824 165095 120671 214624
GRAND TOTAL
Kiduusu C 46729 83112 9346 16622 56075 99734 72897 129654
Nakyisanja 11286 20073 2257 4015 13543 24088 17606 31314
wananda 7101 12630 1420 2526 8522 15156 11078 19703
157116 279444 31423 55889 188539 335333 245101 435933
197283 330776 39457 66155 236740 396931 307761 516010
97
Table 17:The peak hour demand. 𝑛 = 𝑝0 1 𝑟)
CONSUMER CATEGORY Total average day demand Maximum day demand Peak hour demand
Ultimate Future year Ultimate Future year Ultimate
Future year (Litres/day)
year(Litres/day) (Litres/day) year(Litres/day) (Litres/second) year(Litres/second)
INSTITUTIONAL CATEGORY sum of the average day demand and Peak day factor = 1.3 chapter 2:4:1 Water Peak hour factors chapter 2:4:2 Table 2:9 Water
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS unaccounted for water supply design manual supply design manual
Buwundo Scoul P/S 7428 9348 9656 12152 0.224 0.281
0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000
7428 9348 9656 12152 0.224 0.281
Kiduusu Umea P/S 6036 7596 7847 9875 0.182 0.229
0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000
6036 7596 7847 9875 0.182 0.229
Ssunga S.S 588 744 764 967 0.040 0.039
7200 9060 9360 11778 0.325 0.409
7788 9804 10124 12745 0.365 0.448
Lindasar blessed P/S 2496 3144 3245 4087 0.094 0.118
0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000
2496 3144 3245 4087 0.094 0.118
Greenland S.S 77 960 100 1248 0.004 0.051
2460 3120 3198 4056 0.167 0.164
2537 4080 3298 5304 0.171 0.215
26285 33972 34170 44164 1.034 1.291
HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Kiduusu A health Center 1 384 480 499 624 0.026 0.033
600 780 780 1014 0.041 0.053
984 1260 1279 1638 0.067 0.085
Kiduusu C health Center I 552 696 718 905 0.037 0.047
660 840 858 1092 0.045 0.057
1212 1536 1576 1997 0.082 0.104
Market town dispenser 276 348 359 452 0.019 0.024
Mukama mwesigwa dispenser 84 108 109 140 0.006 0.007
2556 3252 3323 4228 0.173 0.220
Kiduusu Umea Mosque

3814 4802 4959 6243 0.143 0.181
Kiduusu C mosque 1017 1281 1322 1665 0.054 0.067
Nakyisanja B.A 297 374 386 486 0.020 0.020
Mehta Pentecostal assemblies 212 267 275 347 0.014 0.018
Kiduusu C.O.U 509 640 661 832 0.027 0.029
Kiduusu C R.C.C 254 320 331 416 0.017 0.017
6103 7683 7934 9989 0.275 0.332
COMMERCIAL CATEGORY
Shops 1356 1707 1763 2220 0.092 0.116
593 747 771 971 0.040 0.051
509 640 661 832 0.034 0.043
848 1067 1102 1387 0.057 0.072
339 427 441 555 0.023 0.029
3645 4589 4738 5965 0.247 0.311
Restaurants & Bars 1695 2134 2204 2775 0.115 0.145
2543 3201 3306 4162 0.172 0.217
5086 6403 6611 8324 0.344 0.434
9324 11739 12121 15260 0.631 0.795
offices 203 256 264 333 0.014 0.017
85 107 110 139 0.006 0.007
288 363 375 472 0.020 0.025
13257 16690 17234 21697 0.898 1.130
DOMESTIC CATEGORY
PARISH
Kiduusu A 17576 31260 22848 40638 0.661 0.941
Kiduusu B 92824 165095 120671 214624 2.793 4.968
GRAND TOTAL
Kiduusu C 56075 99734 72897 129654 1.687 3.001
Nakyisanja 13543 24088 17606 31314 0.509 0.725
wananda 8522 15156 11078 19703 0.385 0.570
188539 335333 245101 435933 6.036 10.205
236740 396931 307761 516010 8.417 13.178
98
APPENDIX 4: DRAWINGS
Figure 7: Proposed Kiduusu system
99

Design of A Water Supply System For Kiduusu Rural Community

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MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART AND

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

DESIGN OF A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR KIDUUSU RURAL GROWTH CENTER

BBAALE SULAIMAN REG. NO 14/U/179

MAIN SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of a Degree of

APPENDIX 3: ANALYTICAL DATA...................................................................................................... 94

ADC Average Daily Consumption

BOQ Bill Of Quantities

DWD Directorate of Water Development.

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

MDC Maximum Daily Consumption

MDG Millennium Development Goals

MWE Ministry of Water and Environment.

PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan.

PSP Protected Spring Point.

RWHT Rain Water Harvesting Tank.

RWSN Rural Water Supply Network

TSS Total Suspended Solids

UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics

UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific And Cultural Organization

UNICEF United Nations International Child Emergency Fund.

WHO World Health Organization

WSDF Water and sanitation Development facilities

1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

2.2 WATER SOURCES

2.2.1 SURFACE WATER SOURCES

2.2.2 GROUND WATER SOURCES

ii. Infiltration Galleries/Wells

In Uganda, there are two main types of springs as follows:

• Gravity springs: occurring in unconfined aquifers; and

a) The process starts with the construction of an earth dam

b) Spring water retained by the dam is drained through a pipe.

• Clean up the whole site by digging drainage trenches

2.3 WATER DEMAND

TAC = Total annual consumption

P = Design population for the area to be served

Table 1:Average day unit demand figures

Consumer Type Average Day Unit Water Demand

50 litres/person/day; Low Income Consumers (with limited fixtures, a WC and one

Schools – Day (students and 5 litres/person/day

– In-patients and 100 litres/person/day

Hotels 100 litres/bed/day

Milk cooling 200 litres/day

Livestock Unit 50 litres/head/day

6a.m 12 18 24 6 12 … Time of Day

(a) Daily Peaking Factor

(b) Hourly Peaking Factor

2.4 WATER QUALITY TESTS

Physical quality of water

Bacterial quality of water

• Balancing of variations in water demand during the day; and

• Emergency storage to ensure supply during break-downs or for fire-fighting.

2.7 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

2.8: WATER TREATMENT

2.8.2 Filtration plants

Rapid Sand Filters

2.8.3 Special Treatment

The following methods can be used for algal control