OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

(Uniform Flow)
 Types of Channels
 Open channel flow is a flow which has a free surface and
flows due to gravity.

 Pipes not flowing full also fall into the category of open
channel flow

 In open channels, the flow is driven by the slope of the

channel rather than the pressure
 Types of Channels

 Open channel flow is a flow which has a free

surface and flows due to gravity.
 Pipes not flowing full also fall into the
category of open channel flow
 In open channels, the flow is driven by the
slope of the channel rather than the pressure
 Types of Flows

1. Steady and Unsteady Flow

2. Uniform and Non-uniform Flow

3. Laminar and Turbulent Flow

4. Sub-critical, Critical and Super-critical Flow

 1. Steady and Unsteady Flow

 Steady flow happens if the conditions (flow rate,

velocity, depth etc) do not change with time.

 The flow is unsteady if the depth is changes with

time
 2. Uniform and Non-uniform Flow

1.
 Steady and length
If for a given Unsteady Flow the velocity of flow,
of channel,
depth of flow, slope of the channel and cross section
2. Uniform
remain andthe
constant, Non-uniform
flow is said toFlow
be Uniform

 The flow is Non-uniform, if velocity, depth, slope and

cross section is not constant
 2. Non-uniform Flow

Types
1. of and
Steady Non-uniform Flow
Unsteady Flow

2.
1. Uniform
Graduallyand Non-uniform
Varied Flow (GVF)Flow
If the depth of the flow in a channel changes gradually over a
length of the channel.

2. Rapidly Varied Flow (RVF)

If the depth of the flow in a channel changes abruptly over a
small length of channel
 Types of Flows

1. Steady and Unsteady Flow

2. Uniform and Non-uniform Flow

 3. Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Both laminar and turbulent flow can occur in open channels
1. Steady and Unsteady Flow
depending on the Reynolds number (Re)

2.
Re Uniform
= ρVR/µ and Non-uniform Flow
Where,
3.
ρ =Laminar and= Turbulent
density of water 1000 kg/m3 Flow
µ = dynamic viscosity
R = Hydraulic Mean Depth = Area / Wetted Perimeter
TURBULENT

LAMINAR
 Types of Flows

1. Steady and Unsteady Flow

2. Uniform and Non-uniform Flow

3. Laminar and Turbulent Flow

 4. Sub-critical, Critical and Super-critical Flow
Types of Flows

1. Steady and Unsteady Flow

2. Uniform and Non-uniform Flow

3. Laminar and Turbulent Flow

4. Sub-critical, Critical and Super-critical Flow

 Types of Flows

1. Steady and Unsteady Flow

2. Uniform and Non-uniform Flow

3. Laminar and Turbulent Flow

4. Sub-critical, Critical and Super-critical Flow

 TYPES OF FLOWING WATER AND ITS CONTROL

Critical Section (In uniform and non-uniform flow)

1) If So < Sc, y > yc : Subcritical flow
2) If So = Sc, y = yc : Critical flow
3) If So > Sc, y < yc : Supercritical flow
 Velocity Distribution

 Velocity is always vary across channel

because of friction along the boundary

 The maximum velocity usually found just

below the surface
 Velocity Distribution

 Velocity is always vary across channel

because of friction along the boundary

 The maximum velocity usually found just

below the surface
 GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF OPEN CHANNELS

Type of TOP WIDTH, AREA, A WETTED

channel T PERIMETER, P
RECTANGULAR B By B + 2y
TRAPEZOIDAL B+2my By + my2 B+2y √ 1+m2

Where,
 Discharge through Open Channels

1. Chezy’s C

2. Manning’s N

3. Bazin’s Formula

4. Kutter’s Formula
 Discharge through
Forces acting on the waterOpen Channels
between sections 1-1 & 2-2
1. Component of weight of Water = W sin i 
2. Friction Resistance = f P L V2 

1. Chezy’s C
where
W = density x volume
2. Manning’s N = w (AL) = wAL

3. Bazin’s Formula Equate both Forces:

f P L V2 = wAL sin i
4. Kutter’s Formula
Chezy’s Formula, V  C mi

V w A sin i  1
f P
A  m  Hydraulic Radius  2
P
w  C  Chezy's Constant  3
f
 Chezy’s Formula, V  C mi

substitute Eqn. 2 & 3 in Eqn.1,

V  C m. sin i
for small values of i, sin i  tan i  i
 V  C m. i
 1. Manning’s N

Chezy’s formula can also be used with Manning's Roughness

Coefficient
C = (1/n) R 1/6
where
R = Hydraulic Radius
n = Manning’s Roughness Coefficient
 2. Bazin’s Formula

Chezy’s formula can also be used with Bazins’ Formula

1. Manning’s N
C 157.6
2. Bazin’s Formula k
1.81 
m
where
k = Bazin’s constant
m = Hydraulic Radius
 Most Economical Sections

1. Cost of construction should be minimum

2. Discharge should be maximum

Types of channels based on shape:

1. Rectangular
2. Trapezoidal
3. Circular
 Most Economical Sections

1. Cost of construction should be minimum

2. Discharge should be maximum

Types of channels based on shape:

1. Rectangular
2. Trapezoidal
3. Circular
Q  AV  AC mi
1
QK whereK  A C A i
P
If P is minimum, Q will be maximum
Rectangular Section

for most economicalsection,

P should be minimum
dP
0
d(d)
 A
Rectangular Section
A  bd  b   1
d
A
P  b  2d   2d  2
d
for most economicalseciton, P should be minimum
for most economicalsection,
A 
d   2d 
dP  d  A
0  0 P should
 2  be
0 minimum
A  2d 2
 bd  2d 2

d (d ) d (d ) d2
b  2d or d  b/2 dP
A bd 2d
2
d 0
m    d(d)
P b  2d 2d  2d 2
Circular Section

d
 A
 P 
for Max. Velocity, 0
d
 3
A
d 
 P 
for Max. Discharge, 0
d
 sin 2θ
A  R (θ -
2
) 1
2 Circular Section
P  2Rθ  2
A R
m   (θ -
sin 2θ
)3 d
 A
P 2θ 2  P 
dm for Max. Velocity, 0
for max. velocity,  0  θ  128 45 , d  0.81D,
0 '
d m  0.3D
dθ
A A3  3
Q  AC m i  AC i C d
A
i , C and i are constants 
P P
 P 
 3for  Max. Discharge, 0
A
d  d
 P 
for max. discharge,    0  θ  1540 , d  0.95D
dθ
Trapezoidal Section

for most economicalsection,

P should be minimum
dP
0
d(d)
 A
A  (b  nd)d  b   nd  1
d
A
P  b  2d n  1 
2
 nd  2d n 2  1  2
d
for most economicalseciton, P should be minimum
A 
d   nd  2d n 2  1
dP  d  b  2nd
0 0  d n2 1
d(d) d(d) 2
d
m  and θ  600
2
 Problems

1. A trapezoidal channel has side slopes of 1 horizontal and 2

vertical and the slope of the bed is 1 in 1500. The area of
cross section is 40m2. Find dimensions of the most
economical section. Determine discharge if C=50
 Problems

1. A trapezoidal channel has side slopes of 1 horizontal and 2

vertical and the slope of the bed is 1 in 1500. The area of
cross section is 40m2. Find dimensions of the most
economical section. Determine discharge if C=50
 Specific Energy

v2
Total Energy of flow ing fluid, E  z  h 
2g
w here z  Height of bottom of channel above datus,

If the channel bottom is taken as datum,

v2
Es  h  w hich is called as Specific Energy
2g
 Specific Energy

Q Q
QAVV 
A bh
Q
If disc harge per unit w idth, q   c onstant
b
Q q
V 
bh h
2 2
V q
 Es  h  h
2g 2g h 2
for CriticalDepth,
dE Specific
0
Energy Potential Energy (h)

dh
2
q Es= h + q2/2gh2
where, E  h 
2g h 2

1
 q 2  3 3 q2 3 2
hc     hc   hc .g  q  1
 g  g

Q bh. v
subsitute value q    h c V c in Eqn. 1
b b

 Vc  g h c
for CriticalDepth,
dE Specific
0
Energy Potential Energy (h)

dh
2
q Es= h + q2/2gh2
where, E  h 
2g h 2

1
 q 2  3 3 q2 3 2
hc     hc   hc .g  q  1
 g  g

Q bh. v
subsitute value q    h c V c in Eqn. 1
b b

 Vc  g h c
when specific energy is minimum, Depth of flow is critical
1
q
2  q2  3 3 q
2
E  hc  substitute h c    or h c 
2g h c
2  g  g
3
hc h 3h
E min  h c   hc  c  c
2 2 2
2g h c
2 E min
or h c 
3
 Alternate Depths 1 & 2

Hydraulic Jump

Specific Energy Curve

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