HYDRAULICS

ENGR ADONIS BIBAT

 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
If of oil weighs The volume of a tetrachloride
calculate the following: having a mass of is
Compute the following:
1. Unit weight 1. Mass density
a) 8357.14 N/𝑚 c) 8825.37 N/𝑚 a) 10.28 kg/𝑚 c) 15.75 kg/𝑚
b) 8545.47 N/𝑚 d) 8047.52 N/𝑚
b) 11.23 kg/𝑚 d) 12.61 kg/𝑚
2. Density 2. Specific weight
a) 845 kg/𝑚 c) 852 kg/𝑚
b) 882 kg/𝑚 d) 871 kg/𝑚 a) 8.28 kN/𝑚 c) 14.75 kN/𝑚
b) 9.23 kN/𝑚 d) 12.36 kN/𝑚
3. Specific gravity
a) 0.85 c) 0.56 3. Specific gravity
b) 0.72 d) 0.66
a) 1.85 c) 1.26
b) 3.28 d) 2.47
Carbon tetrachloride with mass of 500 𝑘𝑔 is A certain liquid has a unit weight of 56 .
placed in container with 0.325 𝑚 in volume.

1. Compute the mass density.

1. Calculate its density.
a) 5708 kg/𝑚 c) 3324 kg/𝑚
a) 12.78 kg/𝑚 c) 21.41 kg/𝑚 b) 6578 kg/𝑚 d) 4548 kg/𝑚
b) 15.38 kg/𝑚 d) 18.58 kg/𝑚 2. Compute its specific volume.
2. Calculate its specific weight. a) 0.000175 𝑚 /kg c) 0.000336 𝑚 /kg
a) 10.8 kg/𝑚 c) 15.1 kg/𝑚 b) 0.000547 𝑚 /kg d) 0.000238 𝑚 /kg
b) 17.3 kg/𝑚 d) 12.6 kg/𝑚 3. Compute its specific gravity.
3. Determine also its weight. a) 2.47 c) 5.71
a) 4.9 kN c) 5.7 kN b) 3.63 d) 4.27
b) 3.3 kN d) 7.8 kN
 BULK MODULUS
A rigid container is partly filled with a liquid at A liquid which is compressed in a cylinder
1520 𝑘𝑃𝑎. The volume of the liquid is 1.232 liters. At
having a volume of 1 liter at 𝑜𝑛𝑒 and a
a pressure of 3039 𝑘𝑃𝑎, the volume of the liquid is
1.231 liters. volume of 995 𝑐𝑚 at 2 .
1. Compute the average bulk modulus of
elasticity of the liquid.
1.
Compute the change in volume.
a) 1.87 GPa c) 2.58 GPa a) 4 liters c) 3 liters
b) 1.25 GPa d) 3.35 GPa b) 5 liters d) 6 liters
2. Compute the coefficient of compressibility. 2. Compute the change in pressure.
a) 0.4157 𝐺𝑃𝑎 c) 0.7844 𝐺𝑃𝑎 a) 2 MPa c) 4 MPa
b) 0.6639 𝐺𝑃𝑎 d) 0.5347 𝐺𝑃𝑎 b) 1 MPa d) 3 MPa
3. If the liquid has a density of 1593 , what is 3. Compute the bulk modulus of elasticity.
the speed of sound in the medium. a) 200 MPa c) 300 MPa
a) 1.87x10 Pa c) 3.68x10 Pa
b) 100 MPa d) 400 MPa
b) 2.57x10 Pa d) 4.74x10 Pa
 SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF AIR AND GASES
A gas having a volume of 40 liters has a
pressure of 0.24 𝑀𝑃𝑎 abs at 24℃. If the gas
constant R is equal to 212 , compute
.
1. Density of the gas
a) 3.81 kg/𝑚 c) 4.78 kg/𝑚
b) 2.39 kg/𝑚 d) 5.58 kg/𝑚
2. Mass of the gas
a) 0.452 kg c) 0.152 kg
b) 0.236 kg d) 0.357 kg
3. Weight of the gas
a) 1.49 N c) 2.39 N
b) 1.13 N d) 2.17 N
 SURFACE TENSION
The radius of the tube as shown in the figure is
1 𝑚𝑚. The surface tension of water at 20℃ is
equal to 0.0728 . For a water – glass interface
𝜃 = 0°.
1. Compute the capillary rise in the tube in 𝑚𝑚.
a) 20.8 𝑚𝑚 c) 16.8 mm
b) 12.3 mm d) 14.8 mm
2. Compute the total force due to surface.
a) 4.57x10 N c) 3.39x10 N
b) 5.85x10 N d) 2.45x10 N
3. Compute the weight of water above the
surface due to surface tension
a) 2.58x10 N c) 3.39x10 N
b) 4.56x10 N d) 5.55x10 N
• Find the depression ℎ of the mercury in A pressure gage at elev. 12 𝑚 at the side of
the glass capillary tube having diameter the tank containing liquid reads 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
of 2 𝑚𝑚 if the surface tension is Another gauge at elevation 7 𝑚 reads 140 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
0.514 for 𝜃 = 40° .
1. Compute the specific weight of the liquid.
a) 3.6 𝑚𝑚 c) 6.8 mm
a) 8 kN/𝑚 c) 7 kN/𝑚
b) 5.9 mm d) 4.7 mm
b) 6 kN/𝑚 d) 9 kN/𝑚
• Compute the force caused by surface
2. Compute the density of the liquid.
tension.
a) 756.5 kg/𝑚 c) 815.5 kg/𝑚
a) 43.25x10 N c) 4.56x10 N
b) 856.8 kg/𝑚 d) 12000 kg/𝑚
b) 5.74x10 N d) 2.47x10 N
3. Compute the specific gravity of the liquid.
• Determine the density of mercury.
a) 0.815 c) 0.946
a) 13600 kg/𝑚 c) 14005 kg/𝑚
b) 0.665 d) 0.745
b) 15240 kg/𝑚 d) 12000 kg/𝑚
An open tank contains 5.7 𝑚 of water covered
with 2.8 𝑚 of kerosene having a unit weight of
8 . If the diameter of the tank is 1 𝑚.
1. Find the pressure at the interface of the
water and kerosene.
a) 22.4 kPa c) 25.8 kPa
b) 30.3 kPa d) 29.7 kPa
2. Find the pressure at the bottom of the
tank.
a) 75.24 kPa c) 78.32 kPa
b) 86.58 kPa d) 82.35 kPa
3. Find the total force at the bottom of the
tank.
a) 61.51 kN c) 66.58 kN
b) 53.85 kN d) 55.47 kN
A tank contains oil 𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟 = 0.80, gasoline
𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟 = 0.90 and sea water 𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟 = 1.03. If the
depths of the liquids are 0.5 𝑚, 0.8 𝑚 and 1 𝑚
for oil, gasoline and sea water respectively.
1. Find the pressure at a depth of 1.2 𝑚.
a) 10.104 kN/𝑚 c) 12.379 kN/𝑚
b) 15.754 kN/𝑚 d) 23.674 kN/𝑚
2. Find the pressure at a depth of 1.8 𝑚.
a) 12.36 kN/𝑚 c) 14.75 kN/𝑚
b) 16.04 kN/𝑚 d) 10.39 kN/𝑚
3. Find the pressure at the bottom of the
tank.
a) 28.525 kN/𝑚 c) 21.092 kN/𝑚
b) 16.658 kN/𝑚 d) 23.379 kN/𝑚
A pressure gauge at elevation 8 𝑚 at the side A pressure in a given tank reads 277 𝑚𝑚 of 𝐻𝑔.
of a tank containing liquid reads 80 𝑘𝑃𝑎. 1. Determine the equivalent height of column
Another gauge at elevation 3 𝑚, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎. of water.
Compute for the a) 2.28 m c) 3.77 m
1. Specific weight b) 4.13 m d) 5.78 m
a) 8 kN/𝑚 c) 7 kN/𝑚 2. Determine the equivalent height of column
b) 6 kN/𝑚 d) 9 kN/𝑚 of kerosene 𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟 = 0.82.
2. Density a) 6.39 m c) 4.59 m
a) 756.52 kg/𝑚 c) 815.49 kg/𝑚 b) 5.48 m d) 8.78 m
b) 856.85 kg/𝑚 d) 836.23 kg/𝑚 3. Determine the equivalent height of column
3. Specific gravity of nectar 𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟 = 2.94.
a) 0.45 c) 0.94 a) 2.58 m c) 3.41 m
b) 0.65 d) 0.82 b) 1.28 m d) 1.89 m
The pressure in the tank is 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
1. Find the equivalent pressure head
of water.
a) 108.47 ft. c) 126.48 ft.
b) 120.39 ft. d) 115.38 ft.
2. Find the equivalent pressure head
of fuel oil with 𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟 = 0.92.
a) 120.78 ft. c) 106.89 ft.
b) 125.42 ft. d) 116.48 ft.
3. Find the equivalent pressure head
of nectar with 𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟 = 2.94.
a) 29.87 ft. c) 32.25 ft.
b) 27.45 ft. d) 35.62 ft.
For the open tank with piezometers attached on
the side contains two different liquids.
1. Find the elevation of the liquid in
piezometer 𝐴.
a) 1 m c) 3 m
b) 2 m d) 4 m
2. Find the pressure at the bottom of the
tank.
a) 16.58 kPa c) 12.42 kPa
b) 18.95 kPa d) 21.45 kPa
3. Find the elevation of the liquid in
piezometer 𝐵.
a) 0.258 m c) 0.819 m
b) 0.445 m d) 0.654 m
From the figure shown:
1. Compute the pressure at A.
a) - 7.848 kPa c) - 6.358 kPa
b) - 5.475 kPa d) – 8.545 kPa

2. Compute the pressure at C.

a) 5.254 kPa c) 4.905 kPa
b) 8.784 kPa d) 6.235 kPa

3. Compute the pressure at D.

a) 23.38 kPa c) 25.52 kPa
b) 18.36 kPa d) 21.68 kPa
The container shown is filled with air, oil, and
water. Gage A reads 70 kPa and Gage B reads
14 kPa less than Gage C. If the unit weight of
air is 0.0036 kN/𝑚 .
1. Compute the specific gravity of oil.
a) 0.75 c) 0.88
b) 0.56 d) 0.28
2. Compute the gage reading on B.
a) 75.18 kPa c) 78.78 kPa
b) 68.75 kPa d) 62.54 kPa
3. Compute the gage reading on C.
a) 85.45 kPa c) 92.45 kPa
b) 89.18 kPa d) 87.46 kPa
A conical tank having a radius base equal to 0.25 𝑚
and a height of 0.50 𝑚 has its base at the bottom.
1. If the water is poured into the tank, find the
total volume to fill up.
a) 0.0327 𝑚 c) 0.0047 𝑚
b) 0.0854 𝑚 d) 0.0214 𝑚
2. How much additional water is required to fill
the tank if 0.023𝑚 of water is poured into the
conical tank.
a) 0.0145 𝑚 c) 0.0097 𝑚
b) 0.0028 𝑚 d) 0.056 𝑚
3. Find the height of free surface if 0.023 𝑚 of
water is poured into a conical tank.
a) 0.487 m c) 0.333 m
b) 0.214 m d) 0.056 m
The reading of an automobile fuel gage is proportional to the gage
pressure at the bottom of the tank as shown. The tank is 32 𝑐𝑚
deep and is contaminated with 3 𝑐𝑚 of water. Unit weight of gasoline
is 6670 and that of air is 11.8 . Unit weight of water is 9790 .
1. Determine the gage reading when the tank is full of gasoline.
a) 2365.8 Pa c) 2584.7 Pa
b) 2215.3 Pa d) 2134.4 Pa
2. How many cm of air remains at the top when the gage
indicates full if the tank is 32 𝑐𝑚 deep and is contaminated
with 3 𝑐𝑚 of water.
a) 3.32 cm c) 1.41 cm
b) 1.78 cm d) 2.48 cm
3. Determine the pressure at the interface of the gasoline and
water when the gage indicates full.
a) 1232.52 Pa c) 1564.87 Pa
b) 2145.48 Pa d) 1840.42 Pa
The tank in the figure is admitting water at 100 and
ejecting gasoline (𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. = 0.69) at 52 . If all three fluids
are incompressible and assume until weight of water to be
9790 and air at 20℃ has a value of 𝑅 = 29.3 .
1. How much water is flowing in?
a) 0.01021 𝑚 /s c) 0.05874 𝑚 /s
b) 0.00457 𝑚 /s d) 0.03324 𝑚 /s
2. How much gasoline is flowing out?
a) 0.007698 𝑚 /s c) 0.003365 𝑚 /s
b) 0.000457 𝑚 /s d) 0.012347 𝑚 /s
3. How much air is passing through the vent in .
a) 0.05245 N/s c) 0.00587 N/s
b) 0.02964 N/s d) 0.12757 N/s
In the figure shown, pipes 1 and 2 are of diameter 3 𝑐𝑚,
𝐷 = 4 𝑐𝑚. Alcohol (𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟 = 0.80) enters section 1 at
5 while water enters section 2 at 10 . Assuming ideal
mixing of incompressible fluids and temperature is 20℃
and unit weight of water is 998 .
1. Compute the rate of outflow at section 3 in
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/sec.
a) 11.31 c) 15.45
b) 17.45 d) 13.62
2. Compute the exit velocity at section 3.
a) 7 m/s c) 9 m/s
b) 8 m/s d) 6 m/s
3. Compute the density of mixture at 3.
a) 923.15 kg/𝑚 c) 955.68 kg/𝑚
b) 987.45 kg/𝑚 d) 918.78 kg/𝑚
 BOYLE’S LAW
A vertical tube 3 𝑚 long with one and closed is inserted A cylindrical tank having a diameter of 1.5 𝑚 and a
vertically with the open and down, into a tank of water height of 4 𝑚 is open at one end and closed at the
until the open end is submerged to a depth of 1 𝑚. other end. It is placed below the water surface with its
Assume absolute atmospheric pressure is 101.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎. open end down.
1. How deep below the water surface should the
1. Neglecting vapor pressure, how far will the
tank be placed if the depth of the water inside
water level in the tube be below the level in the the tank is 1.8 𝑚. Assuming absolute atmospheric
tank? pressure is 101.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
a) 0.787 m c) 0.547 m a) 5.45 c) 6.48
b) 0.978 m d) 0.565 m b) 3.35 d) 8.44
2. What is the height of the water inside the tube. 2. Compute the supporting capacity of the tank due
a) 0.452 m c) 0.213 m to buoyancy.
a) 38.14 kN c) 33.25 kN
b) 0.857 m d) 0.056 m
b) 42.87 kN d) 40.57 kN
3. If the diameter of the tube is 0.2 𝑚, compute
3. What is the absolute pressure inside the
the volume of air inside the tube.
cylindrical tank at its condition.
a) 0.0876 𝑚 c) 0.0054 𝑚 a) 184.30 kPa c) 157.47 kPa
b) 0.0478 𝑚 d) 0.0658 𝑚 b) 166.69 kPa d) 175.48 kPa