Elastic and Inelastic

Column Buckling cont.

MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

LECTURE IV

Dr. Jason E. Charalambides

Let's address an example of

a column that is braced
! Bracing essentially
shortens what we address
as the “unbraced length”
" What if the column is braced in
one direction and not braced in
another?
" It should better be braced on the
weak axis otherwise the whole
concept is fallacious, i.e. the
weak axis is the governing axis
therefore the bracing does not
help.

2
Let's see it in an exercise
! Given a W10x54 column of
A992 steel with pin
connection on top and
bottom, height of 15' and
bracing at mid-height on
weak axis, determine the
compressive load capacity
of the column.

Let's see it in an exercise

4
Braced Wide Flange Shape
subjected to axial loading
Problem Statement:
Determine the capacity in axial loading of the given W
shape. The element is pinned at top and bottom with no
intermediate bracing, therefore having an unbraced length
of 15ft in both directions.Use A992 steel
2
Area Ag := 15.8in
Unbraced length on x axis: Lux := 15ft
Unbraced length on y axis: Luy := 7.5ft
radius of gyration y ry := 2.56in
radius of gyration x rx := 4.37in
K factor K := 1
Young's Modulus of Elasticity E := 29000ksi
Bolt diameter d b := 0.875in
Yield Stress: Fy := 50ksi
Ultimate Strength: Fu := 65ksi
Factor of Safety phi ϕ := 0.9

Solution:
1) Determining the governing slenderness ratio

 15ft⋅ 12 in 
K⋅ Lux 
λx :=
 ft 
= 41.19 λx = 41.189931
rx 4.37in

 7.5ft⋅ 12 in 
K⋅ Luy 
λy :=
 ft 
= 35.156 λy = 35.156
ry 2.56in

(
r := min rx , ry ) r = 2.56⋅ in governing radius of gyration (
λ := max λx , λy ) λ = 41.19 governing unbraced length
is not determinant is determinant

The above was already obvious but it was carried on just to "academicallly" justify the numbers
2) Calculating Euler's Buckling Stress
2 2
π ⋅E 3.14 ⋅ 29000 ksi
FE := = 168.529 ⋅ ksi FE = 168.7 ⋅ ksi
2 2
( λ) ( 41.19 )

3) Determining if the buckling will be elastic or inelastic.

 E 
Buckling := if ( λ) ≤ 4.71 , "Inelastic" , "Elastic" Buckling = "Inelastic"
Fy
 
Alternatively we can also follow the process below:

Fy  Fy  
= 0.296 Buckling := if  ≤ 2.25 , "Inelastic" , "Elastic" Buckling = "Inelastic"
FE
 FE  
4) Calculating the Buckling Stress (Fcr) and the load capacity of the section:
  Fy 
    50ksi 
 FE   
 168.7ksi 
Fcr := 0.658   ⋅ Fy 0.658   ⋅ 50ksi = 44.167 ksi Fcr = 44.167⋅ ksi

2
ΦPn := ϕ⋅ Ag ⋅ Fcr 0.9⋅ 15.8in ⋅ 44.167ksi = 628.055 kip ΦPn = 628.051 ⋅ kip

Solution Method 2: Using Table 4-22:

1) Determining the governing slenderness ratio
 15ft⋅ 12 in 
K⋅ Lux 
λx :=
 ft 
= 41.19 λx = 41.19
rx 4.37in

2) Using table we locate the KL/r value

corresponding to the Fy used for factrized critical
stress:

ΦFcr := 39.7ksi

Note: From our previous calculations:

Fcr = 44.167⋅ ksi
Therefore:
ϕ⋅ Fcr = 39.75 ⋅ ksi

3) Calculating the capacity of the element:

ΦPn := ϕ⋅ Ag ⋅ Fcr

ΦPn = 628.051 ⋅ kip

Solution Method 3:
Using Table 4-1 for
W shapes pp 4-12 to
4-23:
Oh you can surely do this too! Yes it
is KLx/rx but all you need to do is
multiply that by ry

λx ⋅ ry = 8.787 ft
Using the above length for the W10x54
we can interpolate the value of 628 kip
Efficiency in Axial vs
Flexural member design
! Here we see four sections of about the
same cross sectional area. From left to
right we see better forms for axial design to
better forms for flexural design.
! See moment of inertia for each.

Efficiency in Axial vs
Flexural member design
! An efficient flexural member will have: d ≫ b f r x ≫r y

rx
! An efficient axial member will have: d≈b f ≈1.6 tο 3
ry

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 Taking Two Shapes as
Examples for Axial Loading
! For the HSS shape @ Fy=42ksi, Lu=15':
Ix
=1
Iy
r x =r y=2.95

ΦP n=236 kip

For the W 14x30 @ Fy=50ksi, Lu=15':

Ix
=14.85
Iy
rx
≈5.5
ry
r y =1.49
ΦP n =not even listed iη Table 4−1, using Table 4−22≈133 kip

In Class Exercise
! Given KLx=30', KLy=15' (column is
braced ad mid height), and Pu=1700
Kips, find the lightest W shape from
column tables.
! We can start by referring to what
would be the most efficient W
shapes:
" W8, W10, W12, & W14
! Note: Since KLx≠KLy a designer has
to start with just an assumption.
" Let's assume that the weak axis
controls:

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In Class Exercise
! Try W14
" For KLy=15' → W14x159, From Table 4-1, → 1810k
rx 30
ft
ft ft
" Transform to KLx → =1.6 → =18.75 >15
ry 1.6
Strong axis controls
" Checking for 18+ ft → Φpn<1700 kip NO GO
! Try next heavier section, W14x176.
rx 30
ft
" Transform to KLx → =1.6 → =18.75 ft >15 ft
ry 1.6
" Strong axis controls
" Checking for 18.75 ft → Φpn=1853 OK
! Lightest W14 is the W14x176.

In Class Exercise
! Try W12
" For KLy=15' → W12x170, From Table 4-1, → 1790kip
rx 30
ft
ft ft
" Transform to KLx → =1.78 → =16.85 >15
ry 1.78
Strong axis controls again
" Checking for 16.85ft → Φpn<1688kip NO GO
! Try next heavier section, W12x190.
" Needless to try because already the W14x176 is lighter!
! Try W10.
" For KLy=15ft → No section with Φpn≥1700kip

! Lightest W section is the W14x176.

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