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Unit IV

NATURE AND ASSUMPTIONS


OF INSTRUCTIONAL
TECHNOLOGY
Nature of Instructional Technology

It is an application of psychological, sociological and


scientific principles and knowledge of instructions for
achieving specific objectives of learning. Its origin is
based on psychological laboratory experiments.

B F Skinner
Assumptions of Instructional
Technology
Assumptions of Instructional
Technology

✦Content matter can be divided into its elements


and these elements can be presented independently
✦External learning conditions can be created by
arranging elements in a logical sequence
✦Appropriate reinforcement can be provided
continuously
✦Students can learn according to their needs and
rate of learning
✦Students can learn successfully without the
physical presence of a teacher
Assumptions of Instructional
Technology

✦ Cognitive objectives can be achieved through


instructional technology

✦ Students get opportunity to learn according to


their own ways

✦ Right responses of students are confirmed by


providing feedback

✦ It incorporates the psychological learning,


theories and principles
NEW APPROACHES OF
TEACHING
Programmed Instruction
(Linear Programming)

• Operant conditioning (B. F. Skinner)


Programmed Instruction
(Linear Programming)
Programmed Instruction
(Linear Programming)

• Human behaviour can be shaped or conditioned

• Instructional material breaks into number of


meaningful small steps (frames)

• The whole instructional material is well controlled

• How ever it is also referred to as extrinsic


programming
Personalised System of
Instruction (PSI),Keller Plan
Objectives

• Help in establishment of better personal-social


relationship between the teacher and the taught

• Individual attention

• Learning with own pace

• Meaningful revision programme


Personalised System of Instruction (PSI)
Elements
Introduction of personal elements

• Learners are served based on personal


capacities, face to face interaction
• Emphasis on personal-social relationship
Personalised System of Instruction (PSI)
Elements
Mastery learning

• Learners goes independently until


complete mastery of subject matter
• Not account of the relative position in the
class
Personalised System of Instruction (PSI)
Elements
Self- pacing

• Own pace depending upon leaners


background
• Related unit test after mastering the unit
Personalised System of Instruction (PSI)
Elements
Provision and emphasis on written work

• Importance on written work than the


traditional methods of instruction
• Study guides are in written form (programmed
text, summarised briefs, design curriculum unit,
self learning module)
Personalised System of Instruction (PSI)
Elements
limiting the use of lecture or oral
communication

• Use of multimedia is encouraged for the


appropriate flow of communication
• Source of learning and inter-communication:
Audio-visual presentation, pictures, models, graphic
material, tapes, films, teaching machines, computers
Personalised System of Instruction (PSI)
Elements

Provision of appropriate reinforcement

• Timely and frequent reinforcement


• No restriction in terms of time schedule or
frequency for taking tests and getting
knowledge
Personalised System of Instruction (PSI)
Elements

The use of proctors

• Services of student leaders


• They are given necessary training for
supervising and guiding fellow learners
Personalised System of Instruction (PSI)
Elements
Reducing the problem of wastage and
stagnation
• Stress is laid down on the acquisition of the set
mastery level by the individual learners
• No time limit is fixed for attainment of learning
• Individual learning is continuous
• No account of failure (annual or semester
examination)
Personalised System of Instruction (PSI)
Elements

Role of the teacher

• Teacher required to provide individualised


and personalised instruction
• Arrange suitable learning material,
learning environment, timely reinforcement
and feedback to all the individual learners
MODULAR INSTRUCTION
Modular Instruction

WHAT IS A MODULE?


A Self-contained, independent unit of a


planned series of learning activities
designed to help the student accomplish
certain well- defined objectives.
Modular Instruction

WHAT IS MODULAR INSTRUCTION?


• Modular instruction may be defined as
instruction which is either partly or entirely based
on modules. Current uses of modules range from
one or a few modules inserted into a traditional
course, through complete course that consist of a
prescribed sequence of modules, to courses that
offer the student the choice of a certain number
of modules among a large set of modules.
Modular Instruction
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF MODULAR
INSTRUCTIONS?
• Purpose of MI is to allow the student to
proceed at his own rate. The belief that
self- pacing is desirable is base on the
generally accepted assumptions that
learners do not achieve at the same rate
and are not ready to learn at the same
time.
Modular Instruction

Another purpose is to allow the student to


choose his own learning mode. Choice among
different learning modes is desirable, if we
assume that learners solve problems and learn
using different techniques.
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
TO INSTRUCTION
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO
INSTRUCTION

The systems approach views the entire educational


program as a system of closely interrelated parts. It
is an orchestrated learning pattern with all parts
harmoniously integrated into the whole: the school,
the teacher, the students, the objectives, the media,
the materials, and assessment tools and
procedures. Such an approach integrates the older,
more familiar methods and tools of instruction with
the new ones such as the computer.
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO INSTRUCTION
COMPUTER ASSISTED
INSTRUCTION (CAI)
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)

๏ Computer Based Education (CBE) and


computer Based Instruction (CBI) are the
broadest terms and can refer to virtually
any kind of computer use in educational
settings.
๏ Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Computer
Aided Instruction (CAI) is a narrower term and
most often refers to drill and practice, tutorial,
or simulation activities
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)

Computer-managed instruction (CMI)


Computer-managed instruction is an
instructional strategy whereby the computer is
used to provide learning objectives, learning
resources, record keeping, progress tracking, and
assessment of learner performance.
Computer based tools and applications are used to
assist the teacher or school administrator in the
management of the learner and instructional process.
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)

A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving


interaction of the student with programmed instructional
materials.
!Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive
instructional technique whereby a computer is used to
present the instructional material and monitor the learning
that takes place.
!CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video
in enhancing the learning process.
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)

text or multimedia content


multiple-choice questions
problems
immediate feedback
notes on incorrect responses
summarizes students' performance
Worksheets and tests.
Types of Computer Assisted
Instruction (CAI)

Drill-and-practice: Drill and practice provide


opportunities or students to repeatedly practice the skills
that have previously been presented and that further
practice is necessary for mastery.
Tutorial: Tutorial activity includes both the presentation
of information and its extension into different forms of
work, including drill and practice, games and simulation.
Games: Game software often creates a contest to
achieve the highest score and either beat others or beat
the computer.
Types of Computer Assisted
Instruction (CAI)
Simulation: Simulation software can provide an
approximation of reality that does not require the
expense of real life or its risks.
Discovery: Discovery approach provides a large
database of information specific to a course or content
area and challenges the learner to analyze, compare,
infer and evaluate based on their explorations of the
data.
Problem Solving: This approach helps children
develop specific problem solving skills and strategies.
Advantages of Computer Assisted
Instruction (CAI)
✦one-to-one interaction
✦great motivator
✦freedom to experiment with different
options
✦i n s t a n t a n e o u s r e s p o n s e / i m m e d i a t e
feedback to the answers elicited
✦Self pacing - allow students to proceed at
their own pace
Limitations of Computer
Assisted Instruction (CAI)

✴may feel overwhelmed by the information and


resources available
✴over use of multimedia may divert the
attention from the content
✴learning becomes too mechanical
✴non availability of good CAI packages
✴lack of infrastructure
LEARNER CONTROLLED
INSTRUCTION(LCI)
Learner Controlled Instruction
(LCI)

Learner takes much interest in learning


the things if he is provided opportunity to
develop his own sequence of learning
Steps Learner Controlled Instruction
(LCI)
1. Decision about the initial behaviour

Provide opportunity to mark his/her own


initial standing in terms of abilities and
potential
Steps Learner Controlled Instruction
(LCI)
2. Decision about setting of the objectives

What the learner wants to study, and where


he/she needs to reach in terms of
educational goals and then to be decided
Steps Learner Controlled Instruction
(LCI)
3. Selection and sequencing of the learning
experiences

❖No fixed pattern of learning experiences


❖Learner can do any activity or experiment
❖Learner may be able to develop his/her own
sequence of learning according to this own
needs, interest and abilities for the realisation
of the objectives
Steps Learner Controlled Instruction
(LCI)
4. Evaluation of the instructional process

➡Engage in self evaluation of their learning


outcomes in terms of the realisation of the
set objectives
➡Teacher helps them in the supervision and
guidance of their practice, drill, projects and
other experimental activities
Advantages of Learner Controlled
Instruction (LCI)

➡It provides better individualised instructions


➡Helps in proper identification of the initial
behaviour
➡Helps in setting meaningful objectives
➡Provides opportunity to develop own sequence of
learning
➡Maintains proper interest and motivation
➡Establishment of harmonious relationship between
the teachers and the learners
Limitations of Learner Controlled
Instruction (LCI)

➡In catering the needs of the individual


learners
➡On account of the role of the students
➡Not practicable in the present educational
set-up

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