OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY Nature of Instructional Technology
It is an application of psychological, sociological and
scientific principles and knowledge of instructions for achieving specific objectives of learning. Its origin is based on psychological laboratory experiments.
B F Skinner Assumptions of Instructional Technology Assumptions of Instructional Technology
✦Content matter can be divided into its elements
and these elements can be presented independently ✦External learning conditions can be created by arranging elements in a logical sequence ✦Appropriate reinforcement can be provided continuously ✦Students can learn according to their needs and rate of learning ✦Students can learn successfully without the physical presence of a teacher Assumptions of Instructional Technology
✦ Cognitive objectives can be achieved through
instructional technology
✦ Students get opportunity to learn according to
their own ways
✦ Right responses of students are confirmed by
providing feedback
✦ It incorporates the psychological learning,
theories and principles NEW APPROACHES OF TEACHING Programmed Instruction (Linear Programming)
• The whole instructional material is well controlled
• How ever it is also referred to as extrinsic
programming Personalised System of Instruction (PSI),Keller Plan Objectives
• Help in establishment of better personal-social
relationship between the teacher and the taught
• Individual attention
• Learning with own pace
• Meaningful revision programme
Personalised System of Instruction (PSI) Elements Introduction of personal elements
• Learners are served based on personal
capacities, face to face interaction • Emphasis on personal-social relationship Personalised System of Instruction (PSI) Elements Mastery learning
• Learners goes independently until
complete mastery of subject matter • Not account of the relative position in the class Personalised System of Instruction (PSI) Elements Self- pacing
• Own pace depending upon leaners
background • Related unit test after mastering the unit Personalised System of Instruction (PSI) Elements Provision and emphasis on written work
• Importance on written work than the
traditional methods of instruction • Study guides are in written form (programmed text, summarised briefs, design curriculum unit, self learning module) Personalised System of Instruction (PSI) Elements limiting the use of lecture or oral communication
• Use of multimedia is encouraged for the
appropriate flow of communication • Source of learning and inter-communication: Audio-visual presentation, pictures, models, graphic material, tapes, films, teaching machines, computers Personalised System of Instruction (PSI) Elements
Provision of appropriate reinforcement
• Timely and frequent reinforcement
• No restriction in terms of time schedule or frequency for taking tests and getting knowledge Personalised System of Instruction (PSI) Elements
The use of proctors
• Services of student leaders
• They are given necessary training for supervising and guiding fellow learners Personalised System of Instruction (PSI) Elements Reducing the problem of wastage and stagnation • Stress is laid down on the acquisition of the set mastery level by the individual learners • No time limit is fixed for attainment of learning • Individual learning is continuous • No account of failure (annual or semester examination) Personalised System of Instruction (PSI) Elements
Role of the teacher
• Teacher required to provide individualised
and personalised instruction • Arrange suitable learning material, learning environment, timely reinforcement and feedback to all the individual learners MODULAR INSTRUCTION Modular Instruction
WHAT IS A MODULE?
A Self-contained, independent unit of a
planned series of learning activities designed to help the student accomplish certain well- defined objectives. Modular Instruction
WHAT IS MODULAR INSTRUCTION?
• Modular instruction may be defined as instruction which is either partly or entirely based on modules. Current uses of modules range from one or a few modules inserted into a traditional course, through complete course that consist of a prescribed sequence of modules, to courses that offer the student the choice of a certain number of modules among a large set of modules. Modular Instruction WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF MODULAR INSTRUCTIONS? • Purpose of MI is to allow the student to proceed at his own rate. The belief that self- pacing is desirable is base on the generally accepted assumptions that learners do not achieve at the same rate and are not ready to learn at the same time. Modular Instruction
Another purpose is to allow the student to
choose his own learning mode. Choice among different learning modes is desirable, if we assume that learners solve problems and learn using different techniques. SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO INSTRUCTION SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO INSTRUCTION
The systems approach views the entire educational
program as a system of closely interrelated parts. It is an orchestrated learning pattern with all parts harmoniously integrated into the whole: the school, the teacher, the students, the objectives, the media, the materials, and assessment tools and procedures. Such an approach integrates the older, more familiar methods and tools of instruction with the new ones such as the computer. SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO INSTRUCTION COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION (CAI) Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
๏ Computer Based Education (CBE) and
computer Based Instruction (CBI) are the broadest terms and can refer to virtually any kind of computer use in educational settings. ๏ Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) is a narrower term and most often refers to drill and practice, tutorial, or simulation activities Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
Computer-managed instruction (CMI)
Computer-managed instruction is an instructional strategy whereby the computer is used to provide learning objectives, learning resources, record keeping, progress tracking, and assessment of learner performance. Computer based tools and applications are used to assist the teacher or school administrator in the management of the learner and instructional process. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving
interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. !Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. !CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning process. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
text or multimedia content
multiple-choice questions problems immediate feedback notes on incorrect responses summarizes students' performance Worksheets and tests. Types of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
Drill-and-practice: Drill and practice provide
opportunities or students to repeatedly practice the skills that have previously been presented and that further practice is necessary for mastery. Tutorial: Tutorial activity includes both the presentation of information and its extension into different forms of work, including drill and practice, games and simulation. Games: Game software often creates a contest to achieve the highest score and either beat others or beat the computer. Types of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Simulation: Simulation software can provide an approximation of reality that does not require the expense of real life or its risks. Discovery: Discovery approach provides a large database of information specific to a course or content area and challenges the learner to analyze, compare, infer and evaluate based on their explorations of the data. Problem Solving: This approach helps children develop specific problem solving skills and strategies. Advantages of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) ✦one-to-one interaction ✦great motivator ✦freedom to experiment with different options ✦i n s t a n t a n e o u s r e s p o n s e / i m m e d i a t e feedback to the answers elicited ✦Self pacing - allow students to proceed at their own pace Limitations of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
✴may feel overwhelmed by the information and
resources available ✴over use of multimedia may divert the attention from the content ✴learning becomes too mechanical ✴non availability of good CAI packages ✴lack of infrastructure LEARNER CONTROLLED INSTRUCTION(LCI) Learner Controlled Instruction (LCI)
Learner takes much interest in learning
the things if he is provided opportunity to develop his own sequence of learning Steps Learner Controlled Instruction (LCI) 1. Decision about the initial behaviour
Provide opportunity to mark his/her own
initial standing in terms of abilities and potential Steps Learner Controlled Instruction (LCI) 2. Decision about setting of the objectives
What the learner wants to study, and where
he/she needs to reach in terms of educational goals and then to be decided Steps Learner Controlled Instruction (LCI) 3. Selection and sequencing of the learning experiences
❖No fixed pattern of learning experiences
❖Learner can do any activity or experiment ❖Learner may be able to develop his/her own sequence of learning according to this own needs, interest and abilities for the realisation of the objectives Steps Learner Controlled Instruction (LCI) 4. Evaluation of the instructional process
➡Engage in self evaluation of their learning
outcomes in terms of the realisation of the set objectives ➡Teacher helps them in the supervision and guidance of their practice, drill, projects and other experimental activities Advantages of Learner Controlled Instruction (LCI)
➡It provides better individualised instructions
➡Helps in proper identification of the initial behaviour ➡Helps in setting meaningful objectives ➡Provides opportunity to develop own sequence of learning ➡Maintains proper interest and motivation ➡Establishment of harmonious relationship between the teachers and the learners Limitations of Learner Controlled Instruction (LCI)
➡In catering the needs of the individual
learners ➡On account of the role of the students ➡Not practicable in the present educational set-up