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Proposal Format
1. Name of the Students : (a) Ms. Deborah Joseph
(b) Mr. Kaushik Changmai
(c) Mr. MD Akil Ahmed
Unique features of the project : The vehicle will fly depending only upon the forces
exerted by the pilot (pedaling) without the aid of
an engine or any propulsive device.
1. Declaration
We will take up this project if selected, for FAER Scholar Project only and will not submit
this to any other contest.
Signature of Students
Signature of Principal
Date:
Annexure I
The basic concept of the project is to materialize the idea of a flying vehicle that is
powered only by human force and no other propulsive device (such as engine) is used. By the use
of pedals, the effort put in by the pilot is transmitted to the wings that provide the force required
for the upward and forward motion of the vehicle. To start off the project, miniature models of the
various insects whose flying mechanisms would be adapted for the project will be made with the
aid of microprocessors. The mechanism that is apt to fulfill the all requirements would then be
used for the final project.
1. To design a human powered flying vehicle inspired by the tiny insects of our
nature.
2. To make it useful for disaster management and to provide first aids in case of emergencies.
3. To enable easy human flight.
4. To enable easier transportation.
5. To avoid accidents caused due to excess traffic on the roads.
6. To provide a pollution free mode of transportation.
Annexure II
There are five successful existing models of ‘Human Powered Helicopter’. Da Vinci
III was developed in 1989 in the California Polytechnic State University; it flew for 7.1
seconds and reached a height of 20 cm on December 10, 1989. Yuri I was built by the
Nihon Aero Student Group in 1994. It achieved a height of 20 cm for 19.46 seconds.
At the University of Maryland team Gamera was formed in the year 2008 to explore
the possibilities of a Human Powered Helicopter. In the year 2015 they set a record of
flight duration of 97.5 seconds. One of the most significant parts of Gamera is the addition
of hand cranks along with the more conventional foot cranks. This increases the amount of
energy not by extending the duration of input (like in other human powered vehicles) but
by engaging more muscle mass. The rotor momentum was used to get the first order
estimate of what the ratio of pilot weight to vehicle weight should be for minimum pilot
specific power required. The obtained value was,
WP/WV= 2
The winch drive transmission concept was adapted by this model. This system transmits
power from the cockpit to the rotors by the spooling of four high strength Spectra cords. A
single cord is wrapped around each of the four rotor-side pulleys which are mounted to the
rotor shafts. Enough string is used to allow the desired flight time, amounting to over 150
m (500 ft) for a full 60 seconds. When the pilot pedals and turns the hand cranks—which
deliver power to the feet by means of a synchronous chain—the pilot side pulley spools in
all four cords. Torque is transferred to the four rotors as the cords are spooled in by the
pilot. The cords are directed into the cockpit from the main airframe structure by a series of
lightweight redirecting pulleys. A flywheel is added which is sized with enough inertia to
smooth the pilot motion at full power output. Cockpit has been desgined to be both
comfortable to the pilot and stiff in structure. Adapting the filament-wound truss concept to
the load carrying members of the cockpit has allowed stiffness to be maximized while
maintaining low weight and without impacting the motion of the pilot. To increase the
stiffness in this critical area, the Gamera II cockpit is built around a 3D box truss that
creates a rigid link between the bearings of the pilot hand and foot cranks. From this core
structure, several 3D truss members form the rest of the cockpit, connecting the
transmission to the pilot seat and the main airframe. The connection to the airframe
consists of three clevis fasteners, allowing the cockpit to be removed for transportation.
The cockpit features several attachment points for guy lines which extend outboard and
connect to the airframe structure. These wires add support against lateral deflection,
reducing the energy wasted on undesired motion. Gamera II proved to be a huge success.
On 24 June 2012, Upturn was flown for 10 seconds up to around 2 ft. by the NTS
Works. Atlas became the fifth human powered helicopter to fly. It was developed by
AeroVelo, a start-up founded by University of Toronto. It flew up to 3.3 meters for 87
seconds. The final design of the Atlas is a quad-rotor design similar to the most successful
helicopters before, with each rotor 10 m in radius. Both the rotors and large but lightweight
overall truss structure make extensive use of wire-bracing, resulting in a more optimal
design. Atlas therefore has a substantial size advantage over the Gamera II, the current
record holder. In fact, per pilot mass the Atlas requires 25% less power for flight. In
addition, the Atlas’ pilot Todd has 15% more power output than any of Gamera’s pilots.
With the final weight known and the power requirement of Atlas experimentally
determined, our simulations show that not only the Sikorsky Prize, but unbelievable
duration of up to 4 minutes is possible! All these models function with the aid of rotors
such as in actual helicopters.
UTIAS Snowbird became the first ever human-powered ornithopter, it was built
as a project by University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies. Since the first
design of human- powered ornithopter by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1485, various attempts
have been made to make a working model of the same. Snowbird set the record of 19.3
sec on 20 August, 2010. A total of 16 flaps were used on the run to maintain height. The
cruise speed was averaged to be 25.6 km/h with a range of 0.145 km and an endurance
of 19.3 sec. The Snowbird weighs just 94 lbs. and has a wing span of 32 meters (105
feet). Although its wingspan is comparable to that of a Boeing 737, the Snowbird weighs
less than all of the pillows on board. Pilot Reichert lost 18 lbs. of body weight this past
summer to facilitate flying the aircraft.
Annexure III
Approach
Nature has always been an inspiration to mankind to discover what science and
technology could do. The strife to bring to life a human powered flying vehicle has been
continuing since the very first sketch drawn by Leonardo Da Vinci back in 1485. From
1989 incessant efforts have been made to explore further, invent and to improve the
existing models of the Human-Powered Vehicles. Da Vinci III, Yuri I, Gamera, Up-turn
and Atlas are all Human-Powered Helicopters that basically follow the mechanism of
choppers, i.e., the rotating blades to generate the required forces. In 2010, Snowbird was
brought to action with flapping wings thus becoming the first successful Human-Powered
Ornithopter.
The major objective of this particular project is to mimic the flight of an insect.
Insects dominate the flying world not just because of their efficient flight but also due to
the complex flight mechanism that varies from insect to insect. The most primitive flying
insects are dragonfly, damselfly and mayfly and they have what is called, ‘Direct
Musculature’ or ‘Direct Flight Muscles’ while the advanced flying insects possess
‘Indirect Flight Muscles.’ In both these cases, Indirect Dorso-Ventral Muscles produce the
up-stroke but in the primitive orders, muscles are attached directly to the base of the wing
to produce the down-stroke; however in advanced flying insects, both the up-stroke and
down-stroke are produced by indirect muscles through distortion of the thoracic cuticle.
The insect asynchronous flight muscles have the property of being stretch-activated i.e.,
when they stretch, they contract. When the pivot point of the wing is pulled down, it gives
the up-stoke and when it is pushed up it gives the down-stroke. The muscles that cause the
up-storke are called the vertical muscles, when these muscles contract or shorten then two
actions occur simultaneously; one, these muscles bulge out and they pull down on the
wing causing the up-stroke. When these muscles are shortened, they stop contracting and
this bulges the body of the insect. The other set of muscles are called the horizontal
muscles that run the length of the body of the insect. When these muscles contract or
shorten because the horizontal body of the insect to shorten or bulge out which causes the
top part of the insect body to push up. This upward movement not only pushes the top of
the body up but also the base of the wings.
The vehicle is entirely modeled keeping the shape of the dragonfly’s body in mind.
To ensure that the surface of the main body would be capable to hold up the weight of the
pilot and the wings attached to it along with the additional components, the dodecahedral
dodeca
shape will be adopted. The wings will be modeled by mimicking that of the dragonfly by
scaling it up to the dimensions required according to the size of the main body. The vehicle
will be designed using software such as CAD, CATIA and ANSYS CFD.
Construction
- 25,000 -
(e) Contingencies
- - -
(g) Others (Pl. specify)
References
[1] Flight Mechanics of a dragonfly. Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Engineering, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan .
[2] Design and Development of ATLAS Human- Powered Helicopter. AeroVelo Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada
[3] Human Powered Helicopter: A program for Design and Construction ,Scott Alan Bruce, June. 1991
[4] Aspects of Flight Mechanics in Anisopterous Dragonflie, A.C Neville, Zoology Department, Imperial College,
London and Zoophysiological Department, University of Copenhagen, Denmak.
[5] Design Optimization of Gamera II: A Human Powered Helicopter. Alfred Gessow Rotorcraft Center,
Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park.
[6] Structural Analysis of a Dragonfly Wings Experimental Mechanics, Volume 50, Issue 9
[7] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFPk1QqRixc; Architecture of a Dragonfly Wing
[8] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJJowVxiaRU; Investigating the Secrets of a Dragonfly Wing
[9] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCekEHI82oA; Animal Flight: Wing Structures and Wingbeat
Mechanisms.
[10] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNdTt-ZNndA; Dragonfly Vortex Formation during Flight.
DECLARATION / UNDERTAKING
This is to certify that Ms. DEBORAH JOSEPH, Mr. KAUSHIK CHANGMAI, Mr. MD AKIL
AHMED, are bonafide students of final year B.E Aeronautical Engineering of our college. If the
proposal is selected by FAER, we will provide the requisite laboratory/computer support in our college.