FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC McDuffie.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the new
EMILIO AGUINALDO (1899-1901)
 Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12
1898
 In December 1898, Spain sold the Philippines to the
United States (Treaty of Paris), making the United
States formally the Philippines colonial power.
 Establishment of the first Philippine republic or the
Malolos Republic, making Aguinaldo the first
president in the Philippines until 1901 when he was
captured by U.S in Isabela.
 The U.S abolished the first republic which led on
American governor general (William Howard Taft)
to exercise executive power.
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (American Period)
The Commonwealth era is the 10 year transitional period
in Philippine history from 1935 to 1945 in preparation
for independence from the United States as provided for
under the Philippine Independence Act or more
popularly known as the Tydings-McDuffie Law. The
Commonwealth era was interrupted when the Japanese
occupied the Philippines in January 2, 1942.
The Os-Rox Mission
One delegation, however, that met with partial success
was the Os-Rox Mission, so called because it was
headed by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas. The Os-
Rox group went to the United States in 1931 and was
able to influence the U.S. Congress to pass a pro-
independence bill by Representative Butter Hare,
Senator Henry Hawes, and Senator Bronso Cutting. The
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law provided for a 10-year
transition period before the United States would
recognize Philippine independence. U.S. President
Herbert Hoover did not sign the bill; but both Houses of
Congress ratified it. When the Os-Rox Mission
presented the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law to the Philippine
Legislature, it was rejected by the American
High Commissioner representing the US president in the
country and the Philippine Senate, specifically the
provision that gave the U.S. president the right to
maintain land and other properties reserved for military
use. Manuel Quezon was tasked to head another
independence mission to the United States.
The Tydings-McDuffie Law
In December 1933, Manuel L. Quezon returned to the
Philippines from the United States with a slightly
amended version of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting bill
authored by Senator Milliard Tydings and representative
U.S. president, signed it into law on March 24, 1934.
The Tydings-McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine
Independence Act of the United States Congress; Public
Law 73-127) or more popularly known as the The
Tydings-McDuffie Law provided for the establishment
of the Commonwealth government for a period of ten
years preparatory to the granting of Independence.
MANUEL L. QUEZON (1935-1944)
Vice President: Sergio Osmeña, Sr.
 In 1935, the U.S, pursuant to its promise of full
Philippine sovereignty established the
Commonwealth of the Philippines following the
ratification of 1935 constitution, which also restored
the presidency.
 The first national presidential election was held and
Manuel Quezon was elected to a six year term with
no provision for re-election as the 2nd Philippine
President and first Commonwealth President.
 Quezon died of tuberculosis while in exile in U.S
and
SERGIO OSMEÑA (1944-1946) took over as
president.
In 1940, the constitution was amended to allow re-
election but shortened the term to four years. A
change in government occurred 3 years later when
the 2nd Philippine Republic was organized with the
enactment of the 1943 constitution which Japan
imposed after they occupied the Philippines in 1942
during World War II.
SECOND REPUBLIC (Japanese Period)
JOSE P. LAUREL (1943-1945)
 At the same time, the Japanese forces installed a
puppet government in Manila headed by Jose
P. Laurel as president. This government is
known as the Second Philippine Republic.
 On October 20, 1944, the Allied forces led
by Gen. Douglas MacArthur landed on the
island of Leyte to liberate the Philippines from
the Japanese. Japan formally surrendered in
September 2, 1945.
POST WAR PROBLEMS OF THE REPUBLIC

Economic:
 Trade Industries
 Commerce (Banking Institutions)
 Infrastructures (buildings, school, houses, roads)
 Food production and security (livestock, sugar mills,
agriculture)

Political:
 Collaboration Issue
 Governance (reorganization and restoration of
government)
 Political Independence
 Assertion of Independence

Social:
 Social unrest (HUKBALAHAP)

HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon)

Once World War II was over and the Japanese withdrew,

the Huk pursued a different cause: fighting for the rights
of tenant farmers against wealthy land-owners. Their
leader was Luis Taruc, who had fought brilliantly
against the Japanese in Luzon,

Taruc began his guerrilla campaign to overthrow the

Philippine government after he was elected to Congress
in April of 1946, but was refused a seat on charges of
election fraud and terrorism. He and his followers went
to the hills and renamed themselves the People's
Liberation Army (PLA). Taruc planned to create a
communist government with himself as president. He
recruited new guerrilla soldiers from tenant
organizations set up to represent poor peasants who were
being exploited by their landlords.

THIRD REPUBLIC