General Definition of the Nursing Metaparadigm

Person Environment Health Nursing

 The recipient of nursing  All internal and external  The degree of wellness or The attributes,
care. conditions, well-being that the characteristics and the
 Includes physical, circumstances, and client experiences action of the nurse
spiritual, psychological influences affecting the  A dynamic state of being providing care on behalf
and socio-cultural person in which development of, or on conjunction with
components  All possible conditions and behavioral potential the client.
 Individual, family, affecting the client and of the individual is
community the setting in which realized to the fullest
health care needs occur. extent as possible.
 It can be influenced by Dynamic and
factors at home, school or continuously changing
workplace

Theorist Person Environment Health Nursing

Florence  The recipient of  Those physical  Being “able to use  To alter or
Nightingale care elements external well every power manage the
 Multidimensional to the patient that we have to use” environment to
“The Environmental composed of affect the healing implement the
Theory” biological, process and health. natural laws of
psychological,  She further health.
social and spiritual categorized
components. environment as
 Has a vital physical,
reparative power to psychological or
deal with disease. social
Jean Watson  A valued person  Both internal and Unity and harmony Centered around
in and of him to external factors. of mind, body, and helping the patient
Theory of Human be cared for, Nurse is part of the spirit. to achieve higher
Transpersonal respected, environment degree of harmony
Caring nurtured and in a holistic manner.
assisted
 A fully
functioning
integrated self
Greater than and
different from the
sum of its parts

Patricia Benner A self-interpreting • Situation The human • Enabling

being, that is the • A social experience of health conditions and
From Novice to person does not environment with and wholeness. concerns which
Expert come into the world social definition shows a high level
predetermined but and meaning. What can be of emotional
gets defined in the assessed. involvement in the
course of living life. nurse- client
relationship.
Katie Eriksson An entity of body • Soundness, Caring culture Caritative care
and soul. A freshness and ethics makes a
The Theory of suffering human well-being. A Characterizes the basic distinction
Caritative Caring being. A human movement toward total reality based between caring and
being who suffers a deeper on cultural elements nursing ethics
and patiently wholeness and
endures holiness. Transmission of
• Doing-healthy value preferences
habits (ethos) presenting
• Being-strives for respect, dignity and
balance and holiness of human
harmony being.
• Becoming-the
human being
becomes whole
on a deeper level
of integration
Martha Roger A unitary human The environment is “An expression of Nursing as science-
being is an an "irreducible, pan the life process; An organized body
The Science of "irreducible, dimensional energy they are the of knowledge which
Unitary Human indivisible, pan field identified by "characteristics and is specific to
Being dimensional (four- pattern and integral behavior emerging nursing is arrived at
dimensional) energy with the human out of the mutual, by scientific
field identified by field" simultaneous research and logical
pattern and interaction of the analysis
manifesting human and
characteristics that environmental Art of nursing
are specific to the fields" practice: The
whole and which creative use of
cannot be predicted science for the
from knowledge of betterment of the
the parts" human. The creative
use of its knowledge
is the art of its
practice

Dorothea Orem  A person under the  Physical, chemical,  A state  Therapeutic self-
care of a nurse biologic, and social characterized by care designed to
The Self-Care  A total being with contexts within soundness or supplement self-
Deficit Theory of universal, which human being wholeness of care requisites.
Nursing” developmental and exists, developed human  Nursing actions
health deviation  Include structures and falls into one of the
needs, who is environmental bodily and mental three categories:
capable of self-care. factors, functioning. wholly
environmental compensatory,
elements, partly
environmental compensatory,
conditions and the supportive-
development of the educative
environment
 Imogene King  A personal system  The background for  Dynamic state in  A process of
that interacts with human interactions. the life cycle human interaction
Interacting Systems interpersonal and  It can be:  Continuous with the goal of
and theory of Goal social systems. External-within adaptation to helping the
Attainment  Social beings who which the human stress. patients achieve
are rational and beings grow, their goals.
sentient.
develop and
perform daily
activities.

Internal- where
human beings
transforms energy
to enable them to
adjust to
continuous
external
environment
changes.

Betty Neuman  A layered  The totality of  Equated with  Prevention as

multidimensional the internal and optimal system intervention.
being (Person, external forces stability or the  Actions which
family, group which surround a best possible state assist individuals,
community) person and with of wellness at a families and
composed of which they given time. groups to
variables such as: interact at any  Equated with maintain a
physiologic, given time. wellness maximum level
 Include the of wellness, and
psychologic,
intrapersonal, the primary aim
sociocultural, interpersonal and is stability of the
developmental and extra personal patient/client
spiritual. stressors which system, through
can affect the nursing
person's normal interventions to
line of defense. reduce stressors