2 marks Questions and Answers

1. Define the term strain energy.

A: Strain Energy of the elastic body is defined as the internal work
done by the external load in deforming or straining the body.

2. Define the terms: Resilience and Modulus of resilience.

A: Resilience: Strain energy per unit volume of the material is
known as strain energy density or resilience.
• Modulus of resilience: When the stress 𝑓 is equal to proof stress,
𝑓𝑝 at the elastic limit, the corresponding resilience is known as
𝑓𝑝2
proof resilience, up =
2𝐸
The proof resilience is known as modulus of resilience. It is the
property of the material. It’s unit is N-m/m3= N/m2
Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
1
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
3. Write down the expression for strain energy stored in a bar of
cross sectional area ‘A’ and length ‘l’ subjected to a tensile load ‘W’.
𝑊2𝐿
A: Strain energy due to axial tensile load ‘W’ is 𝑈 =
2𝐴𝐸

4. Write the expression for strain energy due to bending.

A: Strain energy due to bending is,

L
M2
U  dx
0
2 EI

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

2
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
5. State Castigliano’s first and second theorem for strain energy.
A: Castigliano’s first theorem:
For linearly elastic structure, the Castigliano’s first theorem may be
defined as the first partial derivative of the strain energy of the
structure with respect to any particular force gives the
displacement of the point of application of that force in the
direction of its line of action.

𝜕𝑈
∴ 𝛿𝑖 =
𝜕𝑊𝑖

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

3
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers

Castigliano’s second theorem:

The energy Ui can be express in terms of spring stiffnesses

k11, k12 (or k21), & k22 and deflections δ1 and δ2; then it can
be shown that
U i
 W1
 1 This is Castigliano’s second theorem.
U i
 W2
 2

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

4
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
6. What is the strain energy due to axial force of a tapering bar of
circular section?
A: D
d
P P

2𝑃2 𝐿
U=
𝜋𝐸𝑑𝐷

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

5
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
7. What is the strain energy due to axial force of a tapering bar of
rectangular section?
L t
A: 𝑥

P b B P

𝑃2 𝐿 𝐵
∴𝑈= log 𝑒
2 𝐵 − 𝑏 𝑡𝐸 𝑏

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

6
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
8. Calculate the strain energy stored in a cantilever beam subjected
to a point load ‘W’ at the free end.

M   Px
L
M2
U  dx
0
2 EI
L
P2 x2 P 2 L3
 dx 
0
2 EI 6 EI

P 2 L3
U
6 EI

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

7
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
9. State Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem.
A: In any beam (or) truss, the deflection at any point C due to load
W at any point B is the same as the deflection at B due to the
same load W applied at C.

W
A B C D
𝛿𝐶

= W 𝛿𝐶 = 𝛿𝐵
A B C D
𝛿𝐵

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

8
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
10. State the principle of virtual work.
A: The partial derivative of internal energy with respect to a load
applied at a point where the deflection is zero is called principle
𝜕𝑈
of virtual work. And hence, = 0.
𝜕𝑊

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

9
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
11. Define fixed beam?
A: A fixed beam is a beam whose end supports are such that the end slopes remain zero (or
unaltered) and is also called a built-in or encaster beam.

12. What are the disadvantages of fixed beam?

A: (i). It is practically difficult to maintain the two ends of the beam at exactly at the same
level. Any subsidence of one of the supports, however small it may be, will set up
considerable stresses.
(ii). Temperatute variations also produce large stresses in a fixed beam.

13. Define theorem of three moments.

A: If AB and BC are any two consecutive spans of a continuous beam subjected to an
external loading, the support moments 𝑀𝐴 , 𝑀𝐵 and 𝑀𝐶 at the supports A, B and C are given
by the relation,
6𝑎1 𝑥1 6𝑎2 𝑥2
𝑀𝐴 (𝑙1 ) + 2𝑀𝐵 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 + 𝑀𝐶 𝑙2 = +
𝑙1 𝑙2
Is known as theorem of three moments.

14. What is meant by prop ?

A: Simply supported at the free end of cantilever beam is known as prop.

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

10
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
15. Find the fixed end moments of a fixed beam subjected to a
point load at the center. W
A:
A B
• 𝐴′ = 𝐴 𝑙/2 𝑙/2
𝑊𝑙
1 𝑊𝑙 + 4
𝑀×𝑙 = ×𝑙×
2 4

𝑊𝑙 Free BMD
𝑀= = 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐵 -
8
M
M
Fixed BMD
𝑊𝑙
+ 4
- -

Resultant BMD
Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
11
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
16. For the fixed beam subjected to an eccentric point load ‘W’,
write end moments.
W
𝑎 𝑏
A B
𝑙
𝑊𝑎𝑏 2
𝑀𝐴 = 2 𝑊𝑎𝑏 2
𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑏
𝑙2 𝑙 𝑊𝑏𝑎2
𝑙2
𝑊𝑏𝑎2 - + -
𝑀𝐵 = 2
𝑙 Resultant BMD

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

12
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
• 17. A fixed beam of span ‘L’ is subjected to UDL of W/m
throughout the span. What are end moments?
• A: W kN/m

A = A’ A B
‘𝑙′ 𝑚
2 𝑤𝑙 2
×𝑙× =M×𝑙 𝑤𝑙 2 /8
3 8
+

𝑤𝑙 2
𝑀=
12 -
M M
𝑊𝑙 2
∴ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐵 =
12

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

13
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers

18. What are the advantages and limitations of theorem of three

moments?
A: Advantages: It is useful to find support moments of a
indeterminate beams like continuous beam, fixed beam and
propped cantilever beam.
The effects of sinking of support will be taken into consideration
for a continuous beam.
It is also useful if moment of inertia is different for different spans
of continuous beams.
Limitations: To use this theorem, minimum two spans are required.

Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

14
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
19. What is the value of prop reaction in a propped cantilever of
span ‘L’, when it is subjected to a UDL of w/m over the entire length?
A: W kN/m
A B
A’
L=0 ‘L’ m
𝑅𝐵
By using clayperon’s theorem
2
𝑤𝑙 /8 of three moments for the
spans A’A and AB, one can find
𝑤𝑙 2
𝑀𝐴 =
8
W kN/m
A B 𝑀𝐴 =0,
𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑙 2
‘L’ m 𝑅𝐵 × 𝑙 + − =0
𝑤𝑙 2 /8 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 8 2
3
∴ 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑤𝑙
8
Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
15
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 2 marks Questions and Answers
20. What is the value of prop reaction in a propped cantilever of
span ‘L’, when it is subjected to a point load of ‘W’ at the centre ?
A: W
A B
A’
L=0 ‘L’ m
𝑅𝐵
𝑤𝑙 By using clayperon’s theorem
3
𝑤𝑙 4 of three moments for the
16
spans A’A and AB, one can find
3
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑤𝑙
W 16

A B 𝑀𝐴 =0,
3 3 𝑤𝑙
𝑤𝑙 ‘L’ m 𝑅𝐵 × 𝑙 + 𝑤𝑙 − =0
16 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 16 2
5
∴ 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑤
16
Dr. P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
16
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE