Three Ways of Presenting Data

Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions

Exercise

Methods of Data Presentation

MTHS002: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Rogel John O. Naval

ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph

Department of Mathematics
College of Science and Engineering
Ateneo de Naga University

July 27, 2018

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Exercise

Learning Objectives

At the end of the session, the students will be able to:

determine the different methods of presenting data;
distinguish these different methods of data presentation;
construct statistical tables and graphs;
differentiate the different graphical representations of
frequency distribution;
determine clearly the steps in making these graphical
representations; and
make a histogram, frequency polygon, ogive, and frequency
curve given a frequency distribution.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Outline
1 Three Ways of Presenting Data
Textual Form
Tabular Form
Graphical Form
Line Graph
Pie Graph
Bar Graph
Pictorial Unit Graph
Statistical Maps
Scatter Plot/Diagram
2 Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Histogram
Frequency Polygon
Ogive
Frequency Curve
3 Exercise
Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation
 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Textual Form

Using the textual form allows the researchers to incorporate data

into paragraphs.
Advantages
This is appropriate only if there are few numbers to be presented.
This gives emphasis to significant figures and comparisons.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Textual Form

Using the textual form allows the researchers to incorporate data

into paragraphs.
Advantages
This is appropriate only if there are few numbers to be presented.
This gives emphasis to significant figures and comparisons.

Disadvantages
It is not desirable to include a big mass of quantitative data in a
text or paragraph. The presentation becomes incomprehensible.
Paragraphs can be tiresome to read especially if the same words
are repeated many times.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Tabular Presentation

This presentation is a systematic organization of data in rows and

columns.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Tabular Presentation

This presentation is a systematic organization of data in rows and

columns.
Advantages
More concise than textual presentation

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Tabular Presentation

This presentation is a systematic organization of data in rows and

columns.
Advantages
More concise than textual presentation
Easier to understand

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Tabular Presentation

This presentation is a systematic organization of data in rows and

columns.
Advantages
More concise than textual presentation
Easier to understand
Facilitates comparisons and analysis of relationship among
different categories

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Tabular Presentation

This presentation is a systematic organization of data in rows and

columns.
Advantages
More concise than textual presentation
Easier to understand
Facilitates comparisons and analysis of relationship among
different categories
Presents data in greater detail than a graph

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Tabular Presentation

This presentation is a systematic organization of data in rows and

columns.
Advantages
More concise than textual presentation
Easier to understand
Facilitates comparisons and analysis of relationship among
different categories
Presents data in greater detail than a graph

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Tabular Presentation

Parts of a Statistical Table

1 Heading - table number, title, and head note

2 Box Head - column heads

3 Stub - classifications or categories found at the left
4 Field - main part of the table
5 Source Note - exact citation

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

An example of presenting data using a table

Table 4.4 Philippine Crime Volume and Rate by Type in 1991
Type Volume Crime Rates
Total 11, 326 195

Index Crimes 77, 261 124

Murder 8, 707 8,707
Homicide 8, 068 8,069
Physical Injury 21, 862 21,862
Robbery 13,817 13,817
Theft 22, 780 88, 780
Rape 2,026 2,026

Non-index Crimes 44,065 71

Source: Philippine National Police
Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation
 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Graphical Presentation

This presentation uses a graph or chart device for showing

numerical values or relation ships in pictorial form.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Graphical Presentation

This presentation uses a graph or chart device for showing

numerical values or relation ships in pictorial form.
Advantages
Main feature and implication of a body of data can be
grasped at a glance
Can attract attention and hold the reader’s interest
Simplifies concepts that would otherwise have been expressive
in so many words
Can readily clarify data, frequently bring out hidden facts and
relationships

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Line Graph

A line graph is a graphical presentation of data especially useful

for showing trends over a period of time.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Line Graph

A line graph is a graphical presentation of data especially useful

for showing trends over a period of time.
This is similar to the time series graph which represents data that
occur over a specific period of time.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Line Graph

A line graph is a graphical presentation of data especially useful

for showing trends over a period of time.
This is similar to the time series graph which represents data that
occur over a specific period of time.
Example (Workplace Homicide)
The number of homicides that occur in the workplace for the years
2003 to 2008 is shown.
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Number 632 559 567 540 628 517

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Pie Graph or Circle Graph

The pie graph is a circular graph that is useful in showing how a

total quantity is distributed among a group of categories.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Pie Graph or Circle Graph

The pie graph is a circular graph that is useful in showing how a

total quantity is distributed among a group of categories.
It is a circle that is divided into sections or wedges according to the
percentage of frequencies in each category of the distribution.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Pie Graph or Circle Graph

The pie graph is a circular graph that is useful in showing how a

total quantity is distributed among a group of categories.
It is a circle that is divided into sections or wedges according to the
percentage of frequencies in each category of the distribution.
Example (Super Bowl Snack Food)
This frequency distribution shows the number of pounds of each
snack food eaten during the Super Bowl.
Snack Pounds (frequency)
Potato Chips 11.2 million
Tortilla Chips 8.2 million
Pretzels 4.3 million
Popcorn 3.8 million
Snack nuts 2.5 million
Total n=30.0 million
Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation
 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Bar Graph

A bar graph is a series of rectangular bars where the length of

each bar represents the quantity/frequency for each category. The
height of the bar represents the quantity.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Bar Graph

A bar graph is a series of rectangular bars where the length of

each bar represents the quantity/frequency for each category. The
height of the bar represents the quantity.
This graph represents the data by using vertical or horizontal bars
whose heights or lengths represents the frequencies of the data.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Bar Graph

A bar graph is a series of rectangular bars where the length of

each bar represents the quantity/frequency for each category. The
height of the bar represents the quantity.
This graph represents the data by using vertical or horizontal bars
whose heights or lengths represents the frequencies of the data.
Example (College Spending for First Year Students)
The table shows the average money spent by the first year college
students.
Electronics $728
Dorm décor 344
Clothing 141
Shoes 72
Source The National Retail
Federation
Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation
 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Pareto Chart

The pareto chart is used to represent a frequency distribution for

a categorical variable, and the frequencies are displayed by the
heights of vertical bars, which are arranged in order from highest
to lowest.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Pareto Chart

The pareto chart is used to represent a frequency distribution for

a categorical variable, and the frequencies are displayed by the
heights of vertical bars, which are arranged in order from highest
to lowest.
Example (Homeless People)
The data shown consists of the number of homeless people of
selected cities.
City Number
Atlanta 6,832
Baltimore 2,904
Chicago 6,680
St. Louis 1,485
Washington 5,518

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Pictorial Unit Graph

A pictorial unit graph is a pictorial chart in which each symbol

represents a definite and uniform value. This is often used to
dramatize the differences among few quantities.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Pictorial Unit Graph

A pictorial unit graph is a pictorial chart in which each symbol

represents a definite and uniform value. This is often used to
dramatize the differences among few quantities.
Example (Pizzas Sold in Mr. Pizzalicious Branches)

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Statistical Maps

Statistical maps are used to present quantitative data which

describes or classify geographical areas.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Statistical Maps

Statistical maps are used to present quantitative data which

describes or classify geographical areas.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Scatter Plot/Diagram

A scatter plot/diagram is a graph o ordered pairs of data values

that is used to determine if a relationship exists between two
variables.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Common Types of Graphs

Scatter Plot/Diagram

A scatter plot/diagram is a graph o ordered pairs of data values

that is used to determine if a relationship exists between two
variables.
Wet Bike Accidents
A researcher is interested in determining if there is a relationship
between the number of wet bike accidents and the number of wet
bike fatalities. The data are for 10-year period.
Let x be the number of accidents and y be the number of fatalities.
x 376 650 884 1162 1513 1650 2236 3002 4028 4010
y 5 20 20 28 26 34 35 56 68 55

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Analyzing the Scatter Plot/Diagram

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Analyzing the Scatter Plot/Diagram

Positive Linear Relationship

This exists when all points fall approximately in an ascending
straight line and both the x and y values increase at the same
time. The x and y variables are directly related.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Analyzing the Scatter Plot/Diagram

Positive Linear Relationship

This exists when all points fall approximately in an ascending
straight line and both the x and y values increase at the same
time. The x and y variables are directly related.

Negative Linear Relationship

This exists when all points fall approximately in a descending
straight line from left to right. The x and y variables are inversely
related.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Analyzing the Scatter Plot/Diagram

Nonlinear Relationship
This exists when the points fall in a curved line. The relation is
described by the nature of the curve.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data Textual Form
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions Tabular Form
Exercise Graphical Form

Analyzing the Scatter Plot/Diagram

Nonlinear Relationship
This exists when the points fall in a curved line. The relation is
described by the nature of the curve.

No relationship
This exists when there is no discernable pattern of points.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Outline
1 Three Ways of Presenting Data
Textual Form
Tabular Form
Graphical Form
Line Graph
Pie Graph
Bar Graph
Pictorial Unit Graph
Statistical Maps
Scatter Plot/Diagram
2 Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Histogram
Frequency Polygon
Ogive
Frequency Curve
3 Exercise
Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation
 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Grouped Frequency Distribution

The example we made last meeting

Classes LL UL Freq. LTCB UTCB CM RF

17 - 28 17 28 3 16.5 28.5 22.5 6.67%
29 - 40 29 40 1 28.5 40.5 34.5 2.22%
41 - 52 41 52 2 40.5 52.5 46.5 4.44%
53 - 64 53 64 5 52.5 64.5 58.5 11.11%
65 - 76 65 76 12 64.5 76.5 70.5 26.67%
77 - 88 77 88 15 76.5 88.5 82.5 33.33%
89 - 100 89 100 7 88.5 100.5 94.5 15.56%
Total N = 45 100%

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Histogram

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Histogram

A bar graph

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Histogram

A bar graph
the x-axis shows true class boundaries and the y-axis
shows frequencies

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Histogram

A bar graph
the x-axis shows true class boundaries and the y-axis
shows frequencies
Adjoining rectangles are of width equal to the class size
(interval size) and of heights equal to the frequencies

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Histogram

A bar graph
the x-axis shows true class boundaries and the y-axis
shows frequencies
Adjoining rectangles are of width equal to the class size
(interval size) and of heights equal to the frequencies
Total area of histogram is equal to the sum of the areas of the
individual rectangles (that is,
A = class sizec0 × total number of observationsn)

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Constructing a Histogram

Classes LL UL Freq. LTCB UTCB CM RF

17 - 28 17 28 3 16.5 28.5 22.5 6.67%
29 - 40 29 40 1 28.5 40.5 34.5 2.22%
41 - 52 41 52 2 40.5 52.5 46.5 4.44%
53 - 64 53 64 5 52.5 64.5 58.5 11.11%
65 - 76 65 76 12 64.5 76.5 70.5 26.67%
77 - 88 77 88 15 76.5 88.5 82.5 33.33%
89 - 100 89 100 7 88.5 100.5 94.5 15.56%
c0 = 12 N = 45 100%

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Frequency Polygon

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Frequency Polygon

A line graph

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Frequency Polygon

A line graph
the x-axis shows class marks and the y-axis shows
frequencies

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Frequency Polygon

A line graph
the x-axis shows class marks and the y-axis shows
frequencies
This is constructed by plotting the frequencies against the
corresponding class mark, connecting successive points by
means of straight lines, and allowing both tails to touch the
horizontal axis (x-axis) by adding an extra class mark at each
tail of distribution.
This is practically more effective device for comparative
purposes than the histogram since two or more line graphs
may be drawn on the same set of coordinates.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Constructing a Frequency Polygon

Classes LL UL Freq. LTCB UTCB CM RF

17 - 28 17 28 3 16.5 28.5 22.5 6.67%
29 - 40 29 40 1 28.5 40.5 34.5 2.22%
41 - 52 41 52 2 40.5 52.5 46.5 4.44%
53 - 64 53 64 5 52.5 64.5 58.5 11.11%
65 - 76 65 76 12 64.5 76.5 70.5 26.67%
77 - 88 77 88 15 76.5 88.5 82.5 33.33%
89 - 100 89 100 7 88.5 100.5 94.5 15.56%
c0 = 12 N = 45 100%

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Ogive

A line graph

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Ogive

A line graph
The x-axis shows true class boundaries and the y-axis
shows cumulative frequencies

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Ogive

A line graph
The x-axis shows true class boundaries and the y-axis
shows cumulative frequencies
The ”less than” ogive (<cf) is constructed by plotting the
appropriate cumulative frequencies against the upper class
boundaries.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Ogive

A line graph
The x-axis shows true class boundaries and the y-axis
shows cumulative frequencies
The ”less than” ogive (<cf) is constructed by plotting the
appropriate cumulative frequencies against the upper class
boundaries.
This could aid in estimating number of cases falling below any
given value within the range of the distribution.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Ogive

A line graph
The x-axis shows true class boundaries and the y-axis
shows cumulative frequencies
The ”less than” ogive (<cf) is constructed by plotting the
appropriate cumulative frequencies against the upper class
boundaries.
This could aid in estimating number of cases falling below any
given value within the range of the distribution.
The ”greater than” ogive (>cf) is constructed by plotting
the appropriate cumulative frequencies directly above the
lower class boundaries.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Ogive

A line graph
The x-axis shows true class boundaries and the y-axis
shows cumulative frequencies
The ”less than” ogive (<cf) is constructed by plotting the
appropriate cumulative frequencies against the upper class
boundaries.
This could aid in estimating number of cases falling below any
given value within the range of the distribution.
The ”greater than” ogive (>cf) is constructed by plotting
the appropriate cumulative frequencies directly above the
lower class boundaries.
This could be useful in finding how many observations lie
above a specified value within the distribution.
Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation
 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Constructing an Ogive

Classes LL UL Freq. LTCB UTCB CM RF <CF >CF

17 - 28 17 28 3 16.5 28.5 22.5 6.67% 3 45
29 - 40 29 40 1 28.5 40.5 34.5 2.22% 4 42
41 - 52 41 52 2 40.5 52.5 46.5 4.44% 6 41
53 - 64 53 64 5 52.5 64.5 58.5 11.11% 11 39
65 - 76 65 76 12 64.5 76.5 70.5 26.67% 23 34
77 - 88 77 88 15 76.5 88.5 82.5 33.33% 38 22
89 - 100 89 100 7 88.5 100.5 94.5 15.56% 45 7
c0 = 12 N = 45 100%

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Frequency Curve

This is a smoothed frequency polygon obtained by increasing the

number of class intervals and consequently decreasing the interval
size.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Frequency Curve

This is a smoothed frequency polygon obtained by increasing the

number of class intervals and consequently decreasing the interval
size.
Types of Curve
Bell-shaped Curve

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Frequency Curve

This is a smoothed frequency polygon obtained by increasing the

number of class intervals and consequently decreasing the interval
size.
Types of Curve
Bell-shaped Curve
Skewed Curve

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Frequency Curve

This is a smoothed frequency polygon obtained by increasing the

number of class intervals and consequently decreasing the interval
size.
Types of Curve
Bell-shaped Curve
Skewed Curve (Positively Skewed and Negatively Skewed)

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Frequency Curve
Bell-shaped Curve

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Frequency Curve
Positively Skewed Curve

This frequencies of the smaller class intervals are higher than those
of the class intervals at the other end of the distribution, the curve
will tail off to the right and we have positively skewed distribution.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Histogram
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Frequency Polygon
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Ogive
Exercise
Frequency Curve

Frequency Curve
Negatively Skewed Curve

This frequencies of the larger class intervals are higher than those
of the smaller classes, the curve will tail off to the left and we have
a negatively skewed distribution.

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Exercise

Exercise

This data set is about the number of outreach activities of 50

schools in the Philippines in 2014 Create a grouped frequency
distribution of the data below. Then, draw a histogram, frequency
polygon, and ogive (both less and greater than).
9 16 18 21 24 29 31 35 39 46
10 16 18 22 25 29 31 36 40 47
13 16 19 22 26 30 32 36 43 48
15 17 20 22 26 30 33 36 45 48
15 17 20 23 28 30 34 37 45 50

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation

 Three Ways of Presenting Data
Graphical Representations of Frequency Distributions
Exercise

R = 41, k ≈ 7, and c0 ≈ 6
Class LL UL Freq. LTCB UTCB CM RF <CF >CF
9 to 14 9 14 3 8.5 14.5 11.5 6% 3 50
15 to 20 15 20 12 14.5 20.5 17.5 24% 15 47
21 to 26 21 26 9 20.5 26.5 23.5 18% 24 35
27 to 32 27 32 9 26.5 32.5 29.5 18% 33 26
33 to 38 33 38 7 32.5 38.5 35.5 14% 40 17
39 to 44 39 44 3 38.5 44.5 41.5 6% 43 10
45 to 50 45 50 7 44.5 50.5 47.5 14% 50 7

Rogel John O. Naval ronaval@gbox.adnu.edu.ph Methods of Data Presentation