LESSONS

PROSE
•is so-called "ordinary writing" —
made up of sentences and
paragraphs, without any metrical
(or rhyming) structure.
 PROSE VS. POETRY
If you write, "I walked about all alone
over the hillsides," that's prose. If
you say, "I wondered lonely as a
cloud/that floats on high o'er vales
and hills" that's poetry.
 Basic Elements of Prose
1. Theme is the general idea of a story.
2. Setting is the information of the where the story occur and the time of
the story. Setting also include a context (especially society) beyond
the surround of the story, like culture, historical period, geography,
and occupation.
3. Plot is the sequence of events.
4. Point of View is the different angle to see the subject.
5. Character and Characterization is an individual (usually a person) who
play in a story. Characterization is the method used by the writer to
develop a character.
6. Symbols are the language style used by the author.
7. Atmosphere is condition and emotion in a story.
Repetition, Analogy, Metaphor
and Parallelism
 REPETITION
is a literary device that repeats the same
words or phrases a few times to make an
idea clearer and more memorable. There
are several types of repetition commonly
used in both prose and poetry.
 REPETITION
• If you think you can do it, you can do it.
• The boy was a good footballer, because his father was a
footballer, and his grandfather was a footballer.
• The bird said, “I don’t sing because I am happy, I am
happy because I sing.”
• The politician declared, “We will fight come what may, we will
fight on all fronts, we will fight for a thousand years.”
 ANALOGY
is a comparison in which an idea or a thing is
compared to another thing that is quite different from
it. It aims at explaining that idea or thing by
comparing it to something that is familiar. Metaphors
and similes are tools used to draw an analogy.
Therefore, analogy is more extensive and elaborate
than either a simile or a metaphor.
 Consider the following example:
• “The structure of an atom is like a solar system. The nucleus is the
sun, and electrons are the planets revolving around their sun.”

• Here, an atomic structure is compared to a solar system by using

the word “like.” Therefore, it is a simile. Metaphor is used to
relate the nucleus to the sun, and the electrons to the planets,
without using the words “like” or “as.” Hence, similes and
metaphors are employed to develop an analogy.
 ANALOGY
• Life is like a race. The one who keeps running wins the
race, and the one who stops to catch a breath loses.
• Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the
weapon of a writer.
• How a doctor diagnoses diseases is like how a detective
investigates crimes.
• Just as a caterpillar comes out of its cocoon, so we must
come out of our comfort zone.
 METAPHOR
•is a figure of speech that makes an implicit,
implied, or hidden comparison between two
things that are unrelated, but which share some
common characteristics. In other words, a
resemblance of two contradictory or different
objects is made based on a single or some
common characteristics.
 METAPHOR
For example, “My brother is the black sheep of the
family,” is a metaphor because he is not a sheep, nor
is he black. However, we can use this comparison to
describe an association of a black sheep with that
person. A black sheep is an unusual animal, which
typically stays away from the herd, and the person
being described shares similar characteristics.
 METAPHOR
• My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)
• The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment
was not difficult.)
• It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear
skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships)
• The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat;
therefore, this implies that the coming times are going to be
hard for him.)
• Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes
him feel happy)
 PARALLELISM
• is the use of components in a sentence that are
grammatically the same; or similar in their construction,
sound, meaning, or meter. Parallelism examples are
found in literary works as well as in ordinary
conversations.
• This method adds balance and rhythm to sentences,
giving ideas a smoother flow and thus persuasiveness,
because of the repetition it employs.
 PARALLELISM
• For example, “Alice ran into the room, into the garden,
and into our hearts.”
• We see the repetition of a phrase that not only gives the
sentence a balance, but rhythm and flow as well. This
repetition can also occur in similarly structured clauses,
such as, “Whenever you need me, wherever you need
me, I will be there for you.”
 PARALLELISM
• Like father, like son.
• Easy come, easy go.
• Whether in class, at work, or at home, Shasta was always
busy.
• Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe.
• “To err is human; to forgive divine.”
 PARALLELISM
• Like father, like son.
• Easy come, easy go.
• Whether in class, at work, or at home, Shasta was always
busy.
• Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe.
• “To err is human; to forgive divine.”
 PARALLELISM
“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and
live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these
truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.’
“I have a dream that my four little children will one day
live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color
of their skin but by the content of their character.
“I have a dream today.”