DEVELOPMENT OF 'RESTRICTED MHO

REL`AY AND OFFSET MHO RELAY

A DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree
of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL ENGiN"EERING
(with Specialization in Power System Engineering}

By
CHOKKAKULA BUTCHIM NAI:DU

V C~A066~j ~4 L,
ICS Ala ................. -G
?-e Jf6f14
Dates$ l.1... 1.410.. ......

DEPARTMENT OF 'ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INDIAN ,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
`ROORKEE - 247 667 (INDIA)
JUNE, 2010
 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work that is being presented in this dissertation
report entitled "Development of Restricted Mho Relay and Offset Mho Relay"
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Technology in Electrical Engineering with specialization in "Power
System Engineering", submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, is an authentic record of my own work
carried out, under the guidance of Shri. Bharat Gupta, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.
The matter embodied in this dissertation thesis has not been submitted by me
for the award of any other degree.

C~,bnaZC6
Date:

Place: Roorkee (Chokkakula Butchim Naidu)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is
true to the best of our knowledge.

(Shri. Bharat Gupta)

Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology,
Roorkee — 247667,
INDIA.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to convey my earnest acknowledgement and indebtedness to my

supervisor, Shri. Bharat Gupta, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, for his meticulous guidance and
perpetual inspiration in completion of this dissertation work. His invaluable guidance
and support throughout this work is unforgettable.
I express my deep and sincere sense of gratitude to Dr. Vinod Kumar, Head
of the Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
and to all the faculty members of Power System Engineering group.
I am also sincerely grateful to all my friends who have actively helped me
during my work by providing me vital support and encouragement whenever
needed.
Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the Almighty for
showering blessings on me. I gratefully acknowledge my heartiest thanks to all my
family members for their inspirational impetus and moral support during the course of
work.

(Chokkakula Butchim Naidu)

Enrollment No: 08529005

 ABSTRACT

The author in this report presents design and development of

microprocessor based distance relays. The implemented distance relays are
restricted mho relay and offset mho relay. A laboratory setup of transmission line is
taken. Restricted mho relay and offset mho relay are implemented on MATLAB
platform. Relays are tested for different types of faults and test results are analysed.
Same transmission line is modeled in PSCAD simulation. Protection of transmission
line using restricted mho relay and offset mho relay are simulated for different types
of faults.
 List of Contents

Page No.

Candidate's Declaration
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables x

1 INTRODUCTION I
1.1 Importance of protection systems 1
1.2 Introduction to protective relays 2
1.3 Literature review 6
2 DISTANCE RELAY BASICS 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Distance relay schemes 8
2.3 Advantage of Mho Relay 11
2.4 Drawbacks in Mho Relay 11
2.5 Application of Restricted Mho Relay 11
2.6 Applications of Offset Mho Relay 11
3 TRANSMISSION LINE DISTANCE PROTECTION 12
3.1 Introduction 12
3.2 Distance Relay Protection Zones 12
3.3 Computation of the Apparent Impedance 14
3.4 Generalised Mathematical Expression for Distance Relays 17

iv
 3.5 Restricted Mho Relay Characteristics 19
3.6 Offset Mho Relay Characteristics 20
4 PSCAD SIMULATION AND RESULTS 21
4.1 Introduction 21
4.2 Simulation Model 21
4.3 Simulation Flow Chart 23
4.4 Simulation Results 24
4.4.1 Restricted mho Relay Results 24
4.4.2 Offset Mho Relay Results 30
5 EMULATED MODEL OF RESTRICTED MHO RELAY AND OFFSET MHO
RELAY 36
6 WORKING OF RESTRICTED MHO RELAY AND OFFSET MHO RELAY
AND TEST RESULTS 41
6.1 Introduction 41
6.2 Program Flow Chart for Restricted Mho Relay 42..
6.3 Program Flow Chart for Offset Mho Relay 45
6.4 Test Results 46
6.4.1 Restricted mho relay 46
6.4.2 Offset mho relay 53
7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE 61
7.1 Conclusions 61
7.2 Future Scope 61
REFERENCES 62
APPENDIX A: SOURCE AND TRANSMISSION LINE DATA 64
APPENDIX B: NI DAQ 6212 SPECIFICATIONS 65
APPENDIX C: LEM MODULE LA 50-P 68
APPENDIX D: PSCADIEMTDC SOFTWARE 70

u
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Description Page No.

1.1 Functional block diagram of a typical microprocessor 5

based relay

2.1 Impedance Characteristics 9

2.2 Reactance Characteristics 10

2.3 Mho Characteristics 10

2.4 Offset Mho Characteristics 10

2.5 Quadrilateral characteristics. 10

2.6 Restricted characteristics 10

3.1 Distance relay protection zones 13

3.2 Mho relay with 3-zones protection 14

3.3 Offset mho relay with positive offset 17

3.4 Restricted mho characteristics 19

3.5 Offset mho relay characteristics 21

4.1 PSCAD Simulation model 22

4.2 Simulation flow chart 23

Voltage, current waveforms at restricted mho relay 24
4.3
location and trip signals for AG fault
Impedance trajectory seen by restricted mho relay for
4.4 25
AG fault

VI
4.5 Voltage, current waveforms at restricted mho relay 26
location and trip Signals for BC fault

4.6 Impedance trajectory seen by restricted mho relay for 27

BC fault

47 Voltage, current waveforms at restricted mho relay 28

location and trip Signals for ABC fault

4.8 Impedance trajectory seen by restricted mho relay for 29

ABC fault

4.9 Voltage, current waveforms at offset relay location and 30

trip
Signals for CG fault

4.10 Impedance trajectory seen by offset mho relay for CG 31

fault
Voltage, current waveforms at offset relay location and
4.11 32
tri p

Signals for BOG fault

4.12 Voltage, current wave forms, trip signal when A-B-C 33

fault with FR 30 ohms at 79km from Mho relay point.
Voltage, current waveforms at offset relay location and
4.13 34
trip
Signals for ABCG fault.
Impedance trajectory seen by offset mho relay for
4.14 35
ABCG fault

5.1 Voltages given to the DAQ card from LA 50-P current 37

transducers

5.2 Voltages given to the DAQ card from 230/3v step-down 38

transformers

vii
5.3 Analog input Pin assignment of the DAQ card 38

5.4 NIUSB6212DAQcard 39

5.5 Photographs of Laboratory setup 40

6.1 Flow chart for restricted mho relay part-I 42

6.2 Flow chart for restricted mho relay part-Il 43

6.3 Flow chart for restricted mho relay part-III 44

6.4 Flow chart for offset mho relay part-I. 45

6.5 Flow chart for offset mho relay part-I 46

Results of restricted mho relay for ABC fault
6.6 47
Impedance trajectory seen by AB element of restricted 48
6.7
mho relay for ABC fault

6.8 Results of restricted mho relay for AB fault 49

Impedance trajectory seen by AB element of restricted
6.9 50
mho relay for AB fault

6.10 Results of restricted mho relay for ABCG fault 51,

Impedance trajectory seen by AB element of restricted
6.11 52
mho relay for ABCG fault
Results of offset mho relay for BC fault
6.12 53
Impedance trajectory seen by BC element of offset
6.13 54
mho relay for BC fault.

6.14 Results of offset mho relay for ABC fault 55

Impedance trajectory seen by AB element of offset
6.15 56
mho relay for ABC fault

6.16 Results of offset mho relay for ABCG fault 57

Impedance trajectory seen by BC element of offset 58
6.17.

viii


mho relay for ABCG fault

Relay voltage samples before filter
6.18 59

6.19 Relay voltage samples after filter 59

6.20 Relay current samples 60

ix


LIST OF TABLE

Table No. Table Description Page No.

3.1 Relay Elements and Signals used for Impedance 15

Estimation
4.1 Restricted Mho Relay Settings 24

4.2 Offset Mho Relay Settings 30

5.1 Channel allocation of the analog inputs

x
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Importance of Protection Systems:

Modern civilization makes use of large amounts of energy to generate

goods and services. From the industrial plants, the providers of public services
to the ordinary man, all of them need energy to satisfy and create the well
being of modern society. The purpose of electric power systems is to provide
energy for human use in a secure, reliable and economic manner. Electric
power systems are made up of facilities and equipment that generate, transmit
and distribute electrical energy. Electric power systems are one of the largest
and more complex systems man has ever built.

The importance of the services that power systems offer and the high
amount of investments that represent the facilities and equipments, make the
normal and constant operation of power systems critical and strategic for every
society. Faults and failures normally occur in power systems. Due to the great
amounts of energy involved, faults represent a threat to the operation and
security of power systems if the faults are not promptly corrected. Power
systems need an auxiliary system that must take corrective actions on the
occurrence of a fault. This auxiliary system is known as protection system.

Protection systems are sets of equipments, schemes and policies

dedicated to detect faults in the protected elements of the power systems, to
disconnect the faulted element and to re-establish the service, if it was the
case. Because power systems operate in different operating states, different
fault scenarios may occur. Protection systems must provide different schemes
and equipments to detect and to react to each and every one of these fault
scenarios, from the most simple of them to the most complex and compelling.

1
1.2 Introduction to protective relays:
One of the most important equipments employed in the protection of
power systems are protective relays. These are one of the most flexible,
economic and well-known devices that provide reliable, fast and inexpensive
protection.

Relay is defined by the IEEE as "an electric device that is designed to

interpret input conditions in a prescribed manner, and; after specified conditions
are met, to respond to cause contact operation or similar abrupt changes in
associated electric control circuits ". Relays acquire signals from the power
system (electrical, magnetic, heat, pressure, etc.) and process them with a
designed process or algorithm. IEEE defines a protective relay as "a relay
whose function is to detect defective lines or apparatus or other power
conditions of an abnormal or dangerous nature and to initiate appropriate
control circuit action".

Protective relays have provided protection since the beginning of the

electric industry, and have encountered great transformations with time as
power systems have grown in size and complexity. Early protective relays were
constructed using solenoids and electromagnetic actuators. Those relays were
bulky and heavy devices that needed lot of space to be mounted. Because of
their development and use over several decades, electromechanical relays
evolved to become standard accepted devices. Even modern relays use most
of the principles of operation of electromechanical relays.

Solid-state relays replaced electromechanical actuators by analog

electronic elements. Even when the protection systems based on
electromechanical relays had proved to be reliable, solid-state relays gained
confidence of protection engineers because of their advantages of lower costs,
reduced space and weight, and ease to set, maintain and operate.

2
 The developments in digital technology led to the incorporation of
microprocessors in the construction of relays. Digital and numerical relays are
sophisticated, multiple purpose equipment with the capacity to record signals
during faults, monitor themselves and communicate with their peers. Numerical
relays employ microprocessors especially constructed to process digital
signals, which make them faster and more powerful, while preserving their
economic advantages.

With advances in technology, protective relays have progressed from

electromechanical, to solid state to microprocessor-based. The latest of these
advances have occurred as a result of vast gains in microprocessor computing
speeds and reductions in production costs. While research work in the area of
computer controlled relaying was begun in the late sixties, commercial
availability of microprocessor-based relays was not realized until the mid
eighties. Presently, all types of relay technologies continue to be in use with a
trend of notable decrease in electromechanical relays manufacturing and an
ever increasing momentum for expanded utilization of microprocessor-based
relays.

The research and development work in the area of microprocessor-

based relays continues with fervent interest, modelling techniques play a major
role in performance evaluation of new and existing- designs. Because, the
existing power systems are being operated close to their design limits, it is
necessary subject the relays to realistic transient and fault conditions. Data for
such purposes are obtained from on-line recordings or from electromagnetic
transient simulation programs such as EMTDC. From the point of view of
manufacturers, when a new relay design is developed, a prototype is built for
initial tests. Based on the results, design modifications are worked out and the
prototype is modified or replaced. This process continues until a satisfactory set
of test results are reached. With the availability of a software model and test
data from a simulation program, exhaustive tests can be undertaken without
the need for building a prototype. The outcome is decreased costs of building

3
prototypes and faster realization of finalized design. From the point of view of
utilities and industrial plants, the availability of a software model is useful to
expedite comprehensive test studies before subjecting the actual relay to
various tests. In this manner, crucial test conditions are thus first identified and
the physical relay is tested only for these conditions. The software model can
also be a very useful training tool.

The availability of a software model can provide more readily accessible

analysis tools. A physical relay device, typically, responds to a transient or fault
condition by making an output decision. Such decision can be: "no trip". "trip
instantaneously" or "trip after delay". Therefore, only the contact action
information is obtained for various test conditions. In microprocessor-based
relays, additional information may be available in memory the extent of which
depends on the specific design of the manufacturer. These limitations can be
avoided by the availability of a software model. During the test runs, a model
can provide an animated display showing the characteristic curve of the relay
and the computed quantity of interest at each sampling interval. The displayed
characteristic curve reflects the chosen relay settings as well as the nature of
the specific relay, i.e. over-current, impedance, mho etc. When the test is
completed, all computed variables at each time step can be stored and plotted
for analysis such as impedance trajectories.

Traditionally, relay devices and models are developed in single case

approach. Namely, the designs are undertaken with a specific relay type in
mind. Since the off-line, on-line and trip logic calculations are performed in a
microprocessor relay by the installed software, it is conceivable to build a
general purpose hardware for a relay. Research work undertaken at the
University of Saskatchewan [4] demonstrated the reliability and advantages of
such an approach. The underlying tool for such development was the general
components that are typically available in a microprocessor relay. Figure 1.1
illustrates these components.

4
 Power

log
Ana Digital Digital
Input Input output
Subsystem Subsystem Subsystem

a a a i•• f• f!•• f 1 a f • f• 1! f• i••• f••! f'

Analog I Registers
• Interface and I I RAM ROM /
CtIp Memoy
-- I
I t I
e Control CP C 1111 ions

• a.... - - s - - . . s • • • • s - • . . . - - s r a •
f

Micro-computer
Power
supply

Figure. 1.1: Functional block diagram of a typical microprocessor based relay

A microprocessor based system can be used for detecting faults in the

power system. The real time data monitoring of various electrical parameters in
the power systems helps us in detecting faults. In this system the abnormal
conditions are detected by the microprocessor and necessary initiation of the
trip signal to circuit breaker is given. For this real time monitoring of the data is
required. Since microprocessor understands only binary data, so we need to
convert analog signal to digital data by analog to digital converter.

The figure 1.1 describes the typical microprocessor based relay in

which analog input subsystem is used for acquiring the real time signals from
the power system, that is CT's and PT's. The signal which is an analog is
converted into digital form by the analog interface, ADC. The data acquired is
the sampled data from the real time signal, the number of samples acquired
depends on the sampling rate of the ADC. The number of minimum samples
required is two times the maximum frequency given by the Nyquist criteria.
5
 The data which is acquired is stored in a RAM and it is sent to the
registers, CPU processes the data according to the instructions. The control
unit controls the flow of the data and controls the action of read and write
operations. When there is a fault CPU sends a high output data that is data
output in terms of voltage to digital subsystem. ROM is used for the initialisation
of the CPU. The function of communications is to give the input settings and
various inputs required for the program to run.

1.3 Literature Review:

G. D. Rockefeller [1] reported the feasibility of protecting all the 'equipments in a
EHV substation and transmission lines emanating from it using a digital
computer. The problems of using a digital computer for performing all the
protection functions in a substation are clearly recognised in this paper.

G. B. Gilcrest, G. D. Rockefeller, E. A. Urden[2] reports an experimental

general-purpose process-control digital computer based high-speed phase-
and ground-distance fault protection of one 230 kV transmission line.

Y. Akimoto et al [3] presents a paper on two types of digital relaying systems

using high speed microcomputers have been placed in service in the Tokyo
Electric Power Co., Inc. (TEPCO). One is a current differential carrier relaying
system for the protection of EHV (275 kV, 500 kV) transmission lines. This
system will be used as the standard primary protection system for EHV
transmission line. The other is a balance and directional distance relaying
system for the protection of 66 kV parallel transmission lines.

Badri Ram and B. B. Chakravarty [4] presents a microprocessor-based

distance-relaying scheme suitable for the protection of EHV lines. The scheme
offers compactness and flexibility, and reduces numbers and types of relaying
units. A generalized interface employing operational amplifiers, analog to digital
converter, voltage comparators and analog multiplexer has been developed.
B. Jeyasurya, W. J. Smolinski[5] describes the design and testing of a digital
distance relay for high voltage systems. It shows how a prototype has been
built using two single board computers in a multiprocessor configuration. This
design allows simultaneous real-time filtering of the voltage and current signals
and computation of the apparent impedances in parallel.

Barry J. Mann, I. F. Morrision proposes a method of distance type protection

suitable for on-line digital computer protection of transmission lines. The basic
principle is the predictive calculation of peak fault current and voltage from .a
small number of sample values.

Deepak L. Waikar,, Philip S.M. Chin[6] describes a new apparent impedance

estimation algorithm that is based on modal components theory. Response of
digital distance relaying depends on the fast and accurate calculation of
parameters such as voltage and current phasors and fault impedance. The
paper discusses a procedure for deriving a fault impedance estimation
algorithm that can be used for protecting power transmission lines.

Gabriel Benmouyalp presents a theoretical investigation of the capability of

popular digital filters used in relaying applications to suppress DC offset in
current waveforms over a broad range of time constants as encountered on
real power systems. The concept of the FIR type of digital mimic filter is
described. It is shown that digital mimic circuit will almost completely eliminate
the effect of an exponentially decaying component.

7
 CHAPTER 2
DISTANCE RELAYS BASICS

2.1 Introduction:

Distance protection is a general term which is given to a group of 'non-

unit' protective systems in which the relaying devices measures the impedance
or reactance of the line, both of which are proportional to the distance between
the measuring point and the fault. Such systems need no pilots and their
inherent characteristics over come most of the limitations of over current
relaying schemes.

The operating principle of distance protection is based on the fact that,

from relay measuring point in a power system, the line impedance to a fault in
that system can be determined by measuring the voltage and current at the
measuring point. This type of relaying is available for both phase and ground
fault protection. The characteristics can be described using a R-X diagram.
There are numerous differences in relay characteristics. The relays are set
according to the positive and zero-sequence impedance of the transmission
line. On two-terminal lines without tap lines, the impedance of a transmission
line is fixed, and the reach of the relay is largely insensitive to network changes.
However, on multi terminal lines and transmission lines with tap lines, the
apparent impedance is affected by network changes.

2.2 Distance Relay Schemes:

a) Impedance Relay: The impedance relay as shown in figure 2.1 does not
take into account the phase angle between the voltage and the current applied
to it. For this reason, the impedance characteristic in the R-X plane is a circle
with its centre at the origin. The relay operates when the measured impedance
is less than the setting (i.e., it is within the circle). This unit, when used to trip,
must be supervised by a directional unit or be time delayed.

E3
b) Reactance Relay: The reactance relay as shown in figure 2.2 measures
only the reactive component of impedance. The characteristic of a reactance
relay in the R-X plane is a straight line parallel to the R axis. The reactance
relay must be supervised by another function to ensure directionality and to
prevent tripping under load.

c) Mho Relay: The characteristic of the mho relay as shown in figure 2.3 is a
circle whose circumference passes through the origin. The relay operates if the
measured impedance falls within the circle.

d) Offset mho Relay: The characteristic of an offset mho relay •as shown in
figure 2.4 is a circle that is shifted and includes the origin, thus, providing better
protection for close-in faults. This unit, when used to trip, must be supervised by
a directional unit or be time-delayed.

e) Quadrilateral Relay: The . quadrilateral relay characteristic as shown in

figure 2.5 can be achieved by combining directional and reactance
characteristics with two resistive reach control characteristics.

f) Restricted mho Relay: The restricted mho relay as shown in figure 2.6 is
similar to the mho relay, except it is lens-shaped rather than circular, thus
providing more sensitivity to load.

Figure 2.1: Impedance Characteristics

 _x
Figure 2.2: Reactance Characteristics

Figure 2.3: Mho Characteristics Figure 2.4: Offset Mho Characteristics.

ZONE 3

ZONE 2

ZONE I

Figure 2.5: Quadrilateral Figure 2.6: Restricted mho

Characteristics Characteristics

10
2.3 Advantage of Mho Relay:
The term Mho given to a group of directional-impedance measuring
relays which are ideally suited for distance protection. The term Mho is derived
from the fact that the relay characteristic when plotted on admittance, instead of
impedance, diagram gives a straight line. When plotted on an impedance
diagram, in a similar manner to the impedance relay, the circle for operation
cuts the intersection of the X and R axis. With such a characteristic the relay
measures distance in one direction only. A Mho unit, therefore, combines
directional action with impedance measurement, and thus combines both
functions in one unit.

2.4 Drawbacks in Mho Relay:

(a) Non-operation of relay during close-in faults.
(b) More sensitivity to transmission line loading.

The drawbacks in the Mho relay are overcome by offsetting and

restricting the Mho relay characteristics and the resulting characteristics are
known as offset mho relay and restricted mho relay characteristics respectively.

2.5 Application of Restricted Mho Relay:

(a) Provides less sensitivity to transmission line loading.

2.6 Applications of Offset Mho Relay:

(a) Power swing blocking.
(b) Loss of excitation relaying in synchronous generator.
(c) Bus-bar back-up protection.

11
 CHAPTER 3
TRANSMISSION LINE DISTANCE PROTECTION

3.1 Introduction:
Distance protection has been widely used for protecting transmission
and subtransmission circuits because of its suitability, simplicity, economy and
reliability. In addition, selectivity and remote back-up protection are natural
advantages of this type of protection. Distance relays use voltages and currents
acquired at the relay location to calculate the apparent impedance of the
protected line. The calculated apparent impedance is compared with
predetermined impedance that is called reach of the relay. During normal
operation, the apparent impedance must be larger than the impedance-reach of
the relay. If the apparent impedance is less than the impedance-reach, then it
is concluded that a fault has occurred in the protected line between the relay,
location and the impedance reach of the relay. Under these conditions, the
distance relay energizes the circuits to trip appropriate circuit breakers to
isolate the faulted line from the rest of the system. Generally mho relay is used
to protect long transmission lines.

3.2 Distance Relay Protection Zones:

Selectivity in distance relays is provided by using different impedance
reaches in conjunction with different time delays associated with those settings
[3]. The combination of an impedance reach and its associated time delay is
known as a protection zone. It is common to provide distance relays with three
protection zones but, depending on the application, extra zones can be
included in the relay. The incidence of a fault within a protection zone of a
distance relay must initiate and complete the operation of the relay.

The impedance reach of zone-1 is usually set between 80% and 90% of
the transmission line impedance, leaving the remaining 20% to 10% of the line
impedance as a safety margin. This is done because errors are introduced by

12
inaccuracies of current and voltage transformers and processes used in the
relay for calculating impedances. These errors could make the relay over-reach
causing the relay to operate for faults in other than its own protection zone. No
intentional delay is provided to zone-1 protection. It essentially provides primary
protection.

The basic purpose of zone-2 relay is to provide primary protection to the

remaining 10% to 20% of the transmission line not protected by zone-1 and to
provide partial backup protection to the adjoining line of reach 50%.To allow
selectivity, time setting of zone-2 must be graded with the operating time of
zone-1 relays. The intentional time delay provided to zone-2 is around 0.3 to
0.5 sec.

The main function of zone-3 is to offer remote 100% back-up protection

to all adjoining lines. The reach of the zone-3 is 100% of line under
consideration plus 100% of adjoining line plus 10% to 20% extra. In Figure 2.1
are shown typical distance relay protection zones that provide local and back-
up protection to a transmission system. Figure 3.2 shows Mho relay with 3-
zones protection.

Z3

Z2
Z1
T~ T2

A I Instantaneous B I C
Adjacent
Line under
Line
cosideration

Figure 3.1: Distance relay protection zones

13
 X

Figure 3.2: Mho relay with 3-zones protection

3.3 Computation of the Apparent Impedance:

The performance of the protective relays for transmission line protection
influences the reliability and availability of the interconnected power system.
Due to the nature of the power system, the fault voltages and currents
measured by protective relays include decaying dc offsets, harmonics, and
other interferences. The fundamental frequency voltage and current signals
contained in this distorted signal can provide valuable information to the relay
to respond to a fault. For digital distance relays, which rely on precise
fundamental quantities, the fundamental frequency components of the post
fault voltages, and currents need to be extracted as quickly and as accurately
as possible.

Most distance relays incorporate six operating elements per zone, one
for each of the phase-phase and phase-ground loops. The voltage and current
phasors are used to estimate the impedance between the relay and the fault.
The impedance estimates are determined using six relay elements: - three for
phase faults (faults AB, ABG,BC, BCG, CA, CAG, ABC)and three for earth
faults (faults AG, BG, CG). Each of the six elements is presented with the
appropriate voltage and current phasors.

14
 Table 3.1: Relay Elements and Signals used for Impedance Estimation
Measuring Unit Equations
• AG VA /[IA + k1o ]
BG VB /[IB + kIo ]
CG Vc /[Ic + k1o ]
AB [VA -VB]/[IA -Is]
BC [VB - Vc]/[IB - IC]
CA [VC — VA]/[IC — IA]

Where k = zero-sequence current compensation factor, a fixed parameter of

line
zo-zl
k =. zi (3.1)

lo= zero-sequence current

Consider the design of a distance relay that calculates the apparent

impedance using the voltage and current phasors. i.e. Z=V/I . Multiple zones
can be easily included since it only requires a comparison between the
calculated impedance phasor and the zone-operating characteristic. The
equations used to calculate the apparent impedance seen by each of the six
relay elements are listed in table 3.1.

When the distance relays receive discrete voltage and current signal, it
has to convert them to phasor. The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is the
most popular method to estimate fundamental phasors for digital relaying. The
full-cycle DFT is described as following equation (3.2):

2 N-1 - 2nk N
X = N ~k-0 Xk (3.2)

Where X is complex phasor, Xk is the sample discrete data of the signal, and N
is the number of samples per cycle.

15
 In addition, when a fault occurs on transmission lines, the voltage and
current signals are severely distorted. These signals may contain decaying dc
components, subsystem frequency transients, high frequency oscillation
quantities, and etc. The higher frequency components can be eliminated using
low pass anti-aliasing filters with appropriate cut-off frequency, but the anti-
aliasing filters cannot remove decaying dc components and reject low
frequency components. This makes the phasors very difficult to be quickly
estimated and affects the performance of digital relaying. Therefore, we usually
use the mimic filter to remove the dc-offset components. The mimic filter can be
developed by digital method. Here, we want to pass the fundamental frequency
signal (50Hz) by the filter. Then, assuming the gain K equals 1 and the samples
frequency is fs ( fs = IlTs ), finally, we obtain a formula (3.3)

K(1 + Tfs ) — KTfs cos wTT + jKTfs sin cwT' = 1 (3.3)

Where w = 2 * rr*50 , T is time constant

To solve equation (2) can get the gain K

K = FM2+N2) (3.4)

Where

a *ir *so
M=1+ -rfs — ifs cos fs (3.5)

N = zfs
sin( 2* fs sa) (3.6)

From above equations we can remove dc offset components in current wave

forms.

16
3.4 Generalised Mathematical Expression for Distance Relays:

A generalised mathematical expression for the operating conditions of

distance relays can be derived as follows. The derivation of this expression is
based on the operating condition of the offset mho relay having a positive
offset. Figure 3.3 shows the characteristics of an offset mho relay on R-X
diagram.

Figure 3.3: Offset mho relay with positive offset

The radius of circle is given by,

Zr—Zo
r= Z (3.7)

Where

Zr = Rr+jXr = Impedance of the protected line section.

Zo = Ro+jXo = Impedance by which the mho circle is offset.

The centre of the mho circle is offset from the origin by,

Zr+Zo
c= 2 (3:8)

17


If Z = R+jX is the impedance seen by the relay, then the operating conditions
for the offset mho relay with positive offset is given by,

z-c<=r (3.9)

Zr + Zo Zr — Zo
( z
_ 2 ) ~ 2

Rr+Ro Xr+Xo (Rr —Ro Xr—Xo

R (
2 )+j X 2 ) 2 2 /

Rr+Ro 2 Xr +Xo 2 Rr
( —Ro l2 Xr— Xo)21
(R_ ) +(x_
2 _
2 ) < 2 J + 2

Rr, Ro, Xr and Xo are constants for a particular characteristic and hence the
above expression can be written in the generalised form as

(R — K1)2 + (X — K2)2 <— K3 (3.10)

Where the constants K1, K2 and K3 are given by

Rr+RO
k1 =
2

Xr+XO
k2=
2

11:1
 (Rr — Ro Z Xr — Xo)Z
k3 — ~ +(
2 2

3.5 Restricted Mho Relay Characteristics:

The tripping area of a mho characteristic can be restricted by two

overlapping characteristics as shown in figure 3.4. The tripping area is common
area between two mho characteristics. This type of characteristic occupies a
very small area on the R-X diagram and hence least affected by power swings.
A restricted mho relay can be used for the protection of very long lines.

;1
►

cle I

Is

Figure 3.4: Restricted mho characteristics

Relay characteristic equation for restricted mho relay is as follows.

Equation for mho circle I is given by

(R — K11)2 + (X — K21)2 <_ K31 (3.11)

Where

Rr1
k11= 2

19
 Xrl
k21 = 2

k31= () + (X21
2 ) 2

G~~3TRAL'

ZACC No .................
Date ....................
Equation for mho circle 2 is given by
K T RnnR1tC~~
(R+K12)2 + (X—K22)2 5 K32 (3.12)

Where

Rr2
k12 = 2

k22= -Xr2
2--

k32 = (R2212 + rX22 )2

3.6 Offset Mho Relay Characteristics:

The characteristic of a mho relay on the impedance R-X diagram is: a

circle passing through the origin. With such a characteristic, the mho relay is
inherently directional as it detects faults in the forward direction only. The mho
characteristic, occupying the least area on the R-X diagram is least affected by
power swings which remain for longer periods in case of long lines. Offset mho
relays, whose characteristics are shown in figure 3.5 are used for zone 3 in a
three-zone protective scheme employing mho relays for zones 1 and 2 for the
protection of power transmission lines.

ME
 X

Figure 3.5: Offset mho relay characteristics

Relay characteristic equation for offset mho relay is given by

(R—K1)2 + (X—K2)2 <— K3 (3.13)

Where the constants K1, K2 and K3 are given by

Rr—Ro
k1 = 2

Xr — Xo
k2 = 2

~ (Rr+Ro)2+(Xr +Xo)Z
k3=
2 2

Equations(3.1 1) and (3.12) represents operating characteristics of

restricted mho relay and equation (3.13) represents operating characteristics of
offset mho relay.

21
 CHAPTER 4
PSCAD SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULTS

4.1 Introduction:
In this a set of simulation tests were carried for the test model of a power
system as shown in Figure 4.1. The power system has 0.400kV transmission
line with single end feeding source. The data of transmission line and sources
are given in appendix A.

4.2 Simulation Model:

A transmission line of length 100km is simulated in PSCAD.
Transmission line positive impedance is (6.87+j62.832) for 100km length. Fault
is applied at the length of 75km.

T.
1I RL RR A TL-SEC2
~ 81

0.0018 [MWJ

Figure 4.1: PSCAD Simulation model

22
4.3 Simulation Flow Chart:

START

Read relay input voltage

Vr and input current Ir

Extract fundamental frequency

components of Vr and Ir by FFT

Calculate impedance Zcal for ground

faults and phase faults seperately

If
NO
Zcal<=Zset

Give trip signal to circuit breaker

END

Figure 4.2 Simulation flow chart

23
4.3 Simulation Results:

4.3.1 Restricted Mho Relay Results:

For restricted mho relaying simulations are carried out for different fault types.
Settings of restricted mho relay are shown in table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Restricted Mho Relay Settings

Mho Circle Impedance Setting

I 23.7921+j48.2651

II -12.7990+j52.2659

Main: Graphs
-vi

V\1?IIW
0.40
0.30 __.. . ._ ._......__._._.......__.. ._.... . _ .....;...... _... _.. X 0.084
0.20
0.10 ..... ..._..... ...
0.00
0.10
0.20' ._........__.._ . .... ................_........ T.

-0.30
-0,40 _ _... _ .__. .,. . _
0.0100
X -0.001
0.0080
_.-._. . .__.. . . . . _.
..
0.0060 O 0.001
—
00040 . O.002
._. __ __....__ ......
..
0.0020 . i
0.0000 — .. __....._... _._, _._..._......._. _W ..._

-0.0020
-0.0040 ......................................................:..... ................. .......... . .
-4.0060
_ .
2.no
• Feul Signal .... ......... TripSignell (01) : - Breaker open ►
X 0.587
1.75
01.000
1.50
1.25: A0.413 ..:<
1.00 Min 1.000.
,0.75 - Max 1.000
0.50
0.25
0.00
t(sec) 0.1U0 0.1>50 0.0 0.250 0.300 It 0.350 0.400 X 0.200.'
x
- - U 0 0.332: .
s . ► X 0.133

Figure 4.3: Voltage, current waveforms at restricted mho relay location and trip

signals for AG fault

24
 cbn_IMP_CALC COMP :IMPEDANCE TRAJECTORIES BY GROUND FAUL...

25

=25

-50
-100 :. -75 -50 -25 50 75 .100
Aperture Width 0.6
0.000s 0.600s Position 0.000

Figure 4.4: Impedance trajectory seen by restricted mho relay for AG fault

Figure 4.3 shows Voltage, current waveforms at restricted mho relay

location for AG fault. Here setting impedance is 80% of the transmission line
length and fault is applied at the location of 75% of line length. Impedance
trajectory seen by restricted mho relay for AG fault is shown in figure 4.4.

25
 Main: Graphs

1 1:~

~ ,1''M~ITIfl11L,i ,~ ,,l ,~111~TIT1,1:~'~1~~ttT~~1~'r~ •1

11111,11
1,

IW 1 TI! W1I11t#1TI I fI1ITITITl,I,ATa IWI!fITI! 1

nnu
1 1

1 1i1
1 11.
•
.ill1
iii i
— T iii

f~ila~~T ~ ~t "l`~~~~~i. ~l~t~f 1 11

••
1 11 1
111.. --
1
11

• 111

.1°

111
11
- 111

1 1

1.1
1 1 1 I I 1 1 11

'n'';1 '1
a I.

Figure 4.5: Voltage, current waveforms at restricted mho relay location and trip

Signals for BC fault

26
 cbn 1MP_CALC_COMP : IMPEDANCE TR. CTORIES BY: PHASE FAULT RELAY

X Coordinate V Coordinate
■Rab }Cab .
•a Rbc Xbc
Rca Xca

50

25

-25-

-50-
y
,, X100 _ _ -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75. 100
Aperture Wdth 0.6
0.000s 0.600s Position 0.000

Figure 4.6: Impedance trajectory seen by restricted mho relay for BC fault

Figure4.5 shows Voltage, current waveforms at restricted mho relay location

for BC fault. Here setting impedance is 80% of the transmission line length and
fault is applied at the location of 75% of line length. For BC fault BC element
measures fault impedance. Impedance trajectory seen by restricted mho relay
for BC fault is shown in figure 4.6.

27
 Main: Graphs

1 1:~

1 1 iiIIIlIIHIHhI.11hIIIIH.IIiiIIiUHhIIIU.flIiIII
1l~ii~'I'Itj1~1j 1n1~11't~'I~~llyj~iTIIN 1 •1
;1; D~~1H1i~~L1f111,T1t~~~i~I1~I1~11 i~1ui11~Rh~jl~ln~lftfil(11~11f L &.
!1

1 1 11
1 1 1:1 1 11
~~~~ ~■~
iFlZi1~~~~~~~1~T a 1 11 1
1.
1 1111 1~,( 111~A1! ~~ j ~rr
/~~~~~r~r~~~Y~~~1~~1~~ ~~~~ , P I I 1 'P
~~ ~
III ~ 1 ~t~
1 11.1
1 11'1 ~ ! 1

•11

• 111

a1

11 Ili

1 1

III

1 1 1 ~I1 1 1 r 11

Figure 4.7: Voltage, current waveforms at restricted mho relay location and trip

Signals for ABC fault

28
 cbn_IMP_CALC_COMP : IMPEDANCE TRAJECTORIES BY PHASE FAULT RELAY.

Coordinate Y Coordinate

Figure 4.8: Impedance trajectory seen by restricted mho relay for ABC fault

Figure 4.7 shows Voltage, current waveforms at restricted mho relay

location for ABC fault. Here setting impedance is 80% of the transmission line
length and fault is applied at the location of 75% of line length. Impedance
trajectory seen by restricted mho relay for ABC fault is shown in figure 4.8.


4.3.2 Offset Mho Relay Results:

For offset mho relaying simulations are carried out for different fault types.
Settings of offset mho relay are shown in table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Offset Mho Relay Settings

Impedance Setting

Zo 0.687+j6.2832

Zr 5.496+j50.2656

Main:

A x0.055
0-0.217
i d =0.272
...Min-O.13

iiwiiiiii Max 0.313

-0.40: , ....... ! . ... .. ......... ....

.n ..
0.0060
.................._. _..........._...._.. _.._._.._....._
_ ../....__..__ X -0.001
0-0.000
0.0020
4 0.001
_ .. ._..---- __ _ ... --— —
/; - Min -0.003
--0.0020 - ••\ij Max .0.003
0.0040 ..
` /
.0.0060
. V V J.
-0.0080 ...............................
Fault Si
2.00
x0-DOD
1.75
02.000
1.50
1.25 :42.o00
1.00 _ Min 0.000
0.75 Max 2.000.
0.50
0.25
0.00
t(sec) . 0 0.s 0.3bo 1t 0.350 0.400 X 0,200.
x
50 0b 00.331
H. 1►1 a 0.132

Figure 4.9: Voltage, current waveforms at offset relay location and trip

Signals for CG fault

30
 cbn_IMP_CALG COMP IMPEDANCE TRAJECTORIES BY GROUND FAULT

50

25

Figure 4.10: Impedance trajectory seen by offset mho relay for CG fault

Figure 4.9 shows Voltage, current waveforms at offset mho relay location
for CG fault. Here setting impedance is 80% of the transmission line length and
fault is applied at the location of 75% of line length. Impedance trajectory seen
by offset mho relay for CG fault is shown in figure 4.10

31
 Main :'Graphs
—
■V1 r

x o.os
o.3a
0-0.158
a.2a
0.10
.Y o.oa I Min -0.317 F
o -0.10 Max 0.317

-0.20
tf
'a.3a j
1

-0.40

0.0080 — 1
x -0.001
o.aoso
I o 0.000
0.0040
H020 a0,001=

0.0000 i Mn -0.003 I
C -0.0020 Max 0.003

L) -0.0040
0.0060
-0.0080

Faun Signal • RefayTnpSignall (@1) Breaker open

2.00• w ____e. _.._
x 0.000
1.:75
00.628
A 0.628
1.25
1.00 Min 0.000

} 0.75 Max 0.000

0.50
0.25
0.00-
t(sec) :0.100 0.150 0. 0 0.250 0.300 Ii. 0.350 0.400 x 0.200
x iJ 00.331
;...4 ► z0.131

Figure 4.11: Voltage, current waveforms at offset relay location and trip

Signals for BOG fault

32
 cbn_IMP_CALC COMP :IMPEDANCE TRAJECTORIES BY GROUND FAUL...

X Coordinate Y Coordinate
0Ia Xe
=Rb .. Xb
Rc }{c

50

25

_25

-50

-75 -50 'r 2 50 = 5 , : .

.... 0
=25 :

Aperture jj _ INfdth a6
0.000s 0.600s Position 0.000

Figure 4.12: Impedance trajectory seen by offset mho relay for BCG fault

Figure 4.11 shows Voltage, current waveforms at offset mho relay

location for BCG fault. Here setting impedance is 80% of the transmission line
length and fault is applied at the location of 75% of line length. Impedance
trajectory seen by offset mho relay for BCG fault is shown in figure 4.12.

33
 Main: Graphs

II
11

• , I i & J~TThTiTI!LTITN11*T ILTi 11~ifilfi a!* J~iA 1flcIrn vn •1 1.

I I I l l ~iiilfl'I~iIll lil i~u j~ ~llj~l~j~ll ~j NBig0. 1~11l►.IIT1 j Ntl~ 11l~l~jti~~ 1 •1
1 1
r r t Y 1► ~ 1 ~'
1 1 1 ~~~~" r 1~ 1~ 11~ T I 1~ 1 Y 1 11 ~'~.~, ~~~~~~i~~~~~,~~1
1 ~1

j 1 11

111.• , r /}i~ilJl~tT111~#11fL1111TN1
i1,li .1
111 1 - ,'i•,',- ii,a~ L1i~~.~~1l
lIUIf ~~
111.
1 111 ~~
Y~ ~1 ~i~~~~~~~~~~l~il~l~I +i~ ~
~ill~lrl~}i11~~1u1l1~i11tL~i~![i~~

I if - 1

11
Eli

• I11
H1
► 111

11 1 111

111
II

1 11

1 11 1 1 1p 11 •J'1 0.300 1 1 1 II 1 11
■ • f
■

Figure 4.13: Voltage, current waveforms at offset relay location and trip

Signals for ABCG fault

34
 *. cbn 1MP CALC_COMP :IMPEDANCE TRAJECTORIES BY GROUND FAUL...

X Coordinate '(Coordinate

=Rb Xb
m Rc Xc
I . 1
I L

Figure 4.14: Impedance trajectory seen by offset mho relay for ABCG fault

Figure 4.13 shows Voltage, current waveforms at offset mho relay

location for ABCG fault. Here setting impedance is 80% of the transmission line
length and fault is applied at the location of 75% of line length. Impedance
trajectory seen by offset mho relay for ABCG fault is shown in figure 4.14.

35
 CHAPTER 5
EMULATED MODEL OF RESTRICTED MHO RELAY
AND OFFSET MHO RELAY

In this chapter the emulated model for microprocessor based restricted

mho relay and offset mho relay is described. LEM Module LA 50-P is a current
transducer for the electronic measurement of currents with galvanic isolation
between primary (high power) and the secondary (electronic) circuits. The
voltage conversion of the current is done by placing a resistance in series with
the M' terminal and the ground point. The voltage drop across the resistance is
directly proportional to the current. The drop across the resistance is directly fed
to the DAQ card by connecting the common point of card to ground point and
the other channel terminal to the variable point of resistor. In similar way all the
current transducer are connected to the DAQ card to determine the flow of
current in the line.

Figure 5.1 shows the connection diagram of the transducer and the
variable resistance is used in order to calibrate the value of voltage attained for
a known current flowing across the current transducer.

Figure 5.2 shows emulated for voltages fed to the DAQ card from step
down transformers. The transformers isolate the voltage at the primary side to
the voltage at the secondary side. The voltage rating of primary is 230v and
secondary side is 3v.The connections are shown in the figure below in which
common star point is taken as common and connected to the ground and three
terminals representing each phase voltage is connected to analog input
channels of DAQ card. Figure 5.3 shows analog input assignment of the DAQ
card.

36
 Channel-1

~ Channel-2

I I Ground

Channel-3

Figure 5.1: Voltages given to the DAQ card from LA 50-P current transducers

37
 0 To Channel -.5

To Channel -6

C To Channel - 7

Figure 5.2: Voltages given to the DAQ card from 230/3v step-down
transformers

Al
Al l Al 2 Al 3 ASN Al 4 Al 5 Al 6 All
GND

+ - + - + - + - + - + - + -

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Figure 5.3: Analog input Pin assignment of the DAQ card

38
 To USB

<2= Analog Input

Figure 5.4: NI USB 6212 DAQ card

Table 5.1 Channel allocation of the analog inputs

Analog Input Channel

Current, IA 1

Current, IB 2

Current, IC 3

Voltage, VA 5

Voltage, VB 6

Voltage, VC 7

39
 CHAPTER 6
WORKING OF RESTRICTED MHO RELAY AND OFFSET
MHO RELAY AND TEST RESULTS
6.1 Introduction:
Restricted mho relay is less affected to power swings and provides
more sensitivity to transmission line. Offset mho relay is provides bus-bar back-
up protection and protects synchronous generator during loss of excitation.ln
this chapter working of restricted mho relay and offset mho relay are
implemented in MATLAB code. Flow charts developed for the operation of
above said relays.

A transmission line of impedance (6.87+j62.832) for a length of 100km,

is modelled in the laboratory to test the working of restricted mho relay and
offset mho relay. In the laboratory line to line supply voltage is 400V rms.
Different types of faults are created at an impedance of (4.07+j47.12388) for
the length of line 75km. Relays considered here are zone-I restricted mho relay
and zone-I offset mho relay with setting impedance of (5.496+j50.2656) which
is 80% of transmission line under consideration.

41
6.2 Program Flow Chart for Restricted Mho Relay:

Start

0 Read voltage and current samples from DAQ

Remove from harmonics Voltage and Current Samples

Remove DC offset Component from Current samples

Convert voltage and current samples into phasor form

Calculate fault Impedance for Six types of Elements

Select K11,K21,K31 for Mho Circle-I

Figure 6.1: Flow chart for restricted mho relay part-I

42
 A

Calculate (R-K 11)2

Calculate (X-K21 )2

Sum =(R-K11 )2+(X-K21)2

b
Figure 6.2: Flow chart for restricted mho relay part-II

43
 Calculate (R+K12)2

Calculate (X-K12 )2

Sum = (R+K12)2+(X-K12)2

NO / Is
x Sum<=
K2?

YES

Display type of fault

and send trip signal

stop

Figure 6.3: Flow chart for restricted mho relay part-III

44
6.3 Program Flow Chart for Offset Mho Relay:

Start

Read Voltage and Current samples from DAQ

Remove Harmonics from Voltage and Current Samples

Remove DC offset Component from Current samples

Convert Voltage and current Samples into phasor form

Calculate fault Impedance using Six types of elements

Select K1,K2 and K3

Calculate (R-K1 )2

Figure 6.4: Flow chart for offset mho relay part-I

45
 Figure 6.5: Flow chart for restricted mho relay part-II

6.4 Test Results:

In this section restricted mho relay and offset mho relays are tested for different
types of faults and results are presented.

46
6.3.1 Restricted mho relay:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., _,:, . . .:, .,. . . . . . . . . .

File Edit Debug Desktop Window Help
. . . . . . . . . _.. . .,
0Ne
New to MATLAB? Watch this Video, see Demos, or read Getting Started. x
Voltages Currents

VI =

• 218.4416 128.7021 0.4261 101.1068

225.8188 -114.5437 0.4256 -138.9114
211.0683 6.2809 0.4382 -20.3226

ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Zincomplex =

1.Oe+002

4.8123 + 2.67191
• 4.9077 + 1.6272i
4.0049 + 2.21771
4.6449 + 2.20281
4.5652.+ 2.33441
4.4934 + 2.20221

Voltages Currents

V I =

176.1987 138.0980 3.7669 42.4957

179.6825 -106.5262 3.7291 160.0165
169.1659 14.5524 3.9115 -79.2987

ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Zincomplex =

4.9498 +46.29551
2.8004 +40.6240i
2.6505 +42.98141
3.1968 +46.79641
4.3215 +45.64321
2.0342 +45.24821

ABC Fault
>>

Figure 6.6: Results of restricted mho relay for ABC fault

47
 Figure 6.6 shows test results of restricted mho relay for ABC fault which
is created at 75% of the transmission line. Figure 6.7 shows Impedance
trajectory seen by AB element of restricted mho relay for ABC fault. Here
restricted 'mho relay operated for ABC fault.

100

80

60

40

20

-20

-40

-100
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 6.7: Impedance trajectory seen by AB element of restricted mho relay

for ABC fault

48


File Edit Debug Desktop , Window Help

iO New to MATLAB? Watch this Video. see Demos, or read Gettinci Started. x
V I

218.8147 150.4818 0.4276 122.2536

224.9356 -94.2139 0.4361 -118.9516
210.1522 27.4881 0.4512 1.4572

ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Z1ncomplex

1.0e002

4.7371 + 2.7019i
4.7749 + 1.6488i
3.9252 + 2.0919i
4.5301 + 2.24051
4.4058 + 2.24771
4.4575 + 2.13821
Currents
Voltages

Til I =

196.6099 115.2761 2.9728 -19.4481

195.6830 -148.0356 3.4172 156.6649
` 209.4136 -16.3867 0.5121 -48.0539

ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Zincomplex

1.Oe+002

0.4665 + 0.46301
0.3326 + 0.47311
3.2299 + 2.08091
0.0422 + 0.45801
0.7952 + 0.5245i
1.3180 + 0.6385i

AB fault

Figure 6.8: Results of restricted mho relay for AB fault

49
 Figure 6.8 shows test results of restricted mho relay for AB fault which is
Treated at 75% of the transmission line. Figure 6.9 shows Impedance trajectory
seen by AB element of restricted mho relay for AB fault. Here restricted mho
relay operated for AB fault.

100

80

60

40

20

-20

-40

-60

--80

-100
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 6.9: Impedance trajectory seen by AB element of restricted mho relay

for AB fault

50


ew Debug Desktop Window Help

o MATLAB? Watch this lideo. see Demos, or read Getting Started.
FilL
N
Voltages Currents

[7 I

217.1632 95.1532 0.4272 68.5115

223.3731 -146.6539 0.4206 -172.0769
215.7473 -26.7897 0.4406 -53.6138

ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Zincomplex =

1.Oe+002

4.7709 + 2.56141
4.9140 + 1.93721
4.0748 + 2.23441
4.6777 + 2.21091
4.5649 + 2.37451
4.4843 + 2.20071

Voltages Currents

V I =
3.6252 154.3493
175.4070 -110.2816
177.8459 5.8966 3.6756 -89.2018
171.9267 125.3151 3.8577 33.4104

ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Zincomplex

4.9784 +48.11011
4.2554 +48.76721
1.1853 +44.3633i
4.4155 +48.2179i
3.6535 +45.63911
1.9190 +47.24721

ABCG Fault
1 »

Figure 6.10: Results of restricted mho relay for ABCG fault

51
 Figure 6.10 shows test results of restricted mho relay for ABCG fault
which is created at 75% of the transmission line. Figure 6.11 shows Impedance
trajectory seen by AB element of restricted mho relay for ABCG fault. Here
restricted mho relay operated for ABCG fault.

100

80

60

40

20

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 6.11: Impedance trajectory seen by AB element of restricted mho relay

for ABCG fault

52
6.4.1 Offset mho relay:

File Edit Debug Desktop Window Help

...................................._......._,._.:.._.....-._..---------------.....__._._.....__....................._...__._........-_.................._._...:........_._ _.......-._.._.........._......._.................._..._........:..... ....._....._...._.._...._._ -..........._.......:........_,_........_..........::.:
0 New to MATLAB? Watch this Video, see Demos, or read Getting Started. x

V I

231.6759 -113.5347 0.4205 -140.8991

237.8913 3.5617 0.4179 -21.5943
228.2883 123.0719 0.4390 97.3603

ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Zincomplex

1.Oe+002

5.1339 + 2.94411
5.3317 + 2.00751
• 4.3268 + 2.26121
5.0001 + 2.40691
4.6726 + 2.4787i
4.8739 + 2.33761

Voltages Currents

V1

226.8239 174.2276 0.4545 145.4987

214.5653 -62.3385 2.9713 165.9864
197.6678 39.1806 3.4093 -16.5633

ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Zincompl.ex =

1.Oe+002

• 4.3793 + 2.65091
0.4865 + 0.54131
0.3276 + 0.47661
1.4085 + 0.59091
0.0500 + 0.49941
0.8508 + 0.5680i

BC fault
f._>>

Figure 6.12: Results of offset mho relay for BC fault

53
 Figure 6.12 shows test results of offset mho relay for BC fault which is
created at 80% of the transmission line. Figure 6.12 shows Impedance
trajectory seen by BC element of offset mho relay for CG fault. For BC fault
only BC element measures the fault impedance. Here offset mho relay
operated for BC fault.

100

80

60

40

20

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 6.13: Impedance trajectory seen by BC element of offset mho relay for
BC fault

54
 File Edit Debug Desktop Window Help
... _. _....__..... _ ... ...........................................................................I._..............__....._.............:.......r.................................._..................._...,...,....,......................................I................:.................
0 New to MATLAB? Watch this Video. see Demos, or read Getting Started.
VOlrages Currents

11

231.7993 125.5875 0.2879 98.6049

239.3998 -117.4675 0.2040 -140.3101
224.7050 2.9690 0.2964 -23.6307

ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Zincomplex =

1.Oe+002

7.8343 + 4.55351
7.9425 + 2.2738i
5.9797 + 3.4548i
7.3770 + 3.30371
7.3121 + 3.64791
7.0591 + 3.41931

Voltages Currents

V I =

184.6061 -113.9065 3.6876 150.3447

187.6312 2.0538 3.6528 -91.8077
180.5618 121.3752 3.8019 28.9911
e ".
ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Zincomplex =

5.4507 +49.79041
3.3560 +51.81141
1.6987 +47.26041
3.8162 +50.16441
3.7842 +48.96471
2.8085 +49.56701

ABC

Figure 6.14: Results of offset mho relay for ABC fault

55
 Figure 6.14 shows test results of offset mho relay for ABC fault which is
created at 75% of the transmission line. Figure 6.15 shows Impedance
trajectory seen by AB element of offset mho relay for ABC fault. Here offset
mho relay operated for ABC fault.

100

80

60

40

20

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 6.15: impedance trajectory seen by AB element of offset mho relay for
ABC fault

56
 File Edit Debug Desktop Window Help
........................._ ..__...................:...._.._._..._ .._......._....._.........._..................__....................,......................................._._.................................:._._........._....._......._...._,_ _..._._...,.......
0New to MATLAB? Watch this Video. see Demos. or read Getting Started.
Voltages Currents

VI

233.2587 154.7839 0.4146 126.8315

239.3996 -90.0920 0.4256 -114.4815
222.6072 31.7464 0.4417 6.2912

ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Zincomplex =

1. Oe+002

• 5.2203 + 3.00711
• 5.2594 + 1.95251
4.2374 + 2.20091
4.9657 + 2.43701
4.7959 + 2.41061
4.8963 + 2.27721

Voltages Currents

V I

185.0617 127.0068 3.7023 32.0570

188.2796 -117.0362 3.6316 149.3823
178.8455 3.4282 3.8255 -90.0066

ZAG ZBG ZCG ZAB ZBC ZCA:

Zincomplex =

4.7091 +49.7568i
3.1840 +52.29461
2.5159 +46.53241
3.1980 +50.54081
4.4681 +49.09921
2.6798 +46.72341

ABCG Fault
1 >>

Figure 6.16: Results of offset mho relay for ABCG fault

 Figure 6.16 shows test results of offset mho relay for ABCG fault which
is created at 80% of the transmission line. Figure 6.16 shows Impedance
trajectory seen by BC element of offset mho relay for ABCG fault. Here offset
mho relay operated for ABCG fault.

150

100

50

-50

-100
-100 -80 -60 40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 6.17: Impedance trajectory seen by BC element of offset mho relay for
ABCG fault

58
 f f r f I f I f
tom 1 mm 25M _000 amo ,000 asap sm

Figure 6.18: Relay voltage samples before filter

-1

-2

-3

A rr r r r -

—Y 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Figure 6.19: Relay voltage samples after filter

59
 o.e

OA

as

aA

.0.8
0 500 1000 1508 2000 2500 2 2500 Imo imn wn

Figure 6.20: Relay current samples

Figure 6.18 shows relay voltage samples before filter, in this it contains
voltage harmonics. By using butterwort low pass filter voltage harmonics are
eliminated. Figure 6.19 shows voltage samples after passing through filter.
Figure 6.20 shows relay current samples.
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 Conclusions:

In this report microprocessor based restricted mho relay and offset mho
relay are implemented. In laboratory transmission line is modelled and different
types of faults are created. Test results of restricted mho relay and offset mho
relay operating characteristics are presented for different types of faults.

For the same transmission line PSCAD simulations were done for
restricted mho relay and offset mho relay. Simulation results are presented and
analysed for different types of faults.

7.2 Future Scope:

It can be best implemented on a digital signal processor since digital
signal processor has MAC (Multiply and Accumulate in single instruction) dual
port RAMs read, write, modify in one machine cycle.

61
 REFERENCES

[1] G. D. Rockefeller, "Fault Protection with a Digital Computer," IEEE

Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-88, No. 4, April
1969, pp. 438-462.
[2] G. B. Gilcrest, G. D. Rockefeller, E. A. Urden, "High Speed Distance
Relaying Using A digital Computer, Part-I System Description," IEEE
Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-91, No.
3,May/June 1972, pp. 1235-1243.
[3] Y. Akimoto, T. Matsuda, K. Matsuzawa, M. Yamaura, R. Kondow,
T.Matsushima, "Microprocessor Based Digital Application in TEPCO,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No.
5, May 1981, pp. 2390-2398.
[4] Badri Ram and B. B. Chakravarty, "Microprocessor- based distance
relays,"Journal of Microcomputer Applications, Vol. 6, Issue 1, January
1983, pp.15-23.
[5] B. Jeyasurya, W. J. Smolinski, "Design and Testing of Microprocessor
based distance relays," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No. 5, May 1984, pp. 1104-1110.
[6] Barry J. Mann, I. F. Morrision, "Digital Calculation of Impedance for
Transmission Line Protection," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-90, No. 1, January/February 1971, pp. 270-279.
[7] Deepak L. Waikar , ' Philip S.M. Chin, "Fast and accurate parameter
estimation algorithm for digital distance relaying," Electric Power Systems
Research, Vol. 44, Issue 1, January 1998, pp. 53-60.
[8] G. Benmouyal, "Removal of Decaying DC in Current Waveforms Using
Digital Mimic Filtering," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 2,
April 1995, pp. 621-630.
[9] G. D. Rockefeller, E. A. Urden , "High Speed Distance Relaying Using A
Digital Computer, Part-Il Test Results," IEEE Transaction on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-91, No. 3, May/June 1972, pp.1244-
1258.
62
[10] G. Gangadharan, P. Anbalagan, "Microprocessor Based Three Step
Quadrilateral Relay for The Protection of EHV/UHV Transmission Lines,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No.1, January 1992, pp. 91-
97.
[11] P. K. Dutta, P. B. Dutta Gupta, "Microprocessor Based UHS Relaying for
Distance Protection using Advanced Generation Signal Processor," IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7. No. 3, July 1992, pp. 1121-1128.
[12] M. Chamia and S. Liberman, "Ultra high speed relay for EHV/UHV
transmission lines development, design and application" IEEE Trans. PAS-
97, No.6. 1976. pp. 2184-2116.
[13] V.P.Sunnak and L.P.Singh, "Microprocessor based protection scheme for
EHV/UHV Transmission lines", IE Journal, Vol .65, Oct-Dec 1984, pp. 89-
96.
[14] PSCAD/EMTDC V4.2.1 Reference Manual, Manitoba HVDC Research
Centre Inc., Canada, 2007.
[15] MATLAB/SIMULINK, Reference Manual, MathWorks, Inc. 2009.
[16] C.R. Mason, "The Art and Science of Protective Relaying" (book), John
Wiley and Sons,New York, N.Y,1962
[17] IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines: IEEE
Std C37.113, 1999.
[18] M. I. Gilany 0. P. Malik G. S. Hope, "A- Laboratory Investigation Of A
Digital Protection Technique For Parallel Transmission Lines," IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 1995, pp. 187-
193.
[19] M.I. Gilany, O.P. Malik and G.S. Hope, "A New Digital Protection
Technique for Parallel Transmission Lines sing U single Relay at each
end". IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, VoL 7. Jan. 1992, pp. 118-
125.
[20] Sun-Li Yu and Jyh-Cherng Gu, "Removal of Decaying DC in Current and
Voltage Signals Using a Modified Fourier Filter Algorithm," IEEE
Transactions on power delivery, vol. 16, no. 3, July 2001, pp. 372-379.

63
 APPENDIX A
SOURCE AND TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

TABLE 1: SOURCE DATA

Voltage (L-L,RMS) 0.400kV
Positive Sequence Impedance 0.238+j5.7132
Zero Sequence Impedance 2.738+10

TABLE 2: TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

Positive Sequence Impedance(U) 6.87+j62.832
Negative Sequence Impedance(f) 6.87+j62.832
Zero Sequence Impedance(0) 34.34+j 131.58
Positive Sequence capacitance(pF) 0.9
Negative Sequence capacitance(pF) 0.5

64
 APPENDIX B
NI DAQ 6212 SPECIFICATIONS

Analog Input:
Number of channels : 8 differential or 16 single ended
ADC resolution :16 bits
Sampling rate : 400 kS/s single channel,
400 kS/s multichannel
Input coupling : DC
Input range : 10, ±5, ±1, ±0.2 V
Maximum working voltage
For analog inputs (signal +
Common mode) : ±10.4 V of Al GND
Input impedance
Device on
AI+ to Al GND : >10 G'/2 in parallel with 100 pF
Al- to Al GND : >10 G1/2 in parallel with 100 pF
Device off
AI+ to AI GND :1200%
Al- to AI GND :1200%
Input bias current : ±100 pA
Crosstalk (at 100 kHz)
Adjacent channels : -75 dB
Nonadjacent channels : 90 dB
Input FIFO size : 4,095 samples
Scan list memory : 4,095 entries
Data transfers :NI signal streaming on USB

Analog Output:
Number of channels :2
DAC resolution :16 bits
Maximum update rate
1 channel 250 kS/s
2 channel 250 kS/s per channel
Timing accuracy 50 ppm of sample rate
Timing resolution 50 ns
Output range ±10 V
Output coupling DC
Output impedance 0.2 1/2
Output current drive :±2mA
Output FIFO size :8,191 samples shared
among channels used
Data transfers :NI signal streaming on USB,
Calibration (Al and AO):
Recommended warm-up time 5 minutes
Calibration interval 1 year

Digital I/O/PFI
Static Characteristics:
Number of channels
Digital input/output
USB-6212mass terminal : 24
Ground reference : D GND
Direction control Each terminal individually
Programmable as input or output
Pull-down resistor
USB-6212 : 50 kY2 typical, 20 k%2 minimum

Bus Interface:
USB Hi-Speed USB or full-speed USB
NI signal streaming 4 high-speed data streams;
Can be used for analog input,
analog output, counter/timer 0,
 Counter/timer 1

Power Requirements:
USB port : 4.5 to 5.25 V in configured state
Caution: Do not exceed 16 mA per DIO pin.

Maximum Working Voltage:

Channel-to-earth ground : 11 V, Measurement Category

67
 APPENDIX C
LEM MODULE LA 50-P

Definition:
The LEM Module LA 50-p is a current transducer for the electronic
measurement of currents: DC, AC, IMPL. It has galvanic isolation between
primary and the secondary circuits.

Electrical data:
Nominal current : 50A rms
Measuring range 0 to ± 70A
Measuring resistance Rm min. Rm max.
With ±15V at ±50A 5052 1000
at ±70A : 50U 700
Nominal analog output current : 50A
Turns ratio 1:1000
Overall accuracy at +25 deg. C ± 0.5% of nominal current
Supply voltage ±15V
Isolation between primary and secondary:
2 kV rms/5OHz/1 min.

Accuracy- Dynamic Performance:

Zero offset current at +25 deg. C : max. ±0.2 mA
Thermal drift of offset current typical ±o.3 mA
Linearity better than 0.1%
Response time better than 1 us
di/dt accurately followed better than 50 A/ps
Bandwidth 0 to 150 kHz (-1 dB)
68
General data:
Operating temperature
Storage temperature
Current consumption
Secondary internal resistance
Package
Weight
:(0to70)deg.0
:-25deg.Cto85deg.0
10 mA+ output current
9052 at +70 deg. C
Insulated plastic case
20 g.
 APPENDIX D
PSCAD/EMTDC SOFTWARE

PSCAD represents a family of simulation products, which will eventually

encompass all types of power systems studies, including load flow and
transient stability solution engines. Presently, the primary solution engine is
EMTDC. EMTDC represents and solves differential equations for the entire
power system in the time domain. It is a simulator of electric networks with the
capability of modeling complex power electronics, control systems and non-
linear networks. When run under the PSCAD graphical user interface, the
PSCAD/EMTDC combination becomes a powerful means of visualizing the
transient performance of electric power systems. Together they provide a fast,
accurate and flexible solution for the simulation of virtually any electrical
equipment or system. The user can select time step, which can be varied from
nano-seconds to seconds.

EMTDC results are solved as instantaneous values in time, but they can
be converted into phasor magnitudes and angles via built-in transducer and
measurement functions (such as true-rms meters or FFT spectrum analyzers),
much the same way real system measurements are performed. In PSCAD V4,
a new component will be available to calculate the impedance vs. frequency
spectrum of any system, from any point of the system.

EMTDC users can easily write their own models, from very simple to
very advanced. They can write in Fortran, C and MATLAB. The PSCAD
Component Workshop also makes the task of designing the visual appearance
of models and the data entry forms easier. All features of the very powerful
MATLAB program can be utilized, including the numerical and graphical
visualization plot libraries.

70