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ABSTRACT
The objectives of the research entitled “An Analysis of Deixis Used in The King`s Speech Film`s Dialogue”
were to find out: 1) the total amount of deixis, 2) to find out the most frequently deixis, and 3) to find out the
least frequently deixis used by the main character in The King`s Speech film`s dialogue. In this research, the
writer used descriptive qualitative method. The instrument of the research that the writer used was a script of
The King`s Speech film. The population of the research were all 58 dialogue containing the deixis in The
King`s Speech film`s script and the sample were 34 dialogue of the main character selected using purposive
sampling technique. To collect data in this research, the writer downloaded the film`s script on
www.gregorymancuso.com and reading them. The collected data were identified, classified, analyzed and
interpreted based on Levinson`s (1983) theory. The results of the research showed that: the total number of
the deixis used by the main character in The King`s Speech film`s dialogue was 1.041 words/deixis. They
include: person deixis (656 words=63%), social deixis (176 words=17%) discourse deixis (121 words=12%)
place deixis (48 words=5%) and time deixis (40 words=3%). The most frequently deixis used by the main
character in The King`s Speech film`s dialogue was person deixis (656 words=63%) and the least frequently
deixis used by the main character in The King`s Speech film`s dialogue was time deixis (40 words=3%).
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the meaning of utterances which cannot be accounted Deixis is clearly a form of referring that is tied to the
for by straightforward reference to the truth conditions speaker`s context, with the most basic distinction between
of the sentences uttered, then he puts crudely that deictic expressions being ‘near speaker’ versus ‘away
pragmatics = meaning – truth conditions. Thus, there from speaker’. In English, the ‘near speaker’, or proximal
terms, are ‘this’, ‘here’, ‘now’. The ‘away from the
is no meaning in pragmatics if there is no context.
speaker’, or distal terms, are ‘that’, ‘there’ ‘then’.” (Yule,
Context helps the speakers to know what the real 1996:9).
meaning of utterances is. The referent of deixis will be easily known if the
From the theories above we can conclude that speaker and hearer know the context. In addition,
pragmatic is the study of invisible meaning, that is how context gives a comprehensive explanation about the
to recognize, the underlined meanings which are not participants, setting (time or place) and the end of
apparently said or written. conversation. It is believed that there are no languages
2. Context without deixis because language is full of such deictic
From what has been said in the pragmatics terms. To give a clear picture about deixis, these are
definition, that context has an importance function for two examples of deixis:
pragmatics or linguistics terms. The importance of a. “I am terrible in dance”
context in figuring out ambiguities in spoken or written b. “I found this thing at the yard”
language, context also considered as the situation in the In the first utterance (a), the word “I” is used to
conversation. refer to the speaker who utters it, but it is used to refer
Jacob L. Mey states that the context as a part to another speaker when someone else utters it. Thus, it
which cannot be separated from pragmatic discussions, can be seen that even the word “I” in (a) does not
Mey argued that: change but the referent enable to changes depending on
Context is a dynamic, not a static concept: it is to be
who utters it. In example (b), there are two deixis in
understood as the continually changing surroundings, in
the widest sense, that the enable the participants in the one utterance. The first word “I” is used to refer to the
communication process to interact, and in which the speaker who utters it and the second word “this” refer
linguistic expressions of their interaction become to a certain thing that has found by the speaker who
intelligible. (Mey, 2001:39). utters it. Thus, in this utterance the speaker and the
From the concepts above, it can be seen that thing be able to change depend on the context.
people cannot understand the meaning of the utterance Deixis can be identified through a number of
without knowing the background of the text in the grammatical features such as:
utterance or speech event.
3. Deixis Table 1 Example of Deixis
1) Definition of Deixis
Deixis is a word used to indicate something in Demonstratives This, that, these, those
many referents whether in space, time, or social
context.
First and second person pronouns I, you, we
Deixis is a word borrowed from the Greek word for
pointing or indicating, and has as prototypical or focal
exemplars the use of demonstratives, first and second Adverbs of time Now, then
person pronouns, tense, specific time and place adverbs
like now and here, and a variety of other grammatical
features tied directly to the circumstances of utterance. Adverbs of place Here, there
(Levinson, 1983:54)
Furthermore, Levinson (1983:54) propose the
essentially deixis concerns the ways in which Motion verbs Come, go, take, fetch
languages encode or grammaticalize features of the
context of utterance or speech event, and thus also
concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterances Tense markers Yesterday, tomorrow
depends on the analysis of that context of utterance.
George Yule (1996) in Pragmatics states that
deictic (deixis) expressions are also sometimes called Source:http://www.slideshare.net/teacher14/deixis-
indexical. Moreover Yule states the deixis as follow: presentation-final-4th-dec-2012
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2) Kinds of Deixis b) Time Deixis
There are five types of deixis. They are: person Absolutely every deictic expression are
deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis and inextricably linked from the other deixis, they
discourse deixis. (Levinson, 1983:62) always linked. As stated by Cummings (2005:24):
From personal pronouns to vocative, the
Person Deixis Place Deixis establishment of participant role (speaker, hearer,
etc.) in a speech situation is significantly shaped by
Expression used Expression used
to point to place features of the social relationship between
to point a person
e.g. I, you, we . . . e.g. here, there, . . participants and by features of the social setting. A
. similar interdependence of deictic categories is
evident in the case of time deixis. for example, the
referent of “last week” in the utterance “I left last
Discourse Deixis
week” varies with the point in time that a speaker
Expression used to
produce this utterance.
refer to an earlier Time deixis refers to the time which relative to the
or a forthcoming time of speaking or an utterance spoken. On the
segment of
discourse other hand, this point is the moment of utterance.
E.g. the previous, “Time deixis makes ultimate reference to
next, ... participant-role, so it is important to distinguish the
Social Deixis
moment of utterance from the moment of
Time Deixis
reception.” (Levinson, 1983:73) Time deixis will
Expression used to Expression used to be easily known if the speaker and hearer
refer to time show respect
e.g. your royal
understand the time they utter and the time they
e.g. now, then,
yesterday, last . . highnes, your mean.
majesty . . . c) Place Deixis
Place deixis is the place relation between the
Figure 1 Kind of Deixis (Source: Alan Cruse, 2000) speaker and thing that speaker mean. According to
Levinson (1983:62), “place deixis concern the
a) Person Deixis encoding of spatial locations relative to the
Person deixis is a word that refers to someone in location of the participants in the speech.” Place or
certain context of the utterance. Levinson location can be deixis if that place or location can
(1983:62) states: be seen from the location of the people who are
Personal deixis concerns the encoding of the role doing communication in speech event.
of participant in the speech event in which the d) Social Deixis
utterance in question is delivering. The category first “Social deixis concerns the encoding of social
person is the grammaticalization of the speaker’s distinctions that are relative to participant-roles,
reference to himself, second person the encoding of particularly aspects of the social relationship
the speaker`s reference to one or more addresses, and
holding between speaker and addressee (s) or
third person the encoding of reference to persons and
entities which are neither speaker nor addresses of the speaker and some referent.” (Levinson, 1983:63).
utterance in question”. Social deixis is the used of different deictics to
Personal Deixis is deictic reference to the express social distinction. It means that social
participant role of reference, such as the speaker, deixis is where the form of word used to indicate
the addressee, and referent that are neither speaker the relative social status of the speaker and the
nor addressee. There are some grammatical words hearer. The example is the difference between
are included into person deixis, such as: subject formal and polite forms.
pronoun (I, you, they, we, he, she, it), object e) Discourse Deixis
pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, them), “Discourse deixis has to do with the encoding of
possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, reference to portions of the unfolding discourse in
their), possessive pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers, which the utterance (which includes the text
ours, and theirs), and reflexive pronoun (myself, referring expression) is located.” (Levinson,
yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, 1983:62)
yourselves, themselves).
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Cummings states that “discourse, or text, deixis researcher is helped by table matrix for collecting and
concerns the use in discourse deixis, linguistic analyzing data. Table matrix is kind of data card that
expressions are used to refer to some part of the wider used by researcher to put the data, to classify, to
discourse (either a written text and/or an oral text) in identify and to analyze the data. (See figure 2)
which these expressions occur.” (Cummings, 2005:28) 3. Research Site and Subjects
4. Film In this research, the researcher choose the
a) Film Definition population and sample from the script of film, that is
Films/movies are cultural artifacts created by some dialogue of the film`s script or all dialogue of
specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in main charater in The King`s Speech film. As Thomas
turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important Crowl states that “Populations are groups consisting of
art form, a source of popular entertainment and a all people to whom a researcher wishes to apply the
powerful method for educating or indoctrinating findings of a study”. Crowl also states that “sample are
citizens. The visual element of cinema gives motion subsets of people used to represent populations.”
pictures a universal power of communication. Some (Crowl, 1996:8)
films have become popular worldwide attractions by The researcher used purposive sampling to take
using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue. the sample of the data in this research. According to
(http://www.filmsite.org/filmgenres.html) Alwasilah “purposive sampling is the way to decide or
b) Summary of The King`s Speech film to choose sample depends on the result or way that hes
This film tells the story a man who became King been done.” (Alwasilah, 2002:27). McMillan and
George VI, the father of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1925, Schumacher also states, “Purposeful sampling is done
the Duke of York is stammer and has troubles to speak to increase the utility of information obtained from
to the public. His wife Elizabeth seeks the treatment of small samples” (McMillan & Schumacher, 2001:401)
the speech therapist Lionel Logue that follows Relating to the explanations above, the
unconventional methods and relationship, and Bertie population of the research were all 58 dialogue
gives up the treatment on the first day. However, after containing the deixis in The King`s Speech film`s script
listening to the session that was recorded by Lionel, and the sample were 34 dialogue of the main character
Bertie returns to the treatment. In the mid 30's, the selected using purposive sampling technique.
Duke of York was forced to assume the throne of 4. Data Collection
England as King George VI due to the abdication of his In conducting this research, the researcher used
older brother King Edward VIII. Immediately after, the observation technique method to collect data.
there is a crisis in the government and England declares Which is “observation enables to draw inferences about
war to Germany. King George VI needs to make a someone`s meaning and perspective that couldn`t
speech to his compatriots, and his friend Lionel helps obtain by relying exclusively on interview data.”
him using an unorthodox technique. (Maxwell, 1996:76)
C. Research Methodology Alwasilah also states “observation enables the
1. Research Method researcher to draw conclusion about meaning and
In this research, the researcher used a descriptive respondent`s point of view, incident or data analyzing.”
qualitative method, that is used in the case study, (2002:155). Consequently, by doing the observation to
document analysis and co-relation research. William collect the data during three months from March to
Wiersma (1991:14) states that “qualitative research is June 2013 and take home as a place for doing the
context-specific with the researcher`s role being one of research, the researcher saw how the theory was in use
inclusion in the situation.” while the data was analyzed.
Crowl also states “a qualitative method is used to
examine questions that can be best answered by The researcher used several steps to collect the data:
verbally describing how participants in a study 1. First step the researcher watched The King`s
perceive and interpret various aspect of their Speech film.
environment.” (Crowl, 1996:10) 2. The researcher observed the utterances in the
2. Instrument of the Research film`s dialogue.
Instrument research that used in this research is 3. The researcher found the film script of The King`s
the researcher itself (human instrument). It means the Speech on www.gregorymancuso.com
researcher as an instrument that involved in this 4. The researcher compared the dialogue in the film
research for doing research and finding data. The to the film script.
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5. The researcher identified the utterances in the c. Analyzing
whole of film`s dialogue that contains deixis. The researcher analyzed the data by exploring
6. The researcher separated some dialogues that and describing the meaning of the use of deixis in the
contains the main characters on The King`s Speech film`s dialogue and by using content analysis. The
film. purpose of the content analysis is to analyze the content
7. The researcher put the data into the table matrix. of some pieces of communication.
The table matrix helped the researcher to classify, d. Drawing
to identify and to analyze the data. After analyzing the data, the writer delineates the
Below is the figure of table matrix for collecting data: data into five kinds of deixis. They are person deixis,
time deixis, place deixis, social deixis and discourse
deixis and after that the researcher draw the whole
No. Context Text Types of Deixis Meaning
numbers of deixis from the data, describe meaning and
Person Time Place Social Discourse
make the conclusion.
Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis
D. Findings and Discussion
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E. Conclusion and Suggestion Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. From Local to Global:
1. Conclusion Reinventing Local Literature Through English
Based on the result of the research that had been Writing Classes. Bandung: Teflin Journal,
obtained and analyzed, some conclusion can be drawn Indonesia University of Education.
as follows: Arifin, Tajul. 2012. Analyzing English as a Foreign
a. The King`s Speech film`s dialogue had 58 Language (EFL) Classroom Interaction. Apple3l
conversations that contained kinds of deixis. Journal (1)
Whereas there are 34 conversations of main Blaxter, Loraine et al. 1996. How to Research.
character that contained kinds of deixis and 34 Buckingham-Philadelpia: Open University Press.
numbers of tables matrix that used to analyze them. Crowl, K. Thomas. 1996. Fundamentals of
The total number of the use of deixis by main Educational Research (Second Edition). USA:
character in The King`s Speech film`s dialogue was Brown & Benchmark Publisher.
1.041 words, which were divided into five kinds of Cruse, Alan. 2000. Meaning in Language: An
deixis. Those were person deixis (656 introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. New
words=63%), social deixis (176 words=17%), York: Oxford University Press.
discourse deixis (121 words=12%) place deixis (48 Cummings, Louise. 2005. Pragmatics: A
words=5%) and time deixis (40 words=3%).There multidisciplinary Perspective. New Jersey:
were five kinds of deixis found in The King`s Edinburgh University Press.
Speech film`s dialogue that used by main character. Grundy, P. 2008. Third Edition: Doing Pragmatics.
b. The result of this research showed kinds of deixis London: Hodder Education (Part of Hachette
that the most frequently used by main character in Livre UK)
The King`s Speech film`s dialogue was person Halliday, M.A.K & Ruqaiya, H. 1985. Language,
Deixis (656 words=63 %), and; Context and Text: Aspect of Language in a
c. Kinds of deixis that the least frequently used by the social-Semiotic Perspective. Melbourne: Deakin
main character in The King`s Speech film`s University Press
dialogue was time deixis (40 words=3 %). Huang, Yan. 2007. Pragmatics. New York: Oxford
2. Suggestion University Press.
a) For students who are major in English Department, Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics: Cambridge,
studying English not only study about four skills. England: Cambridge University Press
Moreover, we have to know about structure, Maxwell, Joseph A. 1996. Qualitative Research
meaning, context, and another literary. Design: An Interactive Approach. California:
b) It is better for other researcher to analyze the use of SAGE Publication inc.
deixis in each kind like the use of person deixis, McMillan James H. & Shumacher Sally. (2001).
time deixis, place deixis, social deixis and Research in Education: A Conceptual
discourse deixis. Thus, this study can be enlarged Introduction. New York: Longman.
and developed by other researchers who are Mey, Jacob L. 2001. Second Edition: Pragmatics An
interested in analyzing the use of deixis and its Introduction. Malden, Massachusetts: Oxford
meaning. University Press
c) It is better for other researcher who will conduct Wiersma, William. 1991. Research Methods in
study in pragmatics fields to take analysis about the Education: An Introduction fifth Edition. Allyn
use of deixis in spoken language or written and Bacon: The University of Toledo
language. On the other hand, they may analyze the Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford
use of deixis in language not only in the movie, but University Press.
also in another object, which may be used as the Dirks, Tim. In Filmsite.org, 2013. Film Site. [On Line]
object of the research. Retrieved May 8, 2013 and it available at
http://www.filmsite.org/filmgenres.html.
F. BIBLIOGRAPHY Mancuso, Gregory. 2011. The King Speech’s film
Script Written by David Seidler pdf. [On Line]
Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 2002. Pokoknya Kualitatif: Available on the internet at
Dasar-Dasar Merancang dan melakukan http://gregorymancuso.com/2011/04/screenplays-
Penelitian Kualitatif. Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka the-king`s-speech-by-david-seidler/#more-1512
Jaya. (Accessed on February 26, 2013)
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