21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES Drama

AND THE WORLD Prelim Reviewer

 Tragedy
 Comedy
Literature- from the Latin word, Litteratura, which - A literary work which is designed to be acted out on a
means "writing formed with letters.¨ stage performed by actors before an audience.
Literature Forms

-Prose Nonfiction Prose

-Poetry - Writing based on facts, well-written prose that deals
with real people, things, events, and places.
Literature Types

-Fiction
Creative Nonfiction
-Non-fiction
- A genre of writing that uses literally styles and
techniques factually accurate narratives.
Ingredients of Literature

 Subject- Any work of literature is about

something, and for this reason, it has a subject.
 Form- The vehicle used by literature to
communicate its subject. A verbal and artistic
structuring of ideas. E.g.: Sonnet
 Point of View- The angle of vision of the
narrator. first person, omniscient, limited
omniscient
Literary Genres
Prose Fiction
 Short Story
 Novelette
 Novel
- Imaginary story, usually written down, that someone
tells in everyday, natural language. It generally uses a
variety of techniques such as narrative and has a wide
range in terms of length.
Poetry
-Is an expression written in verse, often with some form
of regular rhythm.
-Is an expression written in verse, often with some form
of regular rhythm.
Approaches in Appreciating Literature
Literary Criticism- “Criticism asks what literature is,
what it does, and what it is worth.”
• Literary Theory
- Philosophical discussions of the methods and
goals of literary criticism.
- It is not judgment but understanding of the
frames of judgment.
 Author-dependent Approach
 Historical- Biographical Approach-
Assumes that a text is a reflection of the
author’s life and times.
-Critics ask, “What does the work reveal about
the author or the history?”
 Moral- Philosophical Approach- An
approach as old as classical Greek and
Roman critics.
-The larger function is to teach morality.
-Critic is not aware of form, figurative language,
other aesthetic considerations, but are
secondary.
 Text-dependent Approach
 Formalism- Roman Jakobson is one of
the significant proponent.
-A style of inquiry that focuses on the
features of the literary text itself.
-Emphasis on the FORM.
-Evaluates inherent features of a text.
 -Explication– the examination of the
relations of parts
-Exegesis– the unfolding of meaning,
line by line or even word by word
 Structuralism
-Proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure
-Identifies textual feature of a literary
text
-Semiotics- study of signs
Sign= Signifier (Signified)
 Reader-dependent Approach
- Also known as reader response criticism.
-The “meaning” is an interpretation created or
constructed or produced by the reader
(informed readers or competent readers).
- Readers are asked to examine, explain, and
defend her/his personal reaction to a reading.
- Why
• like or dislike the reading,
• agree or disagree with the author,
-Identify the reading's purpose, and
critique the text.
• Literary Criticism
- Is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of a
literary text, and finding out what makes it
outstanding.
Other Schools of Criticism
-Mythological Criticism -The recurrent universal
patterns underlying most literary works.
-Archetype- A symbol, character, situation, or
image that evokes a deep universal response.
-Marxism- Illuminate political and economic dimensions
of literature.
-Feminism- Questions the patriarchal thoughts that
have dominated the world.
Folklore
- Collection of fictional stories about animals and
people of cultural myths, jokes, songs, tales and
even quotes.
- Traditions, customs and stories that are passed
along by word of mouth in a culture
- oral tradition
- collected and written down only after they have
been told for many years.
Folk- ordinary people
Lore- knowledge
Grouped into four major categories
 Folktales- short simple story told for
entertainment and to teach values and morals
to the culture it comes from
Characters are ordinary humans
-some have magical features (fairytale as a
subcategory)
 Fables- a tale that illustrates a clear, often
direct moral
Characters are often animals with human
characteristics
-morals follows the story usually in sentence or
simple summary
 Legends- a story about a person, event or place
that may have some basis in historical facts
Character’s qualities are reflective of values,
attitudes and beliefs of the culture
The Legend of Lady Godiva
- Lady godiva was an Anglo-Saxon woman and
wife of the ruler of Coventry, England. She
loved her husband dearly, but always opposed
the way he treated his people
- When her husband issued a heavy tax on the
local people, Lady Godiva begged him to stop
this oppressive tax
- Godiva’s husband replied that the only way to
stop the tax was if she rode through the streets
of Coventry naked.
Peeping Tom
- The woman was so highly respected that the
entire city shut down their windows
- However, a tailor watched through a hole in his
shutter as the naked woman roamed the city.
Allegedly, the tailor is named Tom, and thus
coined the term, “Peeping Tom”
 - -Historical inspiration Lady Godiva, or Godgifu, PART 2
was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia. She was
THE BEGINNING OF SPANISH COLONIZATION
born around 980 and died between 1066 and
1086 -The Spanish first viewed the Philippines as a stepping
 Myths- stories that answer and explain basic stone of the riches of the East Indies (spies island).
questions about the world, gods and natural
occurrence -Ferdinand Magellan headed the first Spanish foray to
the Philippines and he reached Cebu on March 1521.
Characterization is very important traits are
-King Philip II sent Miguel Lopez de Legazpi who
revealed through appearance, actions, words etc.
established the first permanent Spanish settlement in
-Deal with gods and goddesses who have Cebu on 1565.
human emotions
-by the end of the 16th century, most of the coastal and
lowland areas from Luzon to Northern Mindanao are
under Spanish control.
PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE
-in 1595, manila was decreed to be the capital of the
-Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase a rich
Philippines.
past through their folk speech, folk songs, folk
narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances. LIFE OF THE FILIPINOS DURING THE SPANISH
COLONIZATION
PHILIPPINE FOLK LITERATURE
 Government of the Friars
-University of the Philippines Professor Damian Fugeio
classified Philippine Folk Literature into three major  Racial Discrimination
groups.
 Socio-economic Classes
 Folk narratives
-either be in prose
 Myth The Propaganda Movement
 Alamat (legend)
 Kuwentong bayan (folktale) -aimed to seek reforms and inform the Spain of the
-or verse abuses of its colonial government.
 Folk epic -members of the Propaganda Movement were called
 Folk Speech Propagandists or Reformists.
-bugtong (riddle)
-salawikain (proverbs) -they worked inside and outside of the Philippines.
 Folk Songs
-folk ballads- tells stories and are rare
Philippine Literature during the Spanish colonization

 Religious Prose and Poetry

Add on:
-written by Ladino poets (those versed in both Spanish
-Epigrams (Salawikain) and Tagalog)
-Riddles (Bugtong/palaisipan) -used in catechism
-Sayings (kasabihan) -pasyon
-Idioms (Sawikain) -prose narratives were writte to prescribed proper
decorum
 -pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at Jose Rizal
si Feliza
-Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realondo
 Secular Prose and Poetry
-considered as the National Hero of the Philippines
-followed the conventions of a romantic tradition
-penned the political novels Noli Me Tangere and El
-leading poets Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Sisiw) and Filibusterimo
Fransisco Balagtas

-Awit and Korido (Metrical Romance) like Ibong

Adarna and Florante at Laura Marcelo H. Del Pilar

-Aug 30, 1856, from Kupang Bulacan

-Peninsulares -Propagandist & Satirist
-Insulares -1882: founded the newspaper Diariong Tagalog
-Illustrados -1889, succeeded GLI as Editor of La Solidaridad
-Indio
Graciano Lopez Jaena

-Dec. 18, 1856 in Jaro, Iloilo

La Solidaridad
-at the age of 18, he wrote Fray Botod
-La Solodaridad (The Solidarity) was an organization
created in Spain. The organization aimed to increase -Botod- big belly
Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the
-leading literary and oratorical spokesman
Philippines, and to propagate a closer relationship
between the colony and Spain -genesis of the Propaganda Movement

-the official newspaper of the Propaganda Movement. -founded La Solidaridad

Goals of the Propaganda Movement

-recognition of the Filipinos as a province of Spain

LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE
-equal status for both Filipinos and Spaniards AMERICAN PERIOD
-Philippines representation in the Spanish cortes Treaty of paris
-Secularization of Philippines parishes. -july 4, 1946
-recognition of Human Rights

MEMBERS Life of the Filipinos during the American Period

 Dr. Jose Rizal (Laong Laan at Dimasalang) Education
 Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel, dasalan at  Public schools (open for all)
Tocsohan, Aba Guinoong Baria)
 Thomasites- sundalong guro
 Graciano Lopez Jaena (Fray Botod/ diego Laura)
 Filipino scholars (1904)
 Antonio Luna (taga-ilog)
- Siliman University
 Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang, Kalipulako, Naning)
- Manila Central University
 Jose Mari Panganiban (Jomapa)
 - Philippine Normal University  Period of Self Discovery- writers had acquired
the mastery of English writing.
- University of the Philippines
-old time favorites of love and youth persisted.
Language

Mckinley  English Language Public Schools

Prominent Filipino writers during the American Period
 Poems

 Essays
Jose Garcia Villa
 Stories
“Doveglion” (a powerful literary influence in the
Literature Philippines)

- Desire for love and freedom Espoused the Dictum “art for art sake”

- Love for the country -Aug. 5, 1908; Sangalong, Manila

- Fight against colonization and imperialism Secondary Education in university of the Philippines

Three Groups of Writers -studied in medicine and took pre-law at the University
of the Philippines
 English
-Graduated of Bachelor of Arts degree at The University
 Filipino of New Mexico
 Spanish Died: Feb 7, 1997 (88 yrs old)

Changes of Philippine Literature ACHIEVEMENTS & WORKS

Literary forms -“Man Song” first gained notoriety at UP
 Free verse -Won the Philippines free press literary for “Mir-i-nisa”
 Modern short story -gained recognition for his collection of stories
“Footnote for Youth”
 Critical essays
-“Have come, Am here” & “Volume two” introduced his
Literary modernism
innovation the comma poems and reverse consonance
 Highlighted writers
-named as Nation Artist for Literature on June 12, 1973
 Individuality

 Cultivated consciousness

 Expense of social consciousness

Three time frames of Philippine Literature

 Period of Re-orientation- writers are still

adjusting to the new found freedom different
from the Spanish regime.

 Period of Imitation- writers imitated the style

of British and American writers which resulted
to unnatural and rigid styles of writing.
Angela Manalang Gloria

-Aug. 24, 1907 in Guagua, Pampanga

Dead Stars
-studied at St. Agnes Academy & St. Scholastic College
-Alfredo Salazar
-was among the first generation female students of
-Julia Salas
University of the Philippines
-Esperanza
-Literary rival of Jose Garcia Villa

WORKS & ACHIEVEMENTS

Settings
-graduated valedictorian in Elementary
-House of Don Julian
-graduated Summa Cum Lade with a Degree of Ph. B
-House of Judge del Valle
-Literary Editor of The Philippine Collegian
-Church of Our Lady of sorrow
-author of Revolt from Hymen
-Calle Luz in Sa, Cruz the hometown of Julia Salas
-authored the poetry collection “poems” in 1949

Paz Marquez Benitez

-march 3, 1894 in Lucena, Tayabas

-secondary education: Tayabas Highschool

-trained in American Education system

- Graduated of Bachelor of Arts degree at UP (1912)

-married to UP college of education Dean, Francisco

Benitez

WORKS & ACHIEVEMENTS

-dead stars & a night in the hills

-become a teacher at UP teaching short story writing

(1916-1951)

-founded Philippines Woman’s College

-established “Woman’s Home Journal”

-compiled the first anthology of Philippines stories in

English “Filipino Love Stories” (1928)

-editor in Philippine Journal of Education at UP