3．2 曲线图

曲线图需要掌握的是基本结构，在这个基本结构的基础上，了解每一部分写什么，怎么写，
要准备哪些词汇和句型。一条曲线是基础，虽然不太可能单独考，但是它是其他所有曲线的
基础。

3．2．1 一条曲线

例题 1

The graph shows number of full-time teachers of regular schools (in millions) in China
(1960~1990)

一、 一条曲线的基本结构（也是大部分图表的基本结构）

首段 首句 This graph shows the <数据形式> of <对象>+<地点>+ <时间>.

二句 有可能的话总结总体趋势
中间段落 趋势描写，数据支持，有必要时点出顶点。
末段 重申最重要的趋势 (可不写)

二、 本文首段
首段描写三要素：_________、_________、_________
1． This __________ shows the ____________ of ________________________________
in ___________ between ___________and __________.
 Graph  figures
 Show 
indicate, unfold, display, reveal, reflect, relate, illustrate, provide an overview of…
★首段中两个句子间的衔接：
According to the figure…  ____________/ ____________/ ____________
It is clear that…, clear ____________________________
It can be clearly seen that…
It can be safely concluded that…
One of most surprising/ interesting finds was that…

2． _____________________, although there were some ______________ in earlier years, it

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 is clear that the ____________ trend tended to indicate the increasingly growing number
of teachers from 1960 to 1990.
 关于时态：
首句_______________，其他_______________。
如果图表是对将来情况的预测，全部用一般现在时。
 如何表达总体趋势：
The overall trend tended to indicate…
The general trend is…
 Indicate 上升
上升可以表示成动词、名词和形容词
To indicate that the number rose increasingly；
To indicate an increasing rise；
To indicate the increasingly growing number。
 表示“上升”的动词：
Go up______________________________________________________
★ 表示“上升”的名词
A rise______________________________________________…
 表示“下降”的动词：
Go down______________________________________________________
★ 表示“下降”的名词：
A decrease ______________________________________________
 表示“保持平衡”的动词词组：
Level out/off ________________________________________________
★ 表示“保持平衡”的名词词组：
A leveling off/out
 表示“起伏不定”的词：
to vary, to rise and fall, to fluctuate…
a fluctuation…
三、 中间段：
中间段具体区间描写三要素：
_________、_________、_________
换主语使句式多样化。而换主语的方法：要表达的句子中有哪些名词，则这些名词都
可以作为主语而存在，以使得句型多样。
1． 表示趋势的句式
1） 变量作主语：The number/percentage of sth went up/down from ___ in ___ to ___in
___.
2） 时间作主语：The years from ___ to ___ saw a rise in the number of teachers from
___ to ___.
3） “趋势”作主语：
The trend showed the steady increase in the number of teachers from ___ in ___ to
___in ___.
4） 地点作主语：China saw a rise in the number of teachers from __ in __ to __ in ___.
5） there be 句 型 ： There was a rise/decrease in the number of teachers from ___ in
___to ___in___.

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 6）
2． 连接手段：
1) Then/ from this time onwards/ from then on
There was a ________. ___________ the number ___________..
2) After / before
After/ before 后面既可以加______也可以加__________
There was a rise, ___________ the number went down.
After ____________, there was ___________, before _______________________.
3) S, which was followed by /which led to /which preceded
There was a rise, ___________________________________.
4) < 上一句最后时间词>, when …
There was a rise in the number of teachers from ___ in ___ to ___ in ___, when
_________________________.
5) Again (第二次以后的上升/下降)
There was a rise. Again, the number went down.
6) However…then… （上升和下降之间）
There was a rise. However, the number then went down.
7) 其他关联词：
however, while…
furthermore, in addition…
compared to , in contrast, by contrast/ similarly/ as to , as for…

3． 中间段描写二特征： 峰值、变化幅度、变化量。
峰值：

变化幅度：

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3．2．2 两条曲线

例题 1

The graph below shows radio and television audiences throughout the day in 1992.
Radio and television audiences in the UK, October-December 1992

一、首段同一条曲线的情况
The graph shows (relates) the ____________ of _________________________________ in
the UK (the UK population over 4 years old who tuned in to radio and television) throughout
the day from October to December 1992.

二、中间段落（分别描写两条曲线，最后一段两条曲线的共同点和不同点）

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2．3 三条曲线：
三条曲线和两条曲线的写法基本一致，中间段落可以分别写三条曲线；也可以分阶段对比这
三条曲线；也可以采取混合的方法，先写其中两条（这两条分阶段对比写），然后再写剩下
的一条。
例题 1

The line graph shows the proportion of people in Japan, Sweden, and USA aged 65+ from 1940
and the expected proportions up to 2040.

From 1940 to 1990, the proportions of people aged 65+ in the USA and Sweden were similar and
followed the same trend. In 1940 the figures were 9% and 7% respectively, rising to15% and 14%
respectively in 1980, before dipping to 14% and 13% respectively in 1990. Thereafter, American’s
proportion of people aged 65+ leveled out and is forecast to remain at 14% until 2020, after which
it is expected to increase to 23% in 2040. However, Sweden’s proportion of people aged 65+
began to rise until 2010 when the proportion was 20%. Then, there is expected to be a slight drop
to 18% in 2030, followed by a steep climb to 25% in 2040.

The situation in Japan differs considerably, with a fall in the percentage of people aged 65+
between 1940 (5%) and 1960 (3%). The percentage remained steady until 1985, where upon it
began to climb. This rise is projected to continue until around 2030, when the proportion of
Japanese aged 65+ is expected to reach 10%. Thereafter, within just a few years, the proportion is
forecast to rise dramatically to 25%, with a less dramatic rise to 27% in 2040.

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3．2．5 曲线图小结

首段 首句 This graph shows the <数据形式> of <对象> in <地点> <时间>.

二句 有可能的话总结总体趋势
中间段落 趋势描写，数据支持，有必要时点出顶点。
末段 重申最重要的趋势

如何进行趋势描写——
一条曲线：分段，选句型，选词汇，选关联；
两条曲线/三条曲线：分别写或分段对比写；
多条曲线：如果多条曲线在一张图表中，可以根据各条曲线的变化趋势和变化幅度分类，描
写其中有代表性的。
多组曲线：分图描写，每个图先写整体情况（包括曲线的高低和落差），然后再写其中的一
条曲线，然后是另一条曲线和这条曲线的相同点和不同点；然后写所有图的总体特征。

3．3 饼状图

3．3．1 一个饼
The pie chart shows the amount of oil production measured in million barrels per day (MB/D) in
seven regions in the year 2001. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information
shown below.

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3．3．2 两个饼

基本思路是：每个饼块在两个饼中排名第？，占？%。但如果一个一个说，就会是流水帐。
所以饼块要分类，分类的方法是：从左饼到右饼，上升的是一类，下降的是一类，保持不变
的是一类。要写清楚变化的含义。在每一段中，再具体描写每个饼块，突出这些饼块的特点。

例题 2

The pie charts show the amount of oil production and consumption measured in million barrels
per day (MB/D) in seven regions in the year 2001. Write a report for a university lecturer
describing the information shown below.

The pie charts show the world divided into seven regions and the amount of oil produced and
consumed in those regions in MB/D in 2001. In total, the regions can be divided into two
groups—one where production outpaces consumption and the other where the reverse is the case.

The former group—the net producers-consists of Africa, the Former Soviet Union, the Middle
East, and Latin America. The Middle East is by far the largest producer (22.2 MB/D), but its
consumption is relatively low (4.3 MB/D) – just a fifth of what it produces. Africa produces 7.8
MB/D, about three times what it consumes (2.5MB/D), the Former Soviet Union about 250%
more, and Latin America about 150% more.

The other group—the net consumers – consists of the Asia Pacific region, Europe, and the USA
and Canada. The USA and Canada is the region which consumes the most oil (23.4 MB/D),
though we can see that it is also the second largest producer region (14 MB/D). The Asia Pacific
region is the second largest consumer (20.9 MB/D). Europe is the third largest consumer (16.1
MB/D) and the smallest producer (6.8 MB/D).

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3．4 柱状图

1.换曲线图写作：______________________________________________________________-

2.换饼状图写作：_______________________________________________________________

例题 2

The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one
European city, in 1950, 1970 and 1990.

The bar chart indicates the percentage of travelers by four modes of transport in one European
city in 1950, 1970 and 1990.

The figure also reveals the popularity of transportation means from another perspective. In
1950, the foot was the most popular means while the car was the least. In 1970, the bus took
the place of the foot, whereas the foot substituted the car. The car finally exceeded other
means in 1990, when the bike became the least popular transportation means.

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例题 3

The chart below shows the percentage of commuters using different modes of transport in London
in 1960, 1980 and 2000.

The graph shows the changing patterns in commuting by train, car, tube or bus for commuters in
London in the years 1960, 1980 and 2000.

The number of people using trains at first rose from just under 20% in 1960 to about 28% in 1980,
but then fell back to about 23% in 2000. Use of the tube has been relatively stable, falling from
around 27% of commuters in 1960 to 22% in 1980, but climbing back to reach 25% by 2000.
On the other hand, the use of cars increased steadily from just over 5% in 1960 to 23% in 1980,
reaching almost 40% by 2000, whereas the popularity of buses has declined since 1960, falling
from just under 35% in 1960 to 27% in 1980 and only 15% in 2000.

In 1960, tubes and buses were the most popular commuter transports, among which the latter was
of greater popularity, whereas automobiles substituted them in 2000 to become the first mode of
transport used by people

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例题 4

The chart gives information about post-school qualifications in terms of the different levels of
further education reached by men and women in Australia in 1999. In total, We can see that more
men than women hold qualifications at the lower and higher levels of education, while more
women reach undergraduate diploma level than men.

We can see immediately that there were substantial differences in the proportion of men and
women at different levels. The biggest gender difference is at the lowest post-school level, where
90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men, compared with only 10% of
women. At the higher levels of education, men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered
their female counterparts (70% and 30%, respectively), and also constituted 60% of Mater’s
graduates.

By contrast, more women held undergraduate diplomas (70%) and marginally more women
reached degree level (55%).

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3．5 表格图

例题 1

The table below shows the number of road accidents which occurred in Britain in different places
and the ages of the injured persons.
Road accidents in Britain
When/Where Age Age Age Age Age
TOTAL
Accidents occurred 2-4 5-7 8-11 11-13 14-16
Going to school 2 12 8 2 1 25
Going home from school 2 17 10 3 2 34
Playing in the street 98 81 28 5 2 214
Cycling in the street 1 10 25 8 1 45
Shopping for their parents 5 32 12 2 1 52
TOTAL 108 152 83 20 7 370

The chart organizes data about road accident involving children in Britain by age and by
when and where the accidents occurred. It indicates that the incidence of accidents
decreases as the children’s age increases and that age correlates with the circumstances
surrounding the accident.

For all ages, the most common situation leading to an accident is playing in the street but
young children were particularly affected. In 25 accidents due to going to school, age 5-7
saw almost half of the cases, while after that age, the number of accidents decreased
gradually. Those accidents caused by going home from school or by shopping for their
parents shared the same tendency. However, accidents caused by playing in the street
were the most dangerous for children in age 2-4, while children in age 8-11 should be
careful about cycling in the street. Generally speaking, parents should take special care for
those children in age 5-7, as this period witnessed 40% of all accidents.

The chart demonstrates that playing in the street is the most common and universal site of
accidents for all ages, but the risks that other sites and situations present vary with the
children’s ages.

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例题 2

The table shows the GDP per capita, adult illiteracy rates, and newspaper sales per thousand
people for seven countries.

We can see that GDP per capita varies substantially from 2100 USD in Cuba to 13000 USD in the
Bahamas, with 5 of the 7 countries below 5000 USD per capita GDP.

The illiteracy rates also differ considerably. The highest illiteracy rates are for Brazil (16.8%) and
Jamaica (15.2%), whilst Argentina has the lowest rate, at 3.6%. Mexico (at 10.5%) and Surinam
(7%) lie in the middle. Surprisingly, the adult illiteracy rate for Cuba and the Bahamas is the same,
at 4.4%.

Newspaper sales per thousand people are also diverse. Argentina has the lowest illiteracy rate and
the highest newspaper sales per thousand people (123/1000). Surinam (122/1000) and Cuba
(118/1000) have similar rates. The Bahamas (99/1000) and Mexico (97/1000) have relatively high
levels, too. Jamaica (63/1000) and Brazil (40/1000) have the lowest levels and have the highest
illiteracy rates.

From the chart, we can see that there is no relationship between either the adult illiteracy rate, or
newspaper sales, and GDP per capita.

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3.6 混合多图
例题 2

The graph illustrates the daily number of units of electricity used in England during both summer
and winter. The pie chart indicates the percentage of typical uses of the electricity.

First, the graph indicates that the amount of electricity used in the winter is double that used in the
summer. In winter, usage rises between 00:00hrs and 02:00 hrs, from 35 thousand units to 40
thousand followed by a decrease between 02:00hrs and 07:30hrs to 30 thousand units. Usage rises
from 07:30hrs to 12:00hrs then evens out at 40 thousand until it peaks at 22:00hrs, to 45 thousand
units.

Heat and other daily items consume 85% of the electricity and 15% is consumed by items used

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irregularly such as blenders, vacuums, etc. in both summer and winter.

In the summer, usage starts at 16 thousand units at 00:00hrs and drops steadily to 15.5 thousand at
07:30hrs. Usage rises to a peak of 20 thousand units at 13:30hrs, then drops of to a steady 15
thousand units until it peaks again at approximately 23:00hrs to just under 20 thousand units.

It is worth noting that the low and high usage periods in both winter and summer are similar
except between 00:00hrs and 02:00hrs.

3．7 流程图和示意图（静态流程图）

流程图的注意事项
• 看图需要更仔细：流程方向+适当联想
• 必须使用表示顺序的连接词
• 生词大多可以直接照搬图形所给
• 不会写的词可以通过中文转换为简单会写的词汇

流程图常用关联词
• Then, from then on, after that, afterwards, thereafter…
• After/ Before…
• When sth has done,……
• S, which is followed by…/ leads to…

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例题 1
The diagrams below show the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the production of
silk cloth.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. First of all,
eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that
feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of
silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge
from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again.

The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. Once selected, they are
boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between
300 and 900 meters long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to
produce cloth in the weaving stage.
Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk

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cloth through a very simple process.

The graph below shows the process of recycling bottles in a factory.

The diagram illustrates how the bottles can be recycled, which can be generally divided into three
stages.

In the first stage…

The second stage is to deal with the collected bottles in the factory. All starts in a cleaning plant
where these recycled bottles are washed by high-pressurized water and sorted by color into green,
brown and clear ones. When the cleaning is done, the bottles are conveyed to the recycling plant
where they will be torn into glass pieces, and then poured into a furnace. After being heated in the
furnace, the broken glasses are melted into liquid which flows into a glass mold. Here glass liquid
from other sources is added and the molding process takes place.

In the final stage, …

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地图：
从中间往两边写 （一般来说）
to/ on/ in the east of sth.
There be……
Be located in/ establish/ be surrounded by/ be modernised/ modified into…/ be replaced by...
S, which ……

The two maps below show an island, before and after the

construction of some tourist facilities.

The two maps show the same island while first one is before and the second one is after the
construction for tourism.

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Looking first at the one before construction, we can see a huge, but undeveloped island, with only
a beach in the west and two areas of palm trees in the east and west side of the land. The total
length of the island is approximately 250 metres.

Moving on to the second map, we can see that there are lots of buildings on the island. There are
two areas of accommodation. One is in the west near the beach while the other one is in the centre
of the island. Both of them contain several separated houses, which form a circle and are
connected by the footpath. Between them, there is a restaurant in the north and a central reception
block, which is surrounded by a vehicle track. This track also goes down to the pier where people
can go sailing in the south sea of the island. Furthermore, tourists can swim near the beach in the
west. A footpath connecting the western accommodation units also leads to the beach.

Overall, comparing the two maps, there are significant changes after this development. Not only
are lots of facilities built on the island, but also the sea is used for activities. The new island has
become a good place for tourism.

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